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Metabolic FunctionsMetabolic Functions
By: Erin McLoonBy: Erin McLoon
Rachel CorningRachel Corning
Fianna WalshFianna Walsh
Julia DavisJulia Davis
General Overview of Metabolic General Overview of Metabolic Functions & ATPFunctions & ATP
ATP- adenosine triphosphateATP- adenosine triphosphate Function: provide a form of chemical energy cells Function: provide a form of chemical energy cells
can usecan use Molecules are made and broken downMolecules are made and broken down Helps cells maintain boundariesHelps cells maintain boundaries Moves along all life processesMoves along all life processes
General Overview Cont..General Overview Cont..
Structure: Modified nucleotideStructure: Modified nucleotide Adenine baseAdenine base Ribose sugarRibose sugar Three phosphate groupsThree phosphate groups Phosphate groups attached by high energy Phosphate groups attached by high energy
phosphate bondsphosphate bonds When high energy phosphate bonds are broken When high energy phosphate bonds are broken
by hydrolysis, energy is released and can be by hydrolysis, energy is released and can be used by the cell to do work/power an activityused by the cell to do work/power an activity
ATPATP What does the cell use ATP to do?What does the cell use ATP to do?
Synthesize proteinsSynthesize proteins Transport substances across its membraneTransport substances across its membrane Causes the muscle cells to contractCauses the muscle cells to contract
When the high energy phosphate bond is When the high energy phosphate bond is broken:broken:
ATP ATP ADP + P +E ADP + P +E ADP = adenosine diphosphate, P= inorganic phosphate ADP = adenosine diphosphate, P= inorganic phosphate
E= energy E= energy
ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of ATP supplies are replenished by oxidation of food fuelsfood fuels
Anaerobic RespirationAnaerobic Respiration
Breakdown of Glucose Without OxygenBreakdown of Glucose Without Oxygen Anaerobic Glycolysis:Anaerobic Glycolysis:
Occurs in a Occurs in a cystolcystol (doesn’t use Oxygen) (doesn’t use Oxygen) Glucose is broken down into Glucose is broken down into Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid Due to lack of Oxygen, the Due to lack of Oxygen, the Pyruvic acidPyruvic acid is is
converted into converted into lactic acidlactic acid Can provide most of ATP needed for 30-40 Can provide most of ATP needed for 30-40
seconds of strenuous muscle activityseconds of strenuous muscle activity
Shortcomings of Anaerobic Shortcomings of Anaerobic RespirationRespiration
Uses a lot of glucose for a small amount of Uses a lot of glucose for a small amount of ATPATP
Accumulating lactic acid promotes muscle Accumulating lactic acid promotes muscle sorenesssoreness
Anaerobic Respiration DiagramAnaerobic Respiration Diagram
Anaerobic VS AerobicAnaerobic VS Aerobic
Anaerobic respiration produces only 5% of the Anaerobic respiration produces only 5% of the ATP that Aerobic Respiration producesATP that Aerobic Respiration produces
Anaerobic is 2 ½ times faster than Aerobic Anaerobic is 2 ½ times faster than Aerobic RespirationRespiration
Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration
Occurs in mitochondria & involves a series of Occurs in mitochondria & involves a series of metabolic pathways that use oxyenmetabolic pathways that use oxyen
Glucose is broken down completely into CO2 Glucose is broken down completely into CO2 and H2Oand H2O Some of the energy is released as the bonds are Some of the energy is released as the bonds are
broken and is captured in the bonds of ATP broken and is captured in the bonds of ATP moleculesmolecules
Provides 32 ATP per 1 Glucose moleculeProvides 32 ATP per 1 Glucose molecule
Aerobic RespirationAerobic Respiration Slow, and Slow, and
requires requires continuous continuous delivery of O2 delivery of O2 and nutrient and nutrient fuels to the fuels to the musclesmuscles
Krebs CycleKrebs Cycle Occurs in mitochondriaOccurs in mitochondria Produces virtually all CO2 during cell respirationProduces virtually all CO2 during cell respiration Yields a small amount of ATP by transferring high Yields a small amount of ATP by transferring high
energy phosphate groups directly from energy phosphate groups directly from phosphorylated substances to ADPphosphorylated substances to ADP
Free oxygen is not involvedFree oxygen is not involved Process called substrate-level phosphorylationProcess called substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphorylate = to add phosphate to an organic compoundPhosphorylate = to add phosphate to an organic compound ADP = A nucleotide, composed of adenosine and two linked ADP = A nucleotide, composed of adenosine and two linked
phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy.energy.
Electron Transport ChainElectron Transport Chain
Where the production of ATP occursWhere the production of ATP occurs Hydrogen atoms removed during the first two Hydrogen atoms removed during the first two
metabolic phases are loaded with energymetabolic phases are loaded with energy Hydrogens are delivered by the coenzymes to Hydrogens are delivered by the coenzymes to
the protein carriers of the ETCthe protein carriers of the ETC Form part of mitochondrial cristae membranesForm part of mitochondrial cristae membranes
H atoms split into H ions (H+) and electronsH atoms split into H ions (H+) and electrons
Electron Transport Chain cont.Electron Transport Chain cont.
Electrons “fall down energy hill” (go from Electrons “fall down energy hill” (go from each carrier to carrier of lower energy)each carrier to carrier of lower energy)
Give off their load of energy in small amounts, Give off their load of energy in small amounts, in a series of steps to enable cells to attach in a series of steps to enable cells to attach phosphate to ADP to make ATPphosphate to ADP to make ATP
Free oxygen is reducedFree oxygen is reduced H ions and electrons unite with molecular H ions and electrons unite with molecular
oxygenoxygen Form H2O and large amounts of ATPForm H2O and large amounts of ATP