MET and

NAV

review

FINAL EXAM for sure study areas

PGF vs coriolisVirga, subsidence, isotach, isotherm, isobar, VDFSurface analysis vs prognostic chartTemperature effect on altimeterStability - rising air and/or air massesFrontal weather, GFA validity, wind limitsLight & variable, freezing levelVacuum driven heading indicator for navigationRhumb line, great circle, small circle, agonic line, deviation vs. variationCompass errors – northerly turning, ANDS, quadrantal

FINAL EXAM for sure study areas

Control zones, VFR minima, airspace classification, low level airspace, cruising altitudes, special VFR, transponder airspaceCDI, VOT check, VOR accuracy limits, ADF errors VOR and ADF orientation and use, ADF tuningOne VFR cross country – planning log, flight plan, Vnc chart completion, drift linesTime zone adjustments, CFS use for planning, VHF frequencies, reserves, safety heights ETA’s, Heading corrections, wind determination, revised ETAEnroute GFA, TAF and METAR interpretation, PIREP interpretation, AIRMET interpretation

One in Sixty Rule

1:60 is the same as 1 degree

ANABATIC WIND

CLOUD CLASSIFICATION

TEMPERATURE

The atmosphere is heated from below.Temperature increase decreases density.Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air becomes warmed by the ground as it moves over it

Convection: sun heats ground, ground heats the air, warmer and less dense pockets rise

Turbulence: vertical movement of air due to winds and convection

Compression: air sinks, compresses and heats (Chinooks, high pressure areas)

Advection: horizontal movement of air. Cold air can be warmed by the ground as it moves over it

Air Masses of North AmericaContinental Arctic: Ca

not in summer; low water content; warmed from below enroute, strong winds produce turbulence; heap clouds and snow showers; rarely in B.C. except as a cold-air invasion

(Continental Polar: Cp)Maritime Arctic: Ma

starts as Ca that spends some time over the northern Pacific ocean; moist and unstable at high altitudes; stratocumulus and cumulus; pe/sn/-shra; in summer: northern lakes affect the air mass

Maritime Polar: Mpmore time spent over Pacific ocean; warmer in lower levels; more stable than Ma; orographic lifting makes rain west of mountains (Rockies) and dry air east of mountains; Summer: Tsra/Cb

Maritime Tropical: Mtvery warm and moist; Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean & south of 30°N; Winter: rarely at the surface N of Great lakes, but present at high altitudes; unstable when subject to Frontal lift; gives sn/ra/zr/icing and turbulence; FOG (east coast); Summer: shra/tsra

Cumulus Stage:Cloud driven upward by the latent heat as water vapour condenses

Strong updrafts prevail throughout.

Temperatures in cell are higher than outside temperature at the same level.

No precipitation while water and ice are suspended.

Mature Stage:Heights may reach 60,000 feet

Updrafts up to 6,000 ft/min

As the water droplets grow large enough to fall, they drag air down with them.

Downdraft starts in the middle region of the cloud.

15-20 minutes in duration; lightning, microburst, hail, wind shear.

Appearance of precipitation on the ground.

Dissipation stage:downdraft spreads throughout the cell (except top)

gradual cessation of rainfall and the passing rain cools the lower regions

Anvil shape

WEATHER TERMINOLOGY

SKY CONDITIONClear: 0/8Few: 1/8 to 2/8 Scattered: 3/8 to 4/8Broken: 5/8 to 7/8Overcast: 8/8

IFR: less than 1000 ft &/or 3 miles

MVFR: 1000-3000 ft &/or 3-5 miles

VFR: greater than 3000 ft & better than 5

ACTUAL LAPSE RATEMETAR CYKZ 251100Z 01009KT 7SM BKN040 BKN240 M08/M13 A2977 RMK SC4CI2 SLP095

FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000

YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 6000 -13

650 -08

Lapse may be roughly 1o/1,000 ft

4000 cloud base -13

650 -08

Lapse roughly 1.5o/1,000 ft

Note that the lowest layer of cloud is SC (cumulus) and likely formed from convection. Consider that any rising pockets had a dew point of -13 and therefore reached dew point and formed cloud at 4,000, before they got to the 6,000 foot altitude where temperature

is actually measured

GFAIssued at 2330Z, 0530Z, 1130Z and 1730ZCovers 12 hours with a 12 hour IFR outlookCountry covered with 7 GFA areasHeights are feet above sea levelSection 3 of MET in AIPMinimum of 5k to have speed be indicated CU, TCU, CB and ACC will be indicatedWinds less than 20 k usually not shownAmended GFA shows CCA, etc. in title box

5-8 Geostrophic Wind

5-11 Surface Friction

FOGFOG

FOG

Fog is cloud (usually stratus) that is in contact with the ground.

forms in relatively stable air where the temperature

to dew point spread is small, wind may be present

requires condensation nuclei

Usually needs a cooling process

Types of Fog:

Radiation Advection

Upslope Steam

Frontal Ice

Radiation Fog: clear night, light wind, high humidity, often a high pressure area.

Advection Fog: warm moist air moving over colder land, horizontal movement, warm fronts/oceans, sometimes strong winds (+25kts)

Upslope Fog

Ice Fog: Byproduct of fuel burn in engine is water (as vapour)… added to cold crisp air. (sublimation: vapour to ice)

Frontal Fog: vapour addition raises the dew point of the air mass under a warm front

Steam fog: cold air moving over a warm surface

CANADIAN FLIGHT PLAN AND FLIGHT ITINERARY PLAN DE VOL ET ITINÉRAIRE DE VOL CANADIEN

ICAO FLIGHT PLAN PLAN DE VOL OACI

PRIORITY / PRIORITÉ ADDRESSEE(S) / DESTINATAIRE(S)

FF

FILING TIME / HEURE DE DÉPÔT ORIGINATOR / EXPÉDITEUR

SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION OF ADDRESSEE(S) AND/OR ORIGINATOR / IDENTIFICATION PRÉCISE DU(DES) DESTINATAIRE(S) ET/OU DE L’EXPÉDITEUR

3 MESSAGE TYPE

TYPE DE MESSAGE 7 AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION /

IDENTIFICATION DE L’AÉRONEF 8 FLIGHT RULES /

RÈGLES DE VOL TYPE OF FLIGHT /

TYPE DE VOL

(FPL 9 NUMBER / NOMBRE TYPE OF AIRCRAFT / TYPE D’AÉRONEF

WAKE TURBULENCE CAT. / CAT. DE TURBULENCE DE SILLAGE 10 EQUIPMENT / ÉQUIPEMENT

/

13 DEPARTURE AERODROME / AÉRODROME DE DÉPART

TIME / HEURE

15 CRUISING SPEED / VITESSE DE CROISIÈRE ALTITUDE / LEVEL / NIVEAU ROUTE / ROUTE

16 DESTINATION AERODROME AÉRODROME DE DESTINATION

TOTAL EET / DURÉE TOTALE ESTIMÉE DAYS/JOURS HRS MINS

SAR HRS MINS

ALTN AERODROME / AÉRODROME DE DÉGAGEMENT

2ND ALTN AERODROME / 2e AÉRODROME DE DÉGAGEMENT

18 OTHER INFORMATION / RENSEIGNEMENTS DIVERS

)

19 ENDURANCE / AUTONOMIE EMERGENCY RADIO / RADIO DE SECOURS

HRS MINS PERSONS ON BOARD / PERSONNES À BORD UHF VHF ELT ELT TYPE / TYPE D’ELT

E / P / R / U V E

SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT / ÉQUIPEMENT DE SURVIE JACKETS / GILETS DE SAUVETAGE POLAR

POLAIRE DESERT DÉSERT

MARITIME MARITIME

JUNGLE JUNGLE

LIGHT LAMPES

FLUORES FLUORES

UHF

VHF

S / P D M J J / L F U V

DINGHIES / CANOTS

NUMBER NOMBRE

CAPACITY CAPACITÉ

COVER COUVERTURE

COLOUR COULEUR

D / C AIRCRAFT COLOUR AND MARKINGS / COULEUR ET MARQUES DE L’AÉRONEF WHEELS

ROUES SEAPLANE

HYDRAVION SKIS AMPHIBIAN AMPHIBIE

A /

REMARKS / REMARQUES

N /

AN ARRIVAL REPORT WILL BE FILED WITH / UN COMPTE RENDU D’ARRIVÉE SERA NOTIFIÉ À :

NAME AND PHONE NUMBER OR ADDRESS OF PERSONS(S) OR COMPANY TO BE NOTIFIED IF SEARCH AND RESCUE ACTION INITIATED / NOM ET NUMÉRO DE TÉLÉPHONE OU ADRESSE DE LA (DES) PERSONNE(S) OU COMPAGNIE À AVISER SI DES RECHERCHES SONT ENTREPRISES

PILOT-IN-COMMAND / PILOTE COMMANDANT DE BORD PILOT’S LICENCE NO. / N° DE LICENCE DU PILOTE

C / )

FILED BY / DÉPOSÉ PAR

SPACE RESERVED FOR ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS / ESPACE RÉSERVÉ À DES FINS SUPPLÉMENTAIRES

NC26-0516 (2001-05)

FLIGHT PLAN

see RAC section in

AIM

FLIGHT PLANNING LOG

Hwy 7 67 71 NW 04/10 11w 9 :07 0.8

1.1

Hwy Barrie 45 91 91 311 045/8 316 11w 327 91 39 :26 1.9

Nota Bay 45 91 91 291 045/5 294 10w 304 92 17 :11 0.8

CNY3 85 SW 06/06 10w 6 :06 0.5

CYOO GOLF ME 11 FEB

71 :50 5.1

71 1:20 7.3

:30 2.2

WAC

LOW LEVEL AIRWAYS

From 2,200’ AGL up to but not including 18,000’ ASL

IFR & VFR SUMMARY

KZ 2

106 kt

122 kt

106 kt

Track = 189º

Ground Speed = 122 kt

Heading = 196º

TAS = 106 kt

Wind Direction = 332º

Wind speed = 20 kt

Practice Problem D

Xwind & CRFI

PQ 1

Obstacles, Arcal, ATF & Peripheral frequency

FDs – Interpolation

FCST BASED ON 251200 DATA VALID 251800 FOR USE 17-21 3000 6000 9000 12000 18000

YAM 0117 3613-19 9900-21 9900-26 2408-35YOW 0720 0814-13 1109-12 1614-15 1934-22YQG 3309 3109-14 2707-16 2313-20 2232-28YVV 0606 0305-15 9900-17 2016-20 2039-28YYB 1825 2034-16 2055-17 2073-20 7013-28YYZ 0410 0506-13 9900-13 1909-17 1927-25

FLIGHT PLANNING LOG

CYGKStart, t/o

67 NE 13w :10 1.5

0.8

CYOW 55

92 97 031 220/18 029 13w 042 114 76 :40 3.1

ContingencyInclude if appropriate

20% fuel 1.9

circuit :06 0.5

CYGK GULP ME 22 MAR 01

76 :56 7.8

76 1:26 10.0

:30 2.2

VOR

VOR EQUIPMENT CHECKS

TRACKING AWAY FROM A STATION

TRACKING TO A STATION

ADF

LIMITATIONSTWILIGHT EFFECT

• JUST BEFORE/AFTER SUNSET/SUNRISE - fly high• GREATER AT GREAT DISTANCE – use less than 350 khz

TERRAIN or MOUNTAIN EFFECT

SHORELINE – signals crossing at less than 30o

ELECTRICAL STORMS

BANK ERROR – ALL TURNS• LOOP ANTENNAE ROTATES TO SENSE DIRECTION OF

INCOMING SIGNAL AND IS MOUNTED PARALLEL TO NORMAL AXIS

SOME RULES 1. WHEN INTERCEPTING A TRACK TO OR FROM A

STATION, BEARING INDICATOR ALWAYS AWAY FROM 0 OR TOWARDS 180

2. WHEN TURNING, IF HEADING INDICATOR INCREASES, THEN ADF BEARING INDICATOR (VALUE) DECREASES

HI LESS, ADF MORE

3. WHEN TRACKING, NEEDLE RIGHT? YES, THEN WIND IS FROM THE RIGHT SO TURN RIGHT, ETC.

4. MAGNETIC HEADING + RELATIVE BEARING = MAGNETIC BEARING TO THE STATION

MH + RB = MB TO THE STATIONMH = MB – RBRB = MB - MH