7/30/2019 Mesoporous Titanium Oxide Based anodes for battery http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mesoporous-titanium-oxide-based-anodes-for-battery 1/11 UT-B IDs 201102634, 201102772, 201102774, 201202801 11.20 Mesoporous Titanium Oxide Based Anodes for Batteries Technology Summary High power and high energy density are essential to batteries or electric vehicles, stationary energy storage systems or solar and wind energy, and vehicle to grid and similar smart grid applications. Because conventional lithium ion batteries are inadequate to meet these needs, and because many o the current perormance barriers are materials-related, researchers at ORNL are concentrating eorts on advanced materials and processing methods or next generation lithium ion batteries that will meet high power–high energy density needs. Titanium dioxide nanomaterials have been widely investigated as lithium ion battery anode materials due to their advantages in terms o cost, saety, and rate capability. In particular, TiO 2 -B has been investigated because o its avorable channel structure, which results in ast charge-discharge capability. However, TiO 2 -B also has some disadvantages such as poor electronic conduction, loss o particle connection during cycling, and low packing density. Researchers at ORNL developed mesoporous TiO 2 -B powders that overcome these shortcomings while maintaining the advantages o TiO 2 nanomaterials. ORNL’s mesoporous TiO 2 -B can increase power, energy density, and saety while dramatically reducing charge time (charging to 65% o ull capacity in just 6 minutes or 45% in 1 minute). In addition, the researchers have developed a scalable, economic aerosol pyrolysis technique to make high quality TiO 2 -B powders with consistent, reproducible phase content, particle morphology, size distribution, and microstructure. Despite the need, ew viable new cathode materials have emerged. To address this, ORNL researchers are looking at ways to improve existing cathode materials and cathodes in addition to new cathode materials. In one application, the conductivity o ternary metal cathode materials was enhanced (up to 625 W/kg) through surace and bulk modifcation. In two other applications, replacements were developed or lithium-cobalt oxide cathodes, high perorming but expensive and potentially hazardous. In the frst, spinel cathodes made with manganese, a great low cost substitute or cobalt, were modifed with metal oxide/metal nitride coatings to provide high capacity, continuous chemical stability, improved conductivity, and reduced irreversible capacity loss. In the second, the rate capability and overall electrochemical perormance o LiFePO 4 cathodes were boosted through surace modifcation with nitrogen-doped carbon layers and preparation o smaller, more homogeneous particles, leading to shorter lithium diusion pathways in the fnished cathodes and thus improved electroactivity and rate capability. Advantages • Greater saety • Fast charging • Improved perormance • Reduced costs Potential Applications • Electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles • Stationary storage or renewable energy sources such as wind turbines • Smart grid Patent Mariappan Parans Paranthaman and Craig A. Bridges. Surace Modifcations or Electrode Compositions and Their Methods o Making, U.S. Patent Application 13/645,959, led October 5, 2012. Mariappan Parans Paranthaman. Coating Compositions or Electrode Compositions and Their Methods o Making, U.S. Patent Application 13/645,779, led October 5, 2012. Other patent applications in progress. Inventor Point of Contact Parans Paranthaman Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Licensing Contact Jennier Tonzello Caldwell Group Leader, Technology Commercialization UT-Battelle, LLC Oak Ridge National Laboratory Ofce Phone: 865.574.4180 E-mail: [email protected]
Transcript
7/30/2019 Mesoporous Titanium Oxide Based anodes for battery
A vast amount o energy is wasted in the United States rom the exhaust/euent
streams o an estimated 163,000 commercial and industrial boilers. Much o this energy
could be recovered by sieving the streams through inorganic membranes eaturing
nano-sized pore technology. The estimated savings by 2030 or energy recovered rom
<1000 bark boilers and paper machine exhaust hoods is about 1.3 tera-Btu. A cumula-
tive savings o 360 tera-Btu could be recovered rom heat currently lost to the environ-
ment, i the technology was implemented throughout the United States.
Researchers at ORNL have developed an inorganic membrane abrication technologythat would permit the recovery o such previously wasted energy rom relatively low
temperature (<100°C) exhaust/euent streams. The process involves removing moisture
rom the exhaust streams and recovering the latent heat when water condenses in the
membrane. The heat recovered could serve to preheat the boiler eed water, thus providing
an energy savings.
The membrane developed by the researchers at ORNL eatures pore diameters as small
as 0.5 nm to 20,000 nm, and testing has shown eectiveness at many scales. The suppor t
structure and layer or the membrane can be made o a variety o metals and ceramics.
Thin ceramic separation layers, or example, allow a high ow o gases through the small
pore membranes (<100 nm). Porous metal layers applied to tubular porous stainless steel
supports yield lters with pore sizes rom 0.05 to 1 μm. Their mechanical, thermal, and
chemical stability can be tailored by a choice o materials.
As gases and euent are transported via molecular diusion, these membranes separateconstituents rom the ow by Knudsen diusion, molecular sieving, capillary condensation,
surace ow, or a combination o these transport mechanisms. The key to the design is
permeance and separation actors: a balance between the volumetric ow rate per unit
surace, per unit o transmembrane pressure, and the ratio o ow o two gases in a binary
gas mix.
The membranes have shown eectiveness in using molecular sieving to separate hydrogen
rom coal-derived synthesis gas and rom renery gases. They can separate carbon dioxide,
a component o many gas streams, including synthesis gas and ue gas, by Knudsen
diusion, molecular sieving, surace ow, or a combination o these. Carbon dioxide can be
separated rom the gas stream as the permeate or as the rejected component, by choosing
a membrane with the proper pore size and operating temperature.
Advantages The inorganic membranes can improve
energy recovery rom low temperature, moist
industrial process streams. Metallic-based
membranes are capable o perorming in exhaus
streams containing particulates and gaseous
contaminants. Membranes can be operated
at high temperatures and pressures. Materials
can be selected to provide long lie in corrosive
environments. Boiler efciency can be improved
rom 87% to 94%.
Potential Applications
Potential applications are in gas separation, watepurication, energy and water recovery rom
industrial process streams, and solid oxide uel cel
Most ame retardant abrics on the market today are produced rom high density PAN
based fbers made by an oxidation process. Because o the time and expense involved in
making these fbers, there is a continuing need to fnd new methods and new materials
with improved ame retardancy and acceptable—and adjustable—mechanical
properties. ORNL researchers have discovered an oxidation method that is 3 to 4 times
aster than conventional methods and a way to substitute lower cost polyolefns or PAN.
Carbon fber reinorced composites are stronger and lighter than steel, so they can
replace steel and other metals in automotive and aircrat parts, thus saving weight and
uel. Most carbon fbers are produced rom textile polyacrylonitrile (PAN) precursorfbers, which are made in an expensive multistep process that uses toxic solvents. ORNL
researchers have developed a process that will enable use o lower cost polyolefns to
produce carbon fbers. In addition to cost advantages, polyolefns have a higher potential
carbon yield than PAN; are produced by melt spinning, which doesn’t use toxic solvents
and is aster than the process used to make PAN; and are produced commercially in the
United States (PAN fbers are not). The one stumbling block to their use is stabilization
beore carbonization. Current processes take up to 12 hours and are not amenable to
most industrial settings. ORNL researchers have developed a new stabilization process
that takes only 1 hour. This stabilization step uses standard, low cost chemicals and
industrial methods and is even aster than the stabilization processes used or PAN fbers.
Some o the resulting fbers exhibit ame retardant properties and could be used to
produce ame retardant abric in addition to carbon fber reinorced composites.
ORNL researchers used their experience with plasma processing techniques to developan advanced plasma based oxidation process in which rapid and aggressive oxidizing
conditions are used to create an oxidized PAN fber (OPF) possessing a high degree o
crosslinking and corresponding density. (Typically, an increase in the density o a PAN
fber increases its ame retardant properties.) One key aspect o the process is the use
o reactive oxidizing species, which ensures rapid, simultaneous oxidation o all parts o
the fber, including the core. The OPF produced by this method, while not suitable or
carbon fber production, possesses exceptional ame retardant properties along with
advantageous physical and mechanical properties, such as resistance to chemical attack,
that result in improved integrity during use. In addition, the process conditions can be
adjusted to urther fne-tune the mechanical properties o OPFs.
Technology SummaryORNL researchers have developed an implantable,
remotely activated, microvalve or controlling the release
and movement o uids and physiological materials in the
human body.
The controlled release o enzymes and the ow o
blood and other biological uids in the human body
are essential or primary physiological unctions. Many
disease conditions—or example, urinary incontinence,
diabetes, and hydrocephalus to name just a ew—are
attributable to the ailure o natural mechanisms to
regulate the ow o biological uids in the body. Prophylaxis with articial valves and delivery systems is a logical solution; however,
most such systems are not easily controllable once inside the body, not bidirectional, and/or not small enough to be implanted whereneeded. The ORN L microvalve system meets all these criteria and more.
The ORNL device includes a thermally actuated valve that, once in the body, can be clinically manipulated wirelessly and nonsurgically.
The valve is implemented on polyimide -coated, used silica capillary tubing serving both as the struc tural ow element and as the
support structure or balloon-based expansion and retention. The key to the system is a thermally responsive polymer within a
75- to 300-micron diameter restricted ow element o the capillary tube. Under normal physiological conditions, the thermally actuated
polymer exists as an expanded hydrogel, eectively restricting the uidic path. The hydrogel can be heated via wireless radio requency
(RF) coupling to elevate the temperature o the polymer, inducing valve opening via hydrophobic collapse and shrinkage o the
polymer. Heating is achieved with a physical vapor deposited thin-lm metal resistive heater or a resistive wire wrapped around the
tube containing the valve material. Following removal o RF excitation, the polymer reverts to a hydrophilic, expanded hydrogel thereby
reversibly closing to again interrupt ow. A balloon insert is used both to immobilize the valve in the desired passageway/position and
to provide thermal insulation. Additional instrumentation to measure and transmit inormation on pressure, volume, and temperature
may be incorporated in the device, ensuring proper unction. The complete system is small enough to be inserted with a catheter.
7/30/2019 Mesoporous Titanium Oxide Based anodes for battery
ORNL researchers developed a new method or ltering materials and managing
wastewater. This invention oers an integrated, intensied process to handle
organic contaminants and heavy metals. By combining several separation
processes and targeting dierent groups o contaminants, this invention is both
cost eective and has the capability to be used in situ.
Produced water or wastewater rom coal-methane acilities and other industries
contains a complex mixture o contaminants, such as colloidal particles, molecular-
weight organic contaminants, heavy metal ions, and soluble electrolytes. Currently
available processes or industrial wastewater treatment have limitations that makethem unattractive to coal-methane operations. Desalination, ion exchange, and
osmosis techniques incur increased energy costs due to high temperature and high
pressure operating conditions; these methods also result in detrimental eects on
the treated water.
The invention combines sorption, electrosorption, magnetic seeding, and
subsequent magnetic ltration to separate contaminants. Magnetically responsive
activated carbon, plus a technique or orming this material, is central to the process.
This method typically includes activated carbon in a solution with ions o errite
orming elements; increasing the pH o the solution then produces particles o errite
that bond to the activated carbon. In addition, the invention provides a means o
ltering wastewater using magnetically activated carbon.
Technology SummaryDuring and ollowing disasters, rapid, valid systems are needed to exchange
inormation—among emergency responders, with others in the community,
and with the outside world. ORNL researchers have developed a Web 2.0
credentialing system that oers greater assurance o the validity o inormation
on social networks and media and the potential to thus improve and enhance
the unimpeded ow o vetted inormation and resources during and ollowing a
disaster to assist impacted areas and populations in restoration and recovery.
Traditional communication media are oten overwhelmed during disasters.
O equal concern, recent disasters have demonstrated that people are turning
more to social media as opposed to traditional communication media or their
inormation. Government use o social media can save time and money, provide
greater transparency, provide easier access to inormation and services, and
ensure essential inormation reaches all citizens. However, use o social media orcommunication raises serious issues o security, authenticity, trust, and privacy.
Credentialing programs to overcome some o these concerns exist, but they
tend to be hardware- or sotware-based and use time-consuming and expensive
methods to identiy and certiy individuals and groups. ORNL’s credentialing
system and services are hardware agnostic; use all existing credentials; and require
no new or additional equipment, networks, materials, or inrastructure.
Based on proven credentialing systems such as those used in the travel industry,
the ORNL system includes our main components: (1) a recruitment program
using social media websites to enlist (validate) individuals and enterprises beore
disasters; (2) a managed portal with a set o services to permit users and enterprises
to register profles, build networks, and establish levels o trustworthiness
based on both sel-signed and externally authenticated recommendations and
certifcations rom public and private sources; (3) a quick response code generationacility to allow users and enterprises to create, print, and scan barcodes that link
back to their trust network profles; and (4) an Internet accessible application that
links member profles to mobile applications.
Advantages
• Hardware agnostic
• Uses existing technology
• Leverages existing credentials
• Doesn’t require investment in new or
additional equipment or inrastructure
• Flexible; allows on-the-y changes
• Accommodates a broad array o participants,
both public and private
• Provides immediate and ubiquitous
access control
• Complies with Department o Homeland
Security National Incident Management
Systems requirements • Low cost
Potential Applications
• Credentialing and authenticating personnel
or event or acility access control
• Credentialing and authenticating business
and enterprise customers and mass market
consumers or appointments, meetings,
activities, and events
• Credentialing and authenticating personnel
participating in neighborhood watch and
similar unctions
Patents
Bryan L. Gorman, David R. Resseguie, and
Bob G. Schlicher. Social Media and Social Networks
for Disaster Credentialing, U.S. Patent Application
