1. BYNTUTHUZELO ERNEST MBILI

2. INRODUCTION FERROUS AND NON-FERROUS METALS TYPES METALS COATING METALS IRON -Catalyst in Habour Process -Environmental aspect of iron ALUMINIUM -How aluminium is made? -Formation of Aluminium -Primary Aluminium is the most power intensive industrial process. -Aluminium An integrated industry VANADIUM -Vanadium as a catalyst and Contact Process flow TITANIUM - Equipments ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGES OF INDUSTRIAL METALS CONCLUSION 3. Metals possess many unique fundamental properties that make them an ideal material for use in a diverse range of applications. Properties such as high tensile strength, high fracture toughness, malleability and availability are just some of the many advantages associated with metals. Metals are divided into two main categories, ferrous and non-ferrous. Ferrous metals contain iron whereas non-ferrous metals do not. 4. Ferrous metals contain iron as the main component. Non ferrous metals are metals that do not contain iron. Examples include aluminum, zinc, copper and brass. In general non ferrous metals do not corrode as quickly as ferrous metals due to the rapid formation of a thin protective oxide layer on their surface although they are still susceptible to corrosion when exposed to atmospheric conditions. 5. Coatings in the metal industry are aimed primarily at protecting metals from aggressive atmospheric conditions that can cause corrosion. secondary purpose of metal coating is purely for decorative purposes. 6. Fe Iron(Fe)Al Aluminum(Al) Ti Titanium(Ti) V Vanadium 7. Another industrial importance of iron catalyst used in the Haber process to manufacture Ammonia (NH3). The Haber synthesis was developed into an industrial process by Carl Bosch. The reaction between nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas to produce ammonia gas is an exothermic equilibrium reaction, releasing 92.4kJ/mol of energy at 298K (25oC). 8. Environmental Aspects of Iron & Steel IndustriesLocally steel making industry is normally perceived to be large, dirty and polluting by civil society and environmentalists.9 9. After steel, aluminum is the most widely used metal on the planet. What is aluminum? It's light, pliable, rustresistant and has high conductivity. Those features make it an incredibly important metal for industrial use, particularly for the transportation industry. Primary aluminum is mined out of the ground as bauxite ore, changed into alumina or aluminum oxide, and then finally smelted into aluminum. 10. Electrolytical process, Hall Hrault (early 900) Extremely high amperage (300kA) 24/365 operation:AnodesBathCathode 11. Al(OH)3 is precipitated out. Al(OH)3 is converted to Al2O3 by heating. Al2O3 is mixed with the mineral cryolite (Na3AlF6) and heated to 1000 C. Al2O3 n H2O(s) + 2 NaOH(aq) + 2 H2O(l) 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq) Electrolysis of the molten mixture produces molten aluminum. 12. Primary aluminum production has the highest electric energy intensity and impact on operating costs among metals1514 12 10 Mwh/ton168 6 4.5 4 3.5Electric power is a raw material of the process Price and availability of electric power are the main drivers of economic performance of existing smelters and location of new ones20.50.2SteelCopper0AlZnChlorineOperating costEnergyAluminaAnodeOthersLabour 13. Our industry would depend on imports to stimulate its creativity in many areas like,packagingtransports buildings design and much more 14. Our industry would depend on imports to produce power cables, 15. 161514 12Mwh/ton10 8 6 4.5 4 3.5 20.50.2SteelCopper0AlZnChlorineAluminium is a Leading Indicator 16. SUMMARY Use wide range of consumer products, airplanes to cans Source food, drinking water Absorption poor Toxicity Dialysis dementia, possibly neurotoxic Facts non-essential, intake 1-10 mg/day 17. VANADIUM(V) Vanadium is a soft, ductile, silver-gray metal. Vanadium has good resistance to corrosion. Vanadium is unreactive with alkalis, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acids. Vanadium is oxidized in air at about 660 C, although an oxide layer forms even at room temperature. Most vanadium is used to alloy with iron to increase the strength of steel. V2O5 is a catalyst used in the production of sulfuric acid, the largest chemical industry. Mostly in Contact Process, formation of Sulphuric acid 18. Stage 1 - Preparation and purification of sulphur dioxide (Furnace)Molten sulphur is burnt in dry air (oxygen) to produce sulphur dioxide. S(l) + O2(g) SO2 (g) Stage 2 - Catalytic oxidation (using vanadium oxide catalyst) of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide (Converter) Sulphur dioxide and excess oxygen gas are passed over a few plates of vanadium(V) oxide,V2O5 catalyst at 450C to produce sulphur trioxide. 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3 (g) Stage 3 - Conversion of sulphur trioxide to sulphuric acid (Absorber) The sulphur trioxide is first reacted with concentrated sulphuric acid to form a product called oleum,H2S2O7. SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) H2S2O7 (l) 19. TITANIUM Ninth most abundant element on Earth Fourth most abundant metal Minerals rutile (TiO2) and ilmenite (FeTiO3) Very reactive Oxidizes in the presence of O2 and N2 Needs to be arc-welded under inert atmosphereUsed to make jet engine parts Large rutile TiO2 crystals resemble diamonds. It is produced from ilmenite.Resists corrosion because of a tightly held oxide coat Stronger than steel, but half the density Denser than aluminum, but twice as strong Alloyed with 5% Al and trace amounts of Fe, Cr, Mo Most common use is as TiO2 in paint as white pigment 20. Equipment Heat Exchangers Reactor vesselsPiping Anodes Anode baskets 21. Ti application Reactor VesselTi lined reactor vessel for mining operation 22. Ti applicationTi anode baskets for anodized metal parts 23. Ti application Tube ExchangerStraight heat tube exchanger 24. ADVANTAGES They are recyclable contributes an average of 20% to South Africas GDP, of which about 50% is contributed directly. boasts total annual income exceeding R330 billion. is one of the countrys major employers, with more than one million people in mining-related employment. is the largest contributor by value to black economic empowerment in the economy. DISADVANTAGES During the formation of metal they cause air pollution, ie they are not environmental friendly. Very expensive. When the react with Oxgen they rust. 25. Metals make up about 25% of Earths crust. Aluminum is the most abundant. Alkali and alkali earth metals make up about 1%. Iron is only the transition metal > 5%. Only Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Pd, Pt are found in native form. Noble metalsMost metals are found in minerals. Minerals are natural, homogeneous crystalline inorganic solids. 26. www.facebook.com/ernest.mbili0736274141ntuthuh31