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Metals Are Opaque

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PROJECT IN SCIENCE 4 TH GRADING
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Page 1: Metals Are Opaque

PROJECT IN

SCIENCE

4TH GRADING

SUBMITTED BY:DHANICA ROSE G. CRUZGRADE IV-6

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SUBMITTED TO:MRS. BRENDA F. BALDESCO

METAL

Metals are opaque, lustrous elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most metals are malleable  and ductile  and are, in general, denser than the other elemental substances. Most elements in the periodic table are metals. They are found to the left of the zigzag line on the periodic table. 

Some characteristics of metals are: good conductors of heat good conductors of electricity ductile (can be drawn into wires) malleable (can be hammered) high tensile strength usually lustrous/shiny atoms of most metals have few electrons in their

outer energy level most metals are solid at room temperature insoluble in water they lose electrons usually solid at room temperature (an exception is

mercury) 

Metals come from rocks called ores. They are strong, hard and shiny materials that can be hammered into different shapes without breaking.

Many metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Some metals are magnetic. Iron is the most magnetic metal. Steel is also magnetic because it is made of mostly iron.Their properties make them useful for objects such as cutlery, saucepans, cars and coins.ROTATION is the Earth's spin about its internal axis, which is tilted at 23.5 degrees from perpendicular to the plane of our orbit. One rotations takes 1 day = 24 hours.

The Earth rotates from West to East. This makes the stars appear to rise in the East and set in the West.

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Because of our revolution around the Sun, the Sun's apparent position among the background stars appears to change. We also call this path the ecliptic.

The Earth revolves around the Sun from West to East. This causes the Sun to appear to move from West to East among the stars.

It all depends on your perspective.

GLASS

Glass is a hard material normally fragile and transparent common in our daily life. It is composed mainly of sand (silicates, SiO2) and an alkali. These materials at high temperature (i.e. molten viscous state) fuse together; then they are cooled rapidly forming a rigid structure, however not having enough time to form a crystalline regular structure. Main properties of glassThese are the main characteristics of glass:- Solid and hard material- Disordered and amorphous structure- Fragile and easily breakable into sharp pieces- Transparent to visible light- Inert and biologically inactive material.- Glass is 100% recyclable and one of the safest packaging materials due to its composition and properties

Glass is used for architecture application, illumination, electrical transmission, instruments for scientific research, optical instruments, domestic tools and even textiles. Glass does not deteriorate, corrode, stain or fade and therefore is one of the safest packaging materials.These properties can be modified and changed by adding other compounds or heat treatmentGlass is made by melting sand and other minerals together at very high temperatures.

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Glass is normally transparent and can be made into many different shapes. Thick glass can be strong, but thin glass will break very easil

WOOD

Wood is a porous and fibrous structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees and other woody plants. It has been used for thousands of years for both fuel and as a construction material. It is an organic material, a natural composite of cellulose fibers (which are strong in tension) embedded in a matrix of lignin which resists compression. Wood is sometimes defined as only the secondary xylem in the stems of trees,[1] or it is defined more broadly to include the same type of tissue elsewhere such as in the roots of trees or shrubs.[citation

needed] In a living tree it performs a support function, enabling woody plants to grow large or to stand up by themselves. It also conveys water and nutrients between the leaves, other growing tissues, and the roots. Wood may also refer to other plant materials with comparable properties, and to material engineered from wood, or wood chips or fiber

Wood comes from trees.It is strong, flexible and long lasting.Wood is used to make things such as furniture that need to be strong and last a long time.Wood is an insulator of heat and electricity.

EARTHS ROTATION

REVOLUTION is the Earth's orbital motion around the Sun. 1 revolution takes 1 year = 365.25 days We call the plane defined by our orbit around the Sun the ecliptic. Our orbit around the Sun is elliptical; there is about a 3% difference between the farthest point in our orbit and the nearest point. As viewed from above:

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A COMPASS is a navigational instrument for finding directions. 

WEATHER SATELLITES are used to photograph and track large-scale air movements. Then meteorologists compile and analyze the data with the help of computers

PLASTIC

A plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic organic solids that are malleable. Plastics are typically organic polymers of high molecular mass, but they often contain other substances. They are usually synthetic, most commonly derived from petrochemicals, but many are partially natural Plastics are materials made from chemicals and are not found in nature. They are strong and waterproof, and can be made into any shape by applying heat. Plastics can also be dyed different colours or made to be transparent.Plastic is not magnetic. It is a good electrical insulator as it does not conduct heat or electricity.Plastics are used to make all sorts of things, such as bags, bottles and toys

RUBBER

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Rubber, elastic substance obtained from the exudations of certain tropical plants (natural rubber) or derived from petroleum and natural gas (synthetic rubber). Because of its elasticity, resilience, and toughness, rubber is the basic constituent of the tires used in automotive vehicles, aircraft, and bicycles. More than half of all rubber produced goes into automobile tires; the rest goes into mechanical parts such as mountings, gaskets, belts, and hoses, as well as consumer products such as shoes, clothing, furniture, and toys.

Rubber is a unique material. It possesses all the following features simultaneously:

It has low rigidity It is practically incompressible It is highly resistant to wear Its friction is high It has good corrosion resistance

Hence, generally speaking, a rubber product yields, damps, seals and protects.

WEATHER MAPS indicate atmospheric conditions above a large portion of the Earth's surface.

Meteorologists use weather maps to forecast the weather. 

A HYGROMETER measures the water vapor content of air or the humidity.

A WEATHER BALLOON measures weather conditions higher up in the atmosphere. 

A RAIN GAUGE measures the amount of rain that has fallen over a specific time period.

A WIND VANE is an instrument that

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determines the direction from which the wind is blowing. 

An ANEMOMETER measures wind speed. The cups catch the wind, turning a dial attached to the instrument. The dial shows the wind speed. 

KINDS OF ENERGY

Mechanical Energy is the energy of motion that does the work. An example of mechanical energy is the wind as it turns a windmill.

Heat energy is energy that is pushed into motion by using heat. An example is a fire in your fireplace

Electrical Energy is when electricity creates motion, light or heat. An example of electrical energy is the electric coils on your stove.

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, Solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Wind energy Wind is caused by huge convection currents in the Earth's atmosphere, driven by heat energy from the Sun. This means as long as the sun shines, there will be wind. The earth's surface has both land and water. When the sun comes up, the air over the land heats up quicker than that over water. The heated air is lighter and it rises. The cooler air is denser and it falls and replaced the air over the land. In the night the reverse happens. Air over the water is warmer and rises, and is replaced by cooler air from land. The moving air (wind) has huge amounts of kinetic energy, and this can be transferred into electrical energy using wind turbines. The wind turns the blades, which spin a shaft, which connects to a generator and makes electricity. The electricity is sent through transmission and distribution lines to a substation, then on to homes, business and schools.

Thermal energy

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Matter is made up of particles or molecules. These molecules move (or vibrate) constantly. A rise in the temperature of matter makes the particles vibrate faster. Thermal energy is what we call energy that comes from the temperature of matter. The hotter the substance, the more its molecules vibrate, and the therefore the higher its thermal energy. For example, a cup of hot tea has thermal energy in the form of kinetic energy from its vibrating particles. When you pour some milk into your hot tea, some of this energy is transferred from the hot tea to the particles in the cold milk. What happens next? The cup of tea is cooler because it lost thermal energy to the milk. The amount of thermal energy in an object is measured in Joules (J)

WEATHER INSTRUMENTS

A THERMOMETER measures the air temperature. Most thermometers are closed glass tubes containing liquids such as alcohol or mercury. When air around the tube heats the liquid, the liquid expands and moves up the tube. A scale then shows what the actual temperature is. 

A BAROMETER measures air pressure. It tells you whether or not the pressure is rising or falling. A rising barometer means sunny and dry conditions, while a falling barometer means stormy and wet conditions. An Italian scientist named Torricelli built the first barometer in 1643. 

A SLING PSYCHROMETER measures relative humidity, using the cooling effect of evaporation. Two thermometers are used in a sling psychrometer. Wet the cloth of one of the thermometers and swing the psychrometer around a few times. Water evaporates from the cloth, causing the temperatures on that thermometer to be lower the other.

the water content and temperature in the cloud as the snowflakes are forming. Snowflakes can take the shape of columns, dendrites, plates, needles and other six sided shapes. It is possible for it to snow several degrees above freezing if the air aloft is very cold and the above freezing layer is shallow near the ground.

Sun

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Sunny weather or clear skies is defined as less than 1/8 sky cloud cover. Mostly sunny skies is characterized by 1/8 - 2/8 sky cloud cover. Sunny skies many times are observed when a high pressure area is dominating the weather pattern. High pressure signifies a region of sinking air which tends to dry out the atmosphere resulting in less moisture to form clouds. Deserts are locations with sunny or mostly sunny skies due to high pressure systems influencing the weather pattern much of the year.

ThunderstormThunderstorms are cumulonimbus clouds that produce thunder and lightning.

TornadoA tornado is a violently rotating column of air usually produced by severe thunderstorms.

WindWind is air in motion in the atmosphere. Windy weather is caused by an imbalance of heating in the atmosphere. It can be caused from an imbalance from solar heating or a difference over a boundary such as a front. The uneven heating generates an unbalanced pressure field.

SOURCES OF ENERGY

ELECTRICITYElectricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is a secondary energy source which means that we get it from the conversion of other sources of energy, like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural

sources, which are called primary sources. The energy sources we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-renewable, but electricity itself is either renewable or non-renewable. 

OIL Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs.   Over the years, the remains were covered by layers of mud.  Heat and pressure from these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil.  The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."

NATURAL GASMillions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals decayed and built up in thick layers.  This decayed matter from plants and animals is called organic material -- it was once alive.  Over time, the mud and soil changed to rock, covered the organic material and trapped it beneath the rock.  Pressure and heat changed some of this organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum), and some into natural gas -- tiny bubbles of odorless gas.  The main ingredient in natural gas is methane, a gas (or compound) composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

COAL Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons. It is the most abundant fossil fuel produced in the United States. Coal is a nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of years to

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create. The energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants that lived hundreds of millions of years ago, when the earth was partly covered with swampy forests. For millions of years, a layer of dead plants at the bottom of the swamps was covered by layers of water and dirt, trapping the energy of the dead plants. The heat and pressure from the top layers helped the plant remains turn into what we today call coal.

URANIUM Nuclear energy is energy in the nucleus (core) of an atom. Atoms are tiny particles that make up every object in the universe. There is enormous energy in the bonds that hold atoms together. Nuclear energy can be used to make electricity. But first the energy must be released. It can be released from atoms in two ways: nuclear fusion and nuclear fission. In nuclear fusion, energy is released when atoms are combined or fused together to form a larger atom. This is how the sun produces energy. In nuclear fission, atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms, releasing energy. Nuclear power plants use nuclear fission to produce electricity

water vapor occurs condenses into water droplets. Precipitation in the form of rain can be created in a number of different ways. First, two types of processes cause minute droplets to form rain drops. Collision coalescence is a process where tiny droplets gradually grow in size by bumping into each other and growing. This is mostly a warm cloud process where

temperatures are above freezing. The second process is a cold cloud process where super cooled water droplets freeze on ice nuclei. These ice nuclei grow into ice crystals. The snowflakes fall and turn into rain drops as the temperatures go above freezing closet to the ground. This is the primary process that produces rainfall. Lifting to produce rainfall occurs in a number of different ways. 1. A low pressure system and associated fronts 2. Mountains or higher terrain 3. Atmospheric convection

SleetSleet is transparent frozen raindrops. Sleet or ice pellets are created when snow falls into air above freezing and melts into rain drops. If another below freezing layer below the warm air is of sufficient depth, the rain drops freeze into balls of ice or ice pellets. Any significant amount of sleet is fairly rare. This is due to the fact that there needs to be just the right conditions to get a perfect layer of warm air in between the layers of cold air. There have been cases of storms producing several inches of sleet.

SnowSnow is the accumulation of crystal snowflakes. Snowflakes are made as water ice crystalizes. The crystals may form in many different shapes dictated bycontinuing to grow with each ride up and down the updraft and downdraft. More recent studies suggest that super cooled water droplets are carried aloft by strong updrafts in thunderstorms. A small ice particle forms and grows as "waves" of super cooled water droplets continue to bump into the ice particle. A new coat of ice

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grows with each cycle. The hailstone is kept aloft by the strong updraft. The stronger the updraft the greater the force to keep the heavier hailstones aloft. The hailstone eventually falls to the grown when the weight is too great for it to remain aloft or when it gets pushed out of the updraft. Sometimes hailstones bump into each other while being bombarded with super cooler water droplets and stick together giving the hailstone a spiked appearance.

HurricaneCheck out our complete library on hurricanes on our hurricane school page.

LightningLightning is simply a discharge of electricity in the atmosphere.

RainRain is precipitation in liquid form. Liquid precipitation can occur as mist, drizzle, or rain. Droplet size differentiates the type that it is classified. Mist is generally 50-500 microns in size. Drizzle is .5 to 2 millimeters in size and rain is 2 millimeters to 1 centimeter in size. Rain is formed when condensation of

HYDROGENHydrogen is the chemical element with atomic number 1. It is represented by the symbol H. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, nonmetallic, tasteless, highly flammable

diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element. Hydrogen is the simplest element known to man. Each atom of hydrogen has only one proton. It is also the most plentiful gas in the universe. Stars are made primarily of hydrogen. The sun is basically a giant ball of hydrogen and helium gases. In the sun's core, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium atoms. This process—called fusion gives off radiant energy

CONDUCTIONConduction is the transfer of energy through matter from particle to particle. It is the transfer and distribution of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. For example, a spoon in a cup of hot soup

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becomes warmer because the heat from the soup is conducted along the spoon. Conduction is most effective in solids-but it can happen in fluids. Fun fact: Have you ever noticed that metals tend to feel cold? Believe it or not, they are not colder! They only feel colder because they conduct heat away from your hand. You perceive the heat that is leaving your hand as cold.

FogFog is a stratus cloud on the ground. There are several types of fog. Advection fog is produced by a horizontal motion of warm moist air over colder ground. An example of this would be a warm front moving across land with a recent snow or cold weather. Radiation fog

is produced as heat from the earth surface is radiated back to space at night. A moist layer and nearly calm winds need to be present. Wind can mix in dryer air aloft, keeping the air below the saturation point. Steam fog forms when cold air moves over relatively warm water. This can be observed as wisps of "steam" rising from lakes, rivers or oceans when a cold air mass moves in. Upslope fog occurs as air is pushed up a mountainside and becomes saturated so that condensation occurs.

Freezing Rain / IceFreezing rain - known as "ice" occurs when a thin layer of freezing or below freezing air exists near the earth's surface. Typically this occurs when snow falls into warmer air changing the precipitation into rain. If a very thin layer of freezing air is present near the ground the rain will freeze on objects such as power lines, trees, and cars. Ice accumulations begin to cause serious problems when the ice is 1/2" or greater on objects.

Hailthe exact processes that creates hail are still being studied. Traditionally, textbooks showed hailstones being formed as a water droplet was carried aloft with an up daft into subfreezing air and freezing. As the ice moved into a downdraft, more water coated the hailstone. The cycle continued with the hailstone

KINDS OF WEATHER

CloudsThere are four basic types of clouds. High clouds, middle clouds, low clouds, and clouds with vertical

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developement. There are also clouds that don't fall into any of these groups. Low clouds are from the surface to about 6,500 feet and are usually composed of water droplets unless temperatures are several degrees below freezing. Clouds on the ground are called fog. Middle clouds range from about 6,500 feet to about 20,0000 feet. They are also mostly composted of water droplets unless temperatures are cold. High clouds are above 20,000 feet and are composed of ice crystals.

Dust StormDust storms are created by winds moving across an arid region. Many times a strong dry cold front is the mechanism that creates the dust or sand storm. As strong winds move across an arid landscape, sand or dirt is picked up from the ground. Sometimes the lighter dust particles can be lifted up to 20,000 feet high into the atmosphere. A classic example of this is a sand and dust storm that develops over the Sahara desert. Easterly winds may carry the dust particles across the Atlantic ocean to the Caribbean Islands or Florida. Severe sand and dust storms can obscure visibility to zero and last for days.

CONVECTIONConvection is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the warmed matter. Heat leaves the coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise. Convection is the transfer of heat energy in a gas or liquid by movement of currents. (some solids, like sand.) The heat moves with the fluid. Consider this: convection is

responsible for making macaroni rise and fall in a pot of heated water. The warmer portions of the water are less dense and therefore, they rise. Meanwhile, the cooler portions of the water fall because they are denser.

RADIATIONElectromagnetic waves that directly transport ENERGY through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated through space to our planet without the aid of fluids or solids. The energy travels through nothingness! The sun transfers heat through 93 million miles of space. Because there are no solids (like a huge spoon) touching the sun and our planet, conduction is not responsible for bringing heat to Earth. Since there

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are no fluids (like air and water) in space, convection is not responsible for transferring the heat. Thus, radiation brings heat to our planet.

SOIL EROSIONSoil The soil covering the surface of the earth has taken millions of years to form and we must learn to respect it. Soil is formed at a rate of only 1 cm every 100 to 400 years and it takes 3 000 to 12 000 years to build enough soil to form productive land. This means that soil is a nonrenewable resource and once destroyed it is gone forever. What is soil erosion?

• When a raindrop hits soil that is not protected by a cover of vegetation and where there are no roots to bind the soil, it has the impact of a bullet. • Soil particles are loosened, washed down the slope of the land and either end up in the valley or are washed away out to sea by streams and rivers. • Erosion removes the topsoil first. Once this nutrient-rich layer is gone, few plants will grow in the soil again. • Without soil and plants the land becomes desertl ike and unable to support life.

CAUSES OF SOIL EROSION Erosion occurs when farming practices are not compatible with the fact that soil can be washed away or blown away. These practices are: • Overstocking and overgrazing • Inappropriate farming techniques such as deep ploughing land 2 or 3 times a year to produce annual crops • Lack of crop rotation • Planting crops down the contour instead of along it.


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