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Metadata and Electronic Publications
T.B. RajashekarNational Centre for Science
InformationIndian Institute of Science
Bangalore – 560 012([email protected])
Prepared for presentation in the Workshop on 'Electronic Publishing of Scientific Information‘, Organized by the Indian
Academy of Sciences, Bangalore, 13-15 March 2002
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Electronic Publishing - Context
Levels of EP: Desktop publishing (individual workstations.
Ex. Word, PDF, PS) Network publishing
Intranets (Ex. Organization/ Department websites) Internet (Ex. Electronic journals)
E-Journals publishing: Stakeholders Publishers, authors, users, libraries,
subscription agents, aggregators…
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
E-Journals Publishing: Some Key Issues
Publisher Content management
(workflow, quality…) Subscription/ payment
management Rights management Bibliographic control
& resource discovery Preservation Linking, sharing,
exchange
User/ Library Resource discovery
(search, identify, locate, access)
Access management Reference linking Resource sharing Seamless access –
bibliographic – fulltext Gateway services Perpetual access
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata is key for:
Content management, Content Organization,Bibliographic Control, Resource discovery,
Rights Management,Access Management, Preservation,
Linking and data exchange
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
What is Metadata?
Data about data - Digitalspeak for what librarians have been doing much before the Internet – surrogates, catalogs
A metadata record consists of a set of attributes, or elements, necessary to describe the resource in question
Structured information Describes, explains, locates an information resource Makes it easier to retrieve, use or manage an
information resource
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
What Does Metadata Describe?
papers, articles information pages images sound collections user profiles Spatial data
...Digital and physical
manifestations
ContentPublishing
- Internal content- External content- Legacy content
- Content Representation and Organisation
- Content Storage & Processing- Preservation
- Access Management- Usage Monitoring- Delivery- Interoperability
Resource Discovery
Content Organization
Meatadata(Catalog Server)
Content(Object Server)
ContentRepository(Resource
Base)
Content publishing & access workflow
Object Server
Documents
Audio
Video Database
Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: …….
Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: …….
Author: …Title: ….Subject: …Source type: …Format: ……. Print sources
META
DATA
Catalog Server
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Types of Metadata
Different types of metadata Descriptive
Purpose: Resource discovery and identification Ex.: Title, abstract, author, URL, keywords, etc.
Administrative & Rights Management Purpose: Help manage a resource Ex.: Who created and when, who can access, etc.
Structural metadata Purpose: Document structure Ex.: Chapter, section, paragraph
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Example: E-Journal Gateway Service
Context: Library in an academic intranet
Issue: How do we manage access to large number of e-journals and provide convenient
access?
An example gateway service for e-journals
An example gateway service for e-journals
An example gateway service for e-journals
An example gateway service for e-journals
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Example: E-Print archive software
Context: Content management in an academic intranet
Issue: How do we enforce metadata standard across an organization?
Content Publishing
Catalog Server
ObjectServer
Resource Discovery
Metadata Content (Digital source)
Distributed contentpublishing
Distributed resourcediscovery
EDIS Architecture: Distributed Publishing
E-publishing in an intranet
Content management – E-Print Archives
Content management – E-Print Archives
Content management – E-Print Archives
Content management – E-Print Archives
Content management – E-Print Archives
Content management – E-Print Archives
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Example: XML-based metadata (IOP Publishing)
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Handling of Metadata
Metadata can be used for describing resources at different aggregation levels Collection, specific resource, component of
a resource, etc. Embedded in a digital object
Ex. HTML documents, headers of images Stored separately (in a database
system) Simplifies management of metadata Facilitates search and retrieval
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Uses of Metadata
Resource discovery Finding, searching and identifying resources Field-based browse/ search
Organizing electronic resources Ex.: Internet resource catalogues (web resource
directories), Institutional publication archives, intranet content management
Interoperability Exchange of data between systems – metadata
standards facilitate cross-searching and sharing (metadata harvesting – OAI protocol)
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Uses of Metadata
Digital identification, Bibliographic control Uniquely describe, identify & locate the
digital object referred by the metadata PURL, DOI (CrossRef), OpenURL
Archiving and preservation Data elements to track the lineage, physical
characteristics, etc. Efforts are on to define metadata schemes for
digital preservation (e.g. ISO’s Open Archival Information System OAIS)
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Schemes
Set of metadata elements, with associated semantics and syntax for describing a particular type of resources
Components (semantics, syntax, content): Metadata elements and their meaning/
definition Content rules – how content must be identified
and formulated Representation rules – how content must be
represented Content: Values given to metadata elements
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Examples of Metadata Schemes
Dublin Core (www.dublincore.org) Network information resources Widely adopted
Government Information Locator Service (GILS) (www. dtic.mil/gils/) Govt. resources
TEI Header (www.tei-c.org) Electronic texts like novels, poetry, plays,
etc.
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Examples of Metadata Schemes
The Encoded Archival Description (EAD) (www.oc.gov/ead/)
Archives and special collections The Visual Resources Association (VRA) Core
Categories Describe visual materials such as buildings,
photographs, paintings, etc. ONIX International Online Information
Exchange) XML-based metadata for communication of book
trade information – being expanded to cover journals, conferences, etc.
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Examples of Metadata Schemes
IMS Metadata (www.imsproject.org/metadata/) Specs and software for managing online
learning resources – resource discovery, IPR, commerce
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Examples of Metadata Schemes
Metadata for datasets Numerical and statistical data Content Standard for Digital Geophysical
Metadata (CSDGM) (www.fgdc.gov/metadata/contstan.htm)
Topographic, demographic, GIS and computer-aided cartographic files
Data Documentation Initiative (DDI) standard (www.icpsr.umich.edu/DDI/codebook.html)
Social science data sets XML DTD
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
ScientificData
HomePages GeoLibrary
Museums
Commerce
Whatever...
Communities
Resource Description Communities
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative (DCMI)
International standard for describing network digital resources
Consists of 15 elements, each repeatable, none mandatory
Conceived in 1994 Has reached standard status – W3C, NISO, ISO Widely used in several projects around the
world Being refined further
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
The Dublin CoreMetadata Element Set
Title Author/Creator Subject /Keywords Description Publisher Other Contributor Date
Resource Type Format Resource Identifier Source Language Relation Coverage Rights
Management
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Key Features of DC
Simplicity of creation and maintenance Small and simple element set Non-specialists can create metadata records Enable effective search and retrieval
Commonly understood semantics Generic, common element set facilitates cross-domain
accessibility (e.g. “creator” - document, music)
International scope DC element set in several languages
Extensibility Linkages with other metadata sets
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Uses of DC
Used mainly for describing document-like objects – metadata standards for other domains exist (e.g. e-commerce, education)
DC record can be embedded in the resource itself (e.g. “Meta” tag of HTML)
DC elements may be contained in a record separate from the resource
Database of DC element records, each describing a separate electronic resource (e.g. subject gateways)
DC in HTML <html><head> <title>UKOLN Home Page</title> <meta name="DC.Title” content="UKOLN: UK Office for Library
and Information Networking"> <meta name="DC.Subject" content="national centre, network
information support, library community, awareness, research, information services, public library networking, bibliographic management, distributed library systems, metadata, resource discovery, conferences, lectures, workshops">
<meta name="DC.Description" content="UKOLN is a national centre for support in network information management in the library and information communities. It provides awareness, research and information services">
<meta name="DC.Creator" content=”UKOLN Information Services Group">
</head> ...
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Example: Use of DC in an intranet
information portal
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
DC Projects
Implemented in over 100 projects in several countries
Government Information Australian Government Locator Service Danish Online Government Information Finnish Online Government Information
Libraries and DLs (e.g. CORC – Cooperative Online Resource Catalogue, of OCLC)
Intranets – Nokia, Boeing, Ford, Weyerhaeuser
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
DC Projects…
Science and Mathematics Environment Australia, Swedish EnviroNet,
German Mathematical Society Preprint Project…
Education EDNA (Educational Network of Australia) GEM (Gateway to Educational Materials) German Education Resources Server IMS (Instructional Management System)
DC + discipline-specific elements
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
DC Projects…
Humanities AHDS Arts and Humanities Data Service CIMI Metadata Testbed Project SCRAN (Scottish Cultural Resources Access
Network) Publishing/ e-commerce
E-books (www.openebook.org) INDECS (Interoperability of Data in E-
Commerce Systems) (www.indecs.org) - data model for IPR management in publishing, recording industry
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Metadata Creation
Who creates metadata? Author Technical staff (cataloguers) Combination
Integration into EP workflow Manual/ automated processes and tools Quality control
Develop/ adopt metadata standards – key to successful EP
T.B. RajashekarNCSI, IISc
14th March 2002
Related Resources
Metadata made simpler: A guide for libraries. Gail Hodge. 2001. (www.niso.org)
Dublin Core (dublincore.org) Dublin Core Metadata Element Set (Std.)
(www.niso.org) CrossRef and reference linking
(www.crossref.org) Digital Object Identifier (www.doi.org)