MenuNext RESCUE DIVER COURSE LESSON GUIDES Knowledge Development Presentation One.

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RESCUE DIVER COURSE LESSON GUIDES

Knowledge Development

Presentation One

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Knowledge Development One Overview

Welcome and IntroductionsCourse StructurePerformance Requirements/PrerequisitesEquipment and Material RequirementsSchedule, Logistics and Paperwork

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The Psychology of RescueRecognizing Diver Stress

Being Prepared for a Diver EmergencyFirst Aid KitEmergency Oxygen Delivery SystemsAutomated External Defibrillator (AED)

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Accident ManagementManaging an Emergency

Responding to Diver EmergenciesSelf-Rescue – Looking After Yourself FirstRecognizing Rescue SituationsNonswimming Assists and RescuesAssisting the Responsive Diver at the Surface

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Course Structure

Independent study The PADI Rescue Diver Manual and Rescue Diver Video

or DVD. Knowledge development sessions

Organization and schedule. Final exam

Covers topics you have already studied; 75% score required. Rescue training sessions

Skill development and practical application occur during five rescue training sessions (confined or open water).

Open water experience consists of four open water rescue scenarios.

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Performance Requirements

Course philosophy - no single “right” way to perform a rescue.Consider:

Different physical abilities and attributes. Dive environments can present unique challenges. Adapt techniques to suit the situation.

Each course phase has specific performance requirements. The goal is to perform an effective rescue.

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Performance Prerequisites

Prior to Knowledge Development Two and Rescue Training Session Two you must have completed:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and secondary

care within the past 24 months. The Emergency First Response Primary Care (CPR) and

Secondary Care (First Aid) courses meet these prerequisites.

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Equipment, Schedule & Certification

EquipmentUse equipment appropriate for the local diving

environment.You will be using first aid and oxygen equipment.

Schedule, logistics & paperworkComplete paperwork.

CertificationComplete all Knowledge Reviews, final exam, Rescue

Training Sessions, and the Open Water Rescue Scenarios.

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The Psychology of Rescue

Common Cause of Diver Emergencies Risk Associated with Inwater Rescues Considerations before Attempting

an Inwater Rescue Recognizing Diver Stress

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Common Cause of Diver Emergencies

What is the most common cause of diver emergencies? Trouble can arise without warning:

Medical conditions, sudden changes in the environment or an unexpected variable.

Most common cause of diver emergencies is poor judgment. Diving activities beyond experience or education. Poor decisions during a dive. Omitted equipment safety checks or basic dive planning.

Recognize the cause of an accident so you don’t make the same mistake.

Do not risk your life.

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Attempting an Inwater Rescue

What three things should you consider before attempting an inwater rescue of someone in the water?Know how to help others in the water.Act safely to reduce risk to yourself.Consider whether you:

Need to enter the water. Have the equipment and training necessary. Can reasonably expect to accomplish the rescue without

harming yourself.

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Diver Stress

What is diver stress?A physical or mental tension resulting in physical,

chemical or emotional changes in the body. Can induce both positive and negative reactions.

Primary ingredients: Initial cause – incident, thought, image, fear, perception. Diver’s disposition – cause viewed as positive, negative or

insignificant. Dealing with stress – healthy responses vs. problematic

responses.

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Physical Stress - Examples

What are seven causes and examples of physical stress?Physical stress is caused by the failure to recognize

effects of physical discomfort. Cold and heat. Seasickness. Nitrogen narcosis. Fatigue. Illness or injury. Alcohol or drugs. Ill-fitting equipment.

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Psychological Stress - Examples

What are three examples of psychological (emotional) stress caused by physical stress?Psychological stress can result from physical stress

and vice versa.Examples include:

Fatigue – fear of not making it back to the boat. Overexertion – fear of running out of air. Task loading – more tasks to handle than physically capable.

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Psychological Stress - Causes

What are four causes of psychological stress other than physical stress?Psychological stress occurs when divers perceive a

threat to their safety. Individual beliefs and attitudes and/or expense of dive –

pressured to dive. Task loading – mental. Peer pressure - threat to self image; avoid peer pressure. Perception that risk is greater than normal.

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Perceptual Narrowing

What is perceptual narrowing?Perceptual narrowing is a decrease in broad

awareness through close focus on a perceived problem or a single (ineffective) response. Reduces the diver’s ability to see other solutions or to

perceive other potential problems arising.

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Effects of Stress on a Diver

What effects can stress produce in a diver?Depending on the diver’s disposition, stress can:

Cause anxiety or help the diver to recognize the problem and begin formulating a plan to correct it.

Active behavior – mask off, regulator/snorkel out, grabbing struggling or bolting.

Passive behavior – frozen, trancelike, unaware, unresponsive.

Stop, breathe, think, and take alternativecorrective action.

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Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency

First Aid Kit Emergency Oxygen Delivery Systems Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

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First Aid Kit - Supplies

What supplies belong in a well-stocked first aid kit and how are they used? Include items useful for the most commonly encountered diving

injuries and conditions. First aid kits are meant to manage minor problems. To stabilize a major problem until definitive care is available.

Consider your own safety first. Have protective equipment – avoid contact with other bodily fluids.

Include a manual and/or slate that describes treatment. Follow recommended protocol and document event. Be able to detail what was done and when it was administered.

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First Aid Kit – Supply List/Use

Build a well-stocked first aid kit using these supplies: Gloves and ventilation barriers (protect

against disease transmission). Large absorbent dressings and sterile

gauze pads (stop bleeding and dress wounds).

Cling bandage, adhesive bandages and tape (dress wounds).

Dry pads (dress burns), triangular bandages (immobilize dislocations and fractures), sterile cotton, cotton tipped swabs, bandage scissors (clean and dress wounds).

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A well-stocked first aid kit: continued…

Tongue depressors (illness assessment/splinting), tweezers, needle (removal of foreign material), safety pins (secure bandages), penlight (examination tool), oral thermometer (temperature), bottled water (hydration/heat stroke/burns/eye wash), splints (immobilize dislocations and fractures).

Emergency blanket (warmth/shock), cold packs (eye injuries, stings, bruises), hot packs (venomous bites and stings), vinegar (neutralize stinging cells), plastic bags (barrier and/or disposal), small paper cups (drinking from /cover eye injury).

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A well-stocked first aid kit: continued…

Denatured alcohol, antibacterial soap, antiseptic solution (clean wounds), antibiotic ointment (for wounds), hydrocortisone ointment (for stings and irritation), aspirin (reduce swelling), antihistamine tablets (allergic reactions), sugar packs (low blood sugar), activated charcoal (poisoning), anti-nausea drugs, nasal decongestant spray (clear ears and sinuses), and sunscreens (prevent sunburn).

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First Aid Kit – Pocket Mask

What is a pocket mask? What are four advantages of a pocket mask?A pocket mask is used for rescue breathing.

Effective seal and head positioning. Reduces disease transmission. Improves inwater rescue breathing

effectiveness for rescuing anon-breathing diver.

May be connected to continuous flow oxygen to provide nonbreathing diver with oxygenated rescue breaths.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems - Importance

Why is it important to have emergency oxygen available?Research and case studies show that administering

oxygen is one of the single most important first aid steps for: Decompression sickness. Lung overexpansion injuries. Near drowning.

Oxygen is the community standard first aid for these types of emergencies.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems - Types

What are the three primary types of emergency oxygen systems?Positive pressure (power resuscitation).Continuous flow.Nonresuscitator demand value.

The focus of this course is to provide effective, community standard, emergency oxygen first aid until emergency medical services personnel arrive.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems - Differences

How do the three primary types of emergency oxygen systems differ?Positive pressure units

Require professional training and certification.

Continuous flow units A supply cylinder and a regulator that delivers oxygen

continuously in a steady flow. Recommended for use by divers. Doesn't deliver 100% oxygen because oxygen mixes with air. Can be used with a pocket mask to provide a nonbreathing

diver with a higher oxygen concentration.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems - Differences

How do the three primary types of emergency oxygen systems differ? continued…

Nonresuscitator demand valve unit Consists of a cylinder and regulator that supplies 100%

oxygen on inhalation. Primary system recommended for PADI Rescue Diver use. Provides highest concentration of oxygen. Does not waste oxygen and therefore maximizes the supply

duration.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems -Recommended for Use

Which two types of emergency oxygen systems are recommended for use by rescue divers?Continuous flow unit.Nonresuscitator unit.

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Oxygen Delivery Systems -Oxygen Supply

How much oxygen should be available?Enough to keep the diver on pure oxygen until

emergency medical personnel arrives. In remote areas this may not be possible. When traveling, check local regulations regarding carrying

oxygen and administering it. If you frequently dive in remote areas, seek advanced

training.

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Automated External Defibrillator (AED)

What is an AED? Automated external defibrillator.

Analyzes a nonresponsive diver’s cardiac rhythm.

Guides you through the steps to deliver a potentially life saving shock.

Some AEDs deliver the shock, if determined necessary, automatically; some require you to administer the shock if necessary.

In some regions, AED use by laypersons may be restricted.

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AED - Benefit

What is the benefit of having an AED on hand?Can increase chance of survival in the event of

sudden cardiac arrest. Reduces the interval between cardiac arrest and

defibrillation. Shorter the interval, more likely the heart will restore a

normal heartbeat. AED does not guarantee survival.

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Accident Management

Managing an EmergencyDefinitions – “Victim” and “Patient”Roles of a Rescue DiverForms of ReadinessSteps to Emergency ManagementHelicopter Evacuation StepsLocal Emergency Assistance Plan

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Definitions – “Victim” and “Patient”

What is the difference between a “victim” and a “patient”? A victim – a diver in an accident

situation who either has yet to receive help, or who is receiving help, but is not yet in a stable, safe environment.

A patient – a diver in an accident situation who is receiving emergency medical care (such as your first aid) in a stable, relatively safe environment.

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Roles of a Rescue Diver

What are the two possible roles a rescue diver may have at a dive accident scene?A skilled rescue assistant.An emergency manager who

coordinates the rescue. Your role as a rescue diver may vary

depending on who is at the scene and what resources are available.

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Forms of Readiness - Personal

What two forms of readiness prepare you to manage an emergency? What are the elements of each?Personal readiness – consider how prepared you are

to face a variety of challenges. Maintain your overall physical fitness. Participate in regular training

and practice. Have a proper attitude.

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Forms of Readiness - Equipment

What two forms of readiness prepare you to manage an emergency? What are the elements of each? continued…

Equipment readiness – in addition to first aid equipment and oxygen, other equipment can help you manage an emergency. Improvise or substitute items if necessary. Knowing how to use equipment is as important as having it

there – get further training before you actually need it.

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Emergency Management – Step One

Assess the situation.Stop, breathe, and think.

Who is involved? Where is it happening? What do you have available? What’s the best solution? Get ready to act on your plan.

Every situation is unique. Be flexible and adapt to

changing factors.

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Emergency Management – Step Two

Act on your plan. If your role is emergency

manager – take charge and quickly implement a plan of action by directing others.

If you are assisting a more qualified diver – carry out tasks as directed.

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Emergency Management – Step Three

DelegateThere are many tasks others can do. If possible,

assign tasks or delegate responsibilities to other divers or bystanders as appropriate. Call for help. Assisting other rescuers. Observing the victim or directing inwater rescuers. Taking notes. Accounting for all those not involved in the rescue. Controlling bystanders.

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Emergency Management – Step Four

Attend to injuries.Begin with primary assessment and continue with

secondary assessment. Provide Basic Life Support and other primary care

until relieved by medical personnel. If needed, contact Divers Alert Network (DAN) or

another local diver emergency medical service.

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Emergency Management – Step Five

Control the scene.Provide evacuation personnel with appropriate

information; use the PADI Accident Management Workslate.

Obtain correct information from all those involved in the rescue or who witnessed the accident.

Make arrangements to contact diver’s family. If appropriate, submit an incident report to local

authorities.

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Emergency Management – Step Six

Arrange evacuation to medical care. Get patient into the care of

the local Emergency Medical System.

Provide information to medical personnel as necessary.

Provide emergency services with contact information for where patient is taken.

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Helicopter Evacuation Steps

Special procedures when a helicopter evacuation is involved: Communication Pilot directs Area preparation Prepare injured diver No contact Loading diver Approaching helicopter Do not secure a line

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Emergency Assistance Plan

What considerations and procedures are involved with forming a local emergency assistance plan?A local emergency assistance plan provides you with

information readiness if an emergency arises. Have readily available:

Local emergency contact numbers. Your PADI Accident Management Workslate. Divers Alert Network or other providers’ contact numbers.

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Responding to Diver Emergencies

Self-Rescue Recognizing Rescue Situations Nonswimming Assists and Rescues Assisting the Responsive Diver at the Surface

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Areas of Preparation

What three areas of preparation increase your self-rescue abilities?Physical preparation – involves proper health, fitness

and diet.Mental preparation – involves confidence and a

feeling of well-being about a dive.Equipment preparation – involves familiarity with the

use, inspection and general maintenance of dive and emergency equipment.

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Anticipating and Preventing Problems

What three dive procedures help you anticipate and prevent problems while diving?Maintain your equipment regularly and perform

predive equipment inspection.Perform dive planning procedures

that include risk assessment.Don’t ignore small problems.

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Encountering Problems While Diving

What should you do when you encounter a problem while diving? Initiate self-rescue through the proper action.

Stop. Breathe. Maintain normal breathing patterns. Think. Analyze the problem and plan possible actions. Act. Take logical action and be prepared to take a different

action if the first doesn’t solve the problem.

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Increase Your Self-Rescue Abilities

What are five skills that increase your self-rescue abilities?Good buoyancy control.Proper airway control. Cramp removal. Handling air-depletion. Responding correctly to vertigo.

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Problems at the Surface

What signs and behaviors indicate a diver may have a problem at the surface? Distress signals – waving one arm, whistling, or yelling for help. Struggling on or just below the surface. High treading or finning to lift a portion of the body out of

the water. Rejecting equipment – pushing off the mask and/or regulator

or both. Clinging and clambering – pulling the body to any high point

on the surface. Not moving – apparent unresponsiveness.

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Characteristics of a Tired Diver

What are the characteristics that indicate atired diver?Tired divers are adequately managing stress.

Ask for help. Respond to directions or questions. Do not reject their equipment. Can assist with efforts to help

themselves. May have a cramp, some injury or

other problem, but are still in control.

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Characteristics of a Panicked Diver

What are the characteristics that indicate apanicked diver?Panicked divers abandon rational responses and:

Reject their equipment. Fail to establish buoyancy and swim vigorously with arms

until exhausted. Do not respond to commands or questions. Fixate on a single, ineffective response to the problem. Will climb on anything or anyone. Will do little to help themselves.

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A Rescue Diver’s Safety

Why does the rescuer’s safety take priority over the distressed diver’s safety in an emergency situation?Your first goal is to stay safe yourself.

You cannot help a victim if you’re in trouble too. If you get into trouble, the rescue resources immediately

must be divided to help two instead of concentrating on one. Only after you reasonably ensure your safety do you help the

victim.

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Types of Nonswimming Rescues

What are the four types of nonswimming rescues you can use to help a diver at the surface?Generally faster and safer to assist from a stable

position on a boat or shore. Reaching and extension assists. Throwing assists from the pool deck, pier, boat deck, or

from shore. Wading assists in water no higher than chest deep. Watercraft assists if a boat is available.

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Reaching & Extension Assists

Reaching assists, although limited to rescues only a metre/few feet from the pool deck or dock, play an important role.

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Throwing Assists

Throwing assists are used when the distance to the victim is beyond the range of an extension assist. The key to success is

throwing accuracy. A rescue bag, a ring buoy

with a line, a heaving line, or a heaving jug are acceptable throwing devices.

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Wading Assists

Wading assists are more dangerous than nonswimming assists because you must enter the water.

Use a wading assist when the victim is too far away for a reach or extension assist but water is no greater thanchest deep. Assume a stable position with one foot forward and one foot

back and your weight shifted away from the diver. Extend a rescue aid to the diver; after he has grabbed it, slowly

walk and talk the diver to safety. Do not attempt this assist in cold water unless wearing

appropriate exposure protection.

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Watercraft Assists

If you can’t reach, throw or wade to the victim and a small watercraft is available use it.Do not use an unstable craft that’s easily capsized.Approach from downwind so the boat doesn’t blow

over the victim. Turn boat engine off to avoid injury to victim by the boat

propeller.

Reach the victim from the boat as previously described.

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Responsive Diver at the Surface

What are the two types of responsive diver at the surface rescues?Tired diver.Panicked diver.

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A Hazardous Situation

Why is rescuing a panicked diver the most hazardous situation for the rescuer?A panicked diver generally needs a rescue because

the victim will likely lose consciousness and drown after exhaustion if not helped. A panicked diver is not rational and will attempt to climb on a

rescuer in an attempt to stay afloat. Driven by fear, a panicked diver can be incredibly strong and

overcome smaller rescuers. Reaches, extensions, throws, wading and watercraft assists

are always preferred.

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Knowledge Development One Review

Welcome and Introductions The Psychology of Rescue Being Prepared for a Diver Emergency Accident Management Responding to Diver Emergencies

Date post:	19-Dec-2015
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