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Laboratorium Biokimia Nutrisi
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The interior surface of the rumenforms numerous
papillae vary in shape and
size short and pointed to
long and foliate.
Ruminal papillae very richly
vascularized abundant volatile
fatty acids produced by fermentation
readily absorbed across the epithelium.
forms numerous papillae
vary in shape and size
short and pointed to long and foliate.
Ruminal papillae very richly
vascularized abundant volatile
fatty acids produced by fermentation
readily absorbed across the epithelium.
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Reticular epithelium
thrown into folds form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.
Numerous small papillae stud the interior floors of these cells.
Reticular epithelium
thrown into folds form polygonal cells that give it a reticular, honey-combed appearance.
Numerous small papillae stud the interior floors of these cells.
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• thrown into broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book (a lay term for the omasum is the 'book').
• The omasal folds, estimated represent one-third of the total surface area of the forestomachs
• thrown into broad longitudinal folds or leaves reminiscent of the pages in a book (a lay term for the omasum is the 'book').
• The omasal folds, estimated represent one-third of the total surface area of the forestomachs
The inside of the omasum
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Adult ruminants digestive system is very different to that of non-ruminants.
difference : oesophagus delivers food to the reticulo-rumen. ◦ Function: single, large "fermentation chamber" ◦ containing micro organisms which convert plant
carbohydrate to volatile fatty acids (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate), lactate, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen.
Digestion of non-fermented food materials, and of the microbial biomass occurs subsequently and is equivalent to the digestive processes of non-ruminants
Adult ruminants digestive system is very different to that of non-ruminants.
difference : oesophagus delivers food to the reticulo-rumen. ◦ Function: single, large "fermentation chamber" ◦ containing micro organisms which convert plant
carbohydrate to volatile fatty acids (mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate), lactate, carbon dioxide, methane and hydrogen.
Digestion of non-fermented food materials, and of the microbial biomass occurs subsequently and is equivalent to the digestive processes of non-ruminants
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Advantage being a herbivore is :
the ability to efficiently extract energy from cellulose and other components of plant cell walls.
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Microbial live in reticulo-rumen :◦ bacteria, protozoa and fungi.
◦ Bacteria, along with protozoa, are the predominant microbes : 40-60% of total microbial matter in the rumen
◦ proliferate under warm, dark, anaerobic conditions in a buffered aqueous medium.
They use the host ruminant's feed material as their primary growth substrates and of prime importance in this regard are plant carbohydrate polymers provide the energy for growth.
Microbial live in reticulo-rumen :◦ bacteria, protozoa and fungi.
◦ Bacteria, along with protozoa, are the predominant microbes : 40-60% of total microbial matter in the rumen
◦ proliferate under warm, dark, anaerobic conditions in a buffered aqueous medium.
They use the host ruminant's feed material as their primary growth substrates and of prime importance in this regard are plant carbohydrate polymers provide the energy for growth.
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Clasified base on :• substrate preferences • the end products they produce
Clasified base on :• substrate preferences • the end products they produce
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Cellulolytic (digest cellulose) Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose)
Amylolytic (digest starch) Proteolytic (digest proteins) Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and disaccharides)
Cellulolytic (digest cellulose) Hemicellulolytic (digest hemicellulose)
Amylolytic (digest starch) Proteolytic (digest proteins) Sugar utilizing (utilize monosaccharides and disaccharides)
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Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as lactic, succinic and malic acids)
Ammonia producers Vitamin synthesizers Methane producers
Acid utilizing (utilize such substrates as lactic, succinic and malic acids)
Ammonia producers Vitamin synthesizers Methane producers
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1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies.
2. Synthesis of protein from non-protein nitrogen sources
3. Synthesis of B vitamins.
1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies.
2. Synthesis of protein from non-protein nitrogen sources
3. Synthesis of B vitamins.
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All vertebrates require certain amino
acids which their cells cannot synthesize (the "essential amino acids").
Fermentative microbes can synthesize all the amino acids and thereby provide them to their host.
in ruminants, bacteria and protozoa are constantly flowing into the abomasum and small intestine, where they are digested and absorbed.
All vertebrates require certain amino
acids which their cells cannot synthesize (the "essential amino acids").
Fermentative microbes can synthesize all the amino acids and thereby provide them to their host.
in ruminants, bacteria and protozoa are constantly flowing into the abomasum and small intestine, where they are digested and absorbed.
1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies
1. Synthesis of high quality protein in the form of microbial bodies
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Fermentative microbes can, for example, utilize urea to synthesize protein.
They also secrete urea formed during protein metabolism into saliva, which flows into the rumen and serves as another nitrogen source for the microbes.
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Mammals can synthesize only two of the B vitamins and require dietary sources of the others.
Fermentative microbes are able to synthesize all the B vitamins, and deficiency states are rarely encountered.
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RUMEN BACTERIA RUMEN BACTERIA
1010 - 1012 bacteria/g rumen content Strictly anaerobic bacteria
majority Facultatively anaerobic bacteria and
aerobic bacteria minority
1010 - 1012 bacteria/g rumen content Strictly anaerobic bacteria
majority Facultatively anaerobic bacteria and
aerobic bacteria minority
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Other clasification is base on oxygen requirement
Other clasification is base on oxygen requirement
1. Aerobes: required oxygen for their live2. facultative anaerobe : live in oxygen
present or absent3. obligate/strict anaerobes: die in the
present of oxygen4. aerotolerant anaerobes : does not require
oxygen but still alive in oxygen present5. microaerophiles : require oxygen in trace
level
1. Aerobes: required oxygen for their live2. facultative anaerobe : live in oxygen
present or absent3. obligate/strict anaerobes: die in the
present of oxygen4. aerotolerant anaerobes : does not require
oxygen but still alive in oxygen present5. microaerophiles : require oxygen in trace
level
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Rumen bacteria are divided into three general formRumen bacteria are divided into three general form
1. Spherical or ellipsoidal forms called cocci
2. Cylindrical or rod-like forms called rods
3. Spiral-shaped forms called spirilla
1. Spherical or ellipsoidal forms called cocci
2. Cylindrical or rod-like forms called rods
3. Spiral-shaped forms called spirilla
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Single cocci Cocci in pairs
Cocci in tetrads
Shape of rumen bacteria
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Cocci in cluster Rods with square endCocci in chain
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Curved rod troponema borrelia
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Fusi form rodRods with round end coccobacilli
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1. Gram positive bacteria have cell surface structures composed of thick peptidoglycan layer and a cytoplasmic membrane
1. Gram positive bacteria have cell surface structures composed of thick peptidoglycan layer and a cytoplasmic membrane
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2. Gram negative bacteria have cell surface structures composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane layer and an inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) layer
3. Mycoplasmahave cell surface structures of a triple layer unit membrane (plasmalemma)
2. Gram negative bacteria have cell surface structures composed of a thin peptidoglycan layer, an outer membrane layer and an inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) layer
3. Mycoplasmahave cell surface structures of a triple layer unit membrane (plasmalemma)
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AFFECTED BY: DIFFERENCES IN LOCATION CONTACT WITH OTHER ANIMALS DIETS
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA HAVE BEEN FOUND IN THE RUMEN OF
LAMBS, 2 DAYS AFTER BIRTH INCREASES DURING THE FIRST
WEEKAND WHEN SOLID ARE FED.
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INITIALLY, THE AEROBIC AND FACULTATIVE FLORA : 1-10% TOTAL POPULATION
IN ADULT ANIMALS 104/ml, TEND TO BE LOW IN RELATION TO THE TOTAL VIABLE COUNT 1010 - 1011/ml
YOUNG ANIMALS : streptococci, staphylococci, lactobacilli on the feed and bedding
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REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ARCHAEBACTERIA
THEIR CELL WALL LACK PEPTIDOGLYCAN THE PREFERRED SUBSTRATE FOR RUMEN
METHANOGEMNS IS H2 / CO2
Methanosarcina MAY UTILIZE ACETATE
THIS REACTION IS NOT SIGNIFICANT
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Species %G+C
Substrate other than H2/CO2
Methanosarcina 39 Methanol, methylamine, acetate
Methanomicrobium 49 Fumarat
Methanobrevibacter ruminantium
31 Formate
Methanobacterium formicium
41 Formate
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RUMEN FUNGIRUMEN FUNGI
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PROTOZOA : 1. FLAGELLATES2. CILIATES
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CONCENTRATION 103-104 cells / ml Size 4 – 15 µm true flagellates: only 5 species
CONCENTRATION 103-104 cells / ml Size 4 – 15 µm true flagellates: only 5 species
almost all of the protozoa 105 – 106 per ml of rumen contents 20 –200 µm in length 4 family : Buetschliidae, Isotrichidae, Blepharocorythida,
Ophryoscolecidae
almost all of the protozoa 105 – 106 per ml of rumen contents 20 –200 µm in length 4 family : Buetschliidae, Isotrichidae, Blepharocorythida,
Ophryoscolecidae
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Rumen symbionts
Cattle, like other ruminant animals such as goats, deer, and giraffes, have billions of microbes inside their guts which help them digest their food.
There are some of the many types of microbes that live in the rumens (stomachs) of cows.
The large microbe is a type of protist. The creature that looks like a tadpole
attached to the side of the protist is a fungal spore.
The smaller, rod-shaped beasts lining the underside of the protist are bacteria.
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Kingdom: Protist, fungi, eubacteriaScientific Name: Entodinium caudatum et al.Image Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.Image Width: 40 micronsImage Technology: SEM
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Kingdom: Eubacteria and ProtistScientific Name: DiplodiniumImage Courtesy of: C.L. Davis, University of IllinoisImage Width: 35 micronsImage Technology: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope)
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The large creature in this view is a protist that lives in the rumen of a cow. The protist is covered with many other microbes that look like strings of beads or sausage links.
The smaller microbes are bacilli, a type of bacterium. Bacilli (the singular form is bacillus) is a term used to refer to any of the many types of rod-shaped bacteria.
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Kingdom: ProtistScientific Name: ProtistaImage Courtesy of: Yokoyama, Mel; Cobos, Mario A.Image Width: 17 µmImage Technology: SEM
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This is a protist found in the rumen. This protist moves around the rumen to find tasty bits of food to eat. It moves by the little rope-like whips that wiggle around (undulate). These undulating ropes are called "undulipodia." These undulipodia are similar in function (analogous) to the flagella of bacteria.
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substrates for microbial fermentation
substrates for microbial fermentation
Dietary • Carbohydrates • proteins
Dietary • Carbohydrates • proteins
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a variety of such enzyme beta-glucanases are synthesized by microbes.
the diverse population of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen or hindgut produce all the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose and hemicellulose.
The glucose released is taken up and metabolized by the microbes, and the waste products of microbial metabolism are passed on to the host animal.
Sugars derived from digestion of soluble carbohydrates such as starch are processed similarly.
a variety of such enzyme beta-glucanases are synthesized by microbes.
the diverse population of bacteria and protozoa in the rumen or hindgut produce all the enzymes necessary to digest cellulose and hemicellulose.
The glucose released is taken up and metabolized by the microbes, and the waste products of microbial metabolism are passed on to the host animal.
Sugars derived from digestion of soluble carbohydrates such as starch are processed similarly.
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The Products of FermentationFermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions. As a consequence, sugars are metabolized predominantly to volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Additional major products include lactic acid, carbon dioxide and methane.
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proteins are also important substrates for fermentation.
in ruminants, all dietary protein enters the rumen. The bulk of this protein is digested by microbial proteases and peptidases.
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The resulting peptides amino acids, and ammonia are taken up by microbes and used in several ways, including microbial protein synthesis.
a large quantity of amino acids ingested by fermentative microbes are deaminated and enter some of the same pathways used for carbohydrate metabolism. The net result is that much of dietary protein is metabolized to VFAs.
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NH3VFA
CO2
CH4
ATP
Protein synthesis in microbes
R
U
M
E
N
Small intestine Microbial Potein Dietary protein
FEED MATERIAL
Starch/sugar/fiber/fat
Rumen digestible protein
Rumen non-degradable protein
Protein Mineral/vitamin
Sugar/starch/fiber
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Fermentation occurs under anaerobic conditions.
As a consequence, sugars are metabolized predominantly to volatile fatty acids (VFAs).
Additional major products include lactic acid, carbon dioxide and methane.
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