METAPHOR IN THE NOVEL THE SHACK BY WM PAUL YOUNG: …

METAPHOR IN THE NOVEL THE SHACK BY WM PAUL

YOUNG: ULLMAN THEORY ANALYSIS

THESIS

Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fullfillment

of the Requirements for Literature Degree

at English Literature Department

by

Rahmania

403170902

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANIORA

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY

SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI

2021

i

NOTA DINAS

Jambi, 08 Juli 2021

Pembimbing I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA

Pembimbing II : Yenti, M. Pd

Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora

UIN STS Jambi

Kepada Yth

Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora

UIN STS Jambi

Di-

Tempat

Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb

Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya, maka kami

berpendapat bahwa skripsi saudari:Rahmania, Nim. 403170902, yang berjudul

“Metaphor In The Novel The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman Theory

Analysis”, telah dapat diajukan untuk di munaqosah kan guna melengkapi tugas –

tugas dan memenuhi syarat – syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana strata satu

(S1) pada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN STS Jambi. Maka, dengan itu kami

ajukan skripsi tersebut agar dapat diterima dengan baik.

Demikianlah kami ucapkan terimakasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi

kepentingan kampus dan para peneliti.

Wassalamu’alaikumwr.wb

Pembimbing I

Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA NIP.198411272011012012

Pembimbing II

Yenti, M. Pd NIP.197208052007102004

ii

APPROVAL

Jambi,08 July 2021

Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA ………………

Supervisor II : Yenti, M. Pd

Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty

.. …… State Islamic University

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

To

The Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty

State Islamic University STS Jambi

In

Jambi

Assalamu’alaikumwr.Wb

After reading and revising everything extend necessary, so we agree that the thesis

entitled “Metaphor In The Novel The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman

Theory Analysis”, can be submitted to Munaqasyah exam in partial fulfillment to

the Requirement for the Degree of Humaniora Scholar. We submitted it in order

to be received well. Thus, we hoped it can be useful for all.

Wassalamu’alaikumwr.Wb

Supervisor I Supervisor II

Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Yenti, M. Pd

NIP.198411272011012012 NIP. 197208052007102004

iii

iv

ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT

I who signed this letter:

Name : Rahmania

NIM : 403170902

Department : English Literature Department

Faculty : Adab and Humanities

By signing this letter, I state that the thesis entitled “Metaphor In The Novel

The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman Theory Analysis” is my original work. If this

thesis is not original or cheating from other researchers, I will be ready to be

responsible and get punishment based on the rule of Adab and Humanities Faculty

of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Therefore, I make this statement in good health and mind.

Jambi, July 08th2021

RAHMANIA

NIM: 403170902

v

MOTTO

والل يعلم وعسى أن ت حبوا شيئا وه و شر لك م وعسى أن تكره وا شيئا وه و خير لك م

وأنت م ل تعلم ون

“It may be that you hate something, even though it is good for you, and it

may be that you love something, even thought it is very bad for you, Allah

knows, while you do not know”(QS. Al-baqarah ayat 216)

"Boleh jadi kamu membenci sesuatu, padahal ia amat baik bagimu, dan

boleh jadi (pula) kamu menyukai sesuatu, padahal ia amat buruk bagimu,

Allah mengetahui, sedang kamu tidak mengetahui" (QS. Al-baqarah ayat

216)1

“Life takes on meaning when you become motivated, set goals and charge

after them in an unstoppable manner.” Les Brown2

“ Hidup menjadi berarti ketika kamu menjadi termotivasi, menetapkan

tujuan dan mengejar mereka dengan cara yang tak terhentikan.” Les Brown

1 QS. Al-baqarah ayat 216 2 Les Brown

vi

DEDICATION

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude for the presence of Allah

SWT who has given health and convenience to me to be able to complete this

thesis. Shalawat and greetings do not escape, we always send it to the Prophet

Muhammad SAW.

I dedicate this thesis to:

My parents, who have given me the spirit, love, prayers and support so

that I can complete my thesis. To my beloved father thank you for accompanying

me, praying for me, and listening to all my complaints and encouraging me to get

back up again until I can finish everything. To my late mother, thank you for

being an encouragement and I present this thesis to her. I'm sure she knows and is

happy because her son has succeeded in realizing his wish.

To my big family, my brothers and sisters who have always given me

encouragement and advice during this time and also in the process of making my

thesis.

To my friends who have helped and encouraged me in the process of making my

thesis and thank you to all my classmates.

May Allah give the best for all parties involved in the making of this thesis.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Assalamu’alaikum wr, wb.

Alhamdulillah, all praise be to Allah for His mercy and grace so that the

researcher can complete the research entitled “Metaphor In The Novel The Shack

By WM Paul Young: Lakoffian Theory Analysis. Sholawat and greetings we send

to our lord the great Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from darkness

to enlightenment. This research would not have been possible without those who

have helped and supported.

To complete this research, the researcher has given many things to many

people. Therefore, the researchers would like to thank for their contributions,

namely:

1. Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of

SulthanThahaSaifuddin Jambi. The vices of Rector, Dr, Rofiqoh Ferawati,

SE.,M,EI.dr. As’ad Isma, M.Pd. and Dr. Bahrul Ulum, S.Ag.,MA.

2. Dr. Halimah Dja’far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I the Dean of Adab and Humanities

Faculty.Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first vise Dean of Academic. Dr.

Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the second vise Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh,

S.Ag.SS., M.Pd.I as the third vice Dean of University Student of Adab and

Humanities Faculty.

3. The Head of English Literature Department Dian Mukhlisa, MA. And

Secretary Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd

4. My supervisors, Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA and Yenti, M. Pd who have

given me great ideas and input in completing this thesis.

viii

5. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then

contribution and assistant during studying in UIN of Sulthan Thaha

Saifuddin Jambi.

6. The last, to my beloved parents, brothers, and friends who have given full

support to the author.

This thesis is still far from perfect, so the researcher really needs criticism

and suggestions, so that the researcher can be better in the future and finally, the

researcher hopes that this thesis can be useful for the readers especially for

students majoring in English Literature at the Faculty of Adab and Humanities.

.

Jambi, July 08 th2021

Rahmania

NIM: 403170902

ix

ABSTRACT

Rahmania 2021 : Metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ullman

theory analysis

Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA

Supervisor II : Yenti, SS. M.Pd

Metaphor is figurative language that is commonly used in everyday life to

communicate and metaphor is also used as beauty in literary works. The object of

this research is to explain the types of metaphors and also the functions of

metaphors contained in the novel The Shack and in this study the researchers used

qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data can be obtained by

reading and collecting data from the novel. The theory used is the theory of

metaphoric type by Ullman and the theory of metaphoric function by Leech to

analyze the types of metaphors and the functions of metaphors contained in the

novel. The results of this study indicate that there are three types of metaphors

found by the researcher, namely: two data from animal metaphors, ten data from

anthropomorphic metaphors, and three data from synesthetic metaphors. The

researcher also found that there are three metaphorical functions in this novel,

namely: seven data from information function, three data from expressive

function, and three data from directive function.

Keywords : Linguistics, Metaphors, Functions of metaphors, The Shack.

x

ABSTRAK

Rahmania 2021 : Metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ulman

theory analysis

Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA

Supervisor II : Yenti, SS. M. Pd

Metafora adalah bahasa kiasan yang biasa di gunakan di dalam kehidupan

sehari-hari untuk berkomunikasi dan metafora juga di gunakan sebagai keindahan

di dalam karya sastra. Objek dari penelitian ini yaitu menjelaskan tentang jenis

metafora dan juga fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel The Shack dan

dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan

metode deskriptif. Data di dapat dengan cara membaca dan mengumpulkan data

dari novel tersebut. Teori yang di gunakan yaitu teori tipe metafora oleh Ullman

dan teori fungsi metafora oleh Leech untuk menganalisis jenis metafora dan

fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu

menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga tipe metafora yang di temukan oleh peneliti yaitu :

dua data dari animal metaphors, sepuluh data dari anthropomorphic metaphors

sebanyak , dan tiga dara dari synesthetic metaphors. Peneliti juga menemukan ada

tiga fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel ini yaitu: tujuh data dari

information function, tiga data dari expressive function, tiga data daridirective

function.

Kata Kunci : Linguistic, Metafora, Fungsi metafora,The Shack.

xi

xii

TABLE OF CONTENT

NOTA DINAS……. ........................................................................................ i

APPROVAL .................................................................................................. ii

LETTER OF RATIFICATION ...................................................................iii

ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .......................................................... iv

MOTTO ......................................................................................................... v

DEDICATION ............................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... vii

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ix

ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... x

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem ................................................................. 1

B. Formulation of the Problem ................................................................. 4

C. The purpose of the Problem ................................................................. 4

D. Limitation of the Problem .................................................................... 4

E. Significance of the Problem ................................................................. 5

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Semantic ............................................................................................... 6

B. Metaphor ............................................................................................. 7

C. Metaphor Types……….………………………………………...……7

D. Metaphorical function .......................................................................... 13

E. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 14

xiii

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH

A. Design of Research .............................................................................. 14

B. Source of Data ...................................................................................... 15

C. Technique of Data Collection .............................................................. 16

D. Technique of Data Analysis ................................................................. 17

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANLYSIS

A. Finding and Analysis ........................................................................... 21

1. Types of metaphor ......................................................................... 21

a. Animal metaphor ..................................................................... 21

b. Antrophomorphic metaphor ..................................................... 22

c. Synesthetic metaphor…………...…………………………….28

2. Function of metaphor ..................................................................... 29

a. Information function………………….………………………29

b. Expressive function………………….………………………..34

c. Directive function…………….…………………….................36

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions……………………………………...........…....…..38

B. Suggestions……………………………………….……............39

REFERENCES

APPENDIX I

APPENDIX II

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Problem

Language has a very important role that cannot be separated from human

life because as we all know language it self functions as a communication tool

to convey opinions or to express feelings. For example, English which has

been designated as an international language, the entire population of the

world will prefer to use English when they are outside their country. To use

that language can be conveyed indirectly or indirectly, direct language is

usually known as lexical meaning and indirect language is usually known as

figurative language.

As a social being, humans really need language as a means of

communicating with others to convey something to other people or

interlocutors using language in everyday life that can shows a greater variety

of spoken than written. Effendi states that the spoken variety is different from

the written variety because the conversation participants speak utterances with

certain stresses, tones, rhythms, pauses, or songs to clarify the meaning and

meaning of the spoken language.3 Language is the way people express their

reactions to certain situations, express our thoughts, ideas, emotions, and

feelings. Therefore, it is difficult for people to communicate without language.

Meanwhile, to build good communication requires understanding between

speakers and listeners. The purpose of understanding is to encourage the

indication of something known as meaning. meaning is very important to

understand. The listener must understand the meaning spoken by the speaker

to avoid misunderstanding the word.

Language style or commonly known as figure of speech is an important

element contained in a literary work which functions to build the beauty of a

3 Effendi. 1985. Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa

2

literary work, one of which is the metaphorical language style or language

figurative. The metaphor itself is a group of words that are not in their true

meaning which is one of the elements of aesthetics and creativity in language.

Metaphors themselves cannot be separated by others, they are a sign of genius.

metaphorical style means comparing other things without using comparative

conjunctions.

Lakoff states that there are three disciplines that are concerned with the

systematic study of meaning itself: psychology, philosophy, and linguistics. In

this study, researcher focused on the study of the meaning of learning in

linguistics. Linguistics is the study of language or scientific studies of

language which identifies the elements of language and the meaning contained

in the spoken language, linguistics itself also studies language starting from

form, function, value, discourse and also meaning. The study of the meaning

contained in linguistics is usually called semantics. Semantics it self is a

systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how

language organizes and expresses meaning.4 Meaning in semantics is divided

into two parts, namely literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal

meanings are based on the actual word, while nonliterals are the opposite and

there are two ways of expressing ideas that deviate from semantic terms, some

of which are the use of idioms and figurative language.

In everyday life and communicating humans also sometimes use figurative

language or what is commonly known as metaphor and humans do not always

use literal language. Metaphor itself is a stylistic form that describes a detailed

picture through comparison or contrast. Metaphor is a kind of analogy that

compares two things directly, but in a very brief and clear form. In a literary

work metaphor does not only function as figurative language but also

functions as beauty, a word can be categorized as a metaphor if it can give

4 Kreidler.C. (2002) Introducing English Semantic. London: Routledge 11 New Fetyter lane

3

new pleasure and bring life to life, as well actualizing something that becomes

paralyzed and might add that the specially created based on the similarity of

the two references.5 Metaphors are widespread in everyday life, not only in

language but also in thought and action.

According to Lakoff “conceptual metaphor is the process of explaining a

concept with other concepts in accordance with the previous concept, in order

to understand or compile a more abstract concept. The concepts that govern

our minds are not just a matter of intellect and conceptual metaphor which is a

process of understanding abstract forms through their relationship with

concrete forms”.6 In everyday life, metaphors can occur if two areas in the

brain are activated simultaneously and conceptual metaphors can also occur if

two experiences of different concepts are remembered or active

simultaneously there will be a relationship between the two concepts.

Metaphors are also widely found in commerce, literary writing, art and

history, metaphors themselves are often found in literary works such as

novels.

Novel is a literary work that has prose twist and novels usually tell a story

based on the author's imagination. Scholes states that a novel is a story related

to a real or fictional image imagined by the author through his observation of

reality. Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young is a novel that tells about the

search for and eradicating doubts about God, this novel has made many people

realize that and return to God's ways and also build confidence for its readers.

This novel was written by WM Paul Young who grew up with a primitive

tribe in the high lands which was formerly called West Papua and he

completed his bachelor's degree at Warner Pacific College in Prtland, Oregon.

5 Subroto, E D (1999). KajianStatistika Novel BerbahasaJawa Tahun 1980-an.Jakarta: PusatPengembanganBahasa 6 Lakoff, G.& Johnson, M.(2003). Metaphor We Live By. London: The University of Chicago Press

4

The researcher decided to use this novel as the object of analysis the

metaphors in the novel such as:

a.His anger is blind.

b.His heart overflows like a flash flood.7

Because this novel is interesting to be analyzed semantically. In this study

the researcher will use a qualitative descriptive method based on the above

background researcher will conduct research with the title “ Metaphor in the

Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ullman theory analysis.”

B. Formulation of the Problem

Based on the research background above, the researcher formulates the

following research problems:

1. What are the types of metaphor found in the novel The Shack by WM

Paul Young?

2. What are the functions of metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul

Young?

C. The purpose of the Problem

There are two purposes to be achieved from this research, namely:

1. To find out the types metaphor found in the novel The Shack by WM

Paul Young.

2. To find out the functions of metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM

Paul Young.

7 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company

5

D. Limitation of the Problem

In the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young, there are several words

that contain metaphors or figurative words and researcher will examine

what are metaphor contained in the novel and the limitation needs to be set

to avoid misdirection or further research on this topic. The analysis of this

research focuses on the types of methapors and functions of metaphors in

the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. This study also aims to describe

the types of metaphors and their functions in The Shack by WM Paul

Young.

E. Significance of the Problem

The researcher hopes that this research can be useful for academics

and practice and can also be a reference for other researchers to be able to

more easily understand what a metaphor is and finally the researcher hopes

that from this research more and more people will know and understand

about metaphors or commonly referred to as figurative language.

6

7

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Semantics

Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics

is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning.8 And

linguistic semantics is the topic of this research, it's just that we need to

limit it to only the expression of meaning in one language and we have to

make comparisons with other languages which aim to show language

differences not a complete explanation of every language difference that

exists. Semantics is also a science in linguistics that studies meaning in

which metaphor is one of the objects of study in semantics. Lewandowski

explained that metaphor is a transfer of meaning based on similarities in

function, form and use. The use of metaphors is not limited to literary

language, but also in everyday language. Metaphor is a linguistic

phenomenon that applies at the semantic level. Metaphors are related to

the relationship between one word and another in forming a meaning.

Because metaphors are part of language and language will continue to

grow over time, this also affects the theory and opinions of linguists

regarding metaphors. Opinions on linguistics, especially in the field of

metaphor, are numerous and varied. Each linguist has their own theory

regarding the meaning of metaphors and types of metaphors.

Meaning in semantics is divided into two parts, namely literal

meaning and non-literal meaning. Literals are based on the actual word,

while non-literals are the opposite. There are two ways of expressing ideas

that deviate from semantic terms, some of which are the use of idioms and

figurative language.

8 Kreidler.C. (2002)Introducing English Semantic.London: Routledge 11 New Fetter lane

8

B. Metaphor

Metaphor or commonly known as figurative language which

compares an object or object as a metaphor which has a certain meaning

and that meaning can be understood based on the knowledge of each one

who hears or reads metaphorical words.

Metaphor is also defined as the use of words or groups of words not

with their true meaning, but as paintings based on similarities or

comparisons.9 Metaphor is a word or expression whose meaning is

figurative and not literal because metaphor serves to explain a concept.

The concept becomes easier to understand and the effect becomes

stronger. The metaphor is described as the most important part of using

stylistics and achieving its best form in written or literary language.

Metaphor is something that has meaning in another way and its main

function is understanding. Metaphor is a linguistic phenomenon that

applies at the semantic level metaphor is related to the relationship

between one word and another in forming a meaning. Metaphor means

penetrating, that is, penetrating linguistic meaning metaphor is classified

as figurative language (figure of speech), such as comparison, but it does

not use the word comparison. Metaphor states something that is equal or

valued at other things, which are not the same thing metaphor is seen as a

unique form of language, and can also be strange because the word

relations in the metaphor go beyond the boundaries of literal language

relations that have been mutually agreed upon in everyday

communication.

Metaphor is for most people a set of poetic and rhetorical imaginations

that develop into extraordinary problems rather than ordinary language.

9 Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1982. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia

9

Metaphors are also usually seen as characteristic of language, problems of

words rather than problems thought or action and this may be the reason

why metaphor has connotative rather than denotative meaning.

In addition, metaphors are the implicit comparisons that most often use

parables. This means that metaphor is a kind of figurative language that

implicitly compares two objects.10

According to a semantic review, Ullman (1972:218) there are four

main groups that occur in various languages and styles of language, there

are four categories of metaphors, namely:

1. Anthropomorphic metaphor (anthropomorphic metaphor)

Talk more about something that has a lot to do with the problems of

human life. Matters relating to living things which include behaviour,

behavior, nature, human characteristics. The bigger part of his expression

pointed to inanimate objects that were picked up with the way of

transferring from the human body and its parts as well as from feelings

and desires.11 So, the point is that the creation of anthropomorphic

metaphors starts from the human body or parts of the human body or the

value of the meaning and pleasures that humans have.

Then transferred to objects that are actually inanimate or inanimate,

perceived understood as alive or inanimate. Such metaphorical expressions

are known as personification styles. The creation of anthropomorphic

metaphors starts from the body or parts of the human body and is passed

on to objects that are really dead or dead, which are considered to be alive

10 Amstrong, N (2005). Translation, Linguistics, Culture: Frech-English Handbook. Great

Britain: Cromwell Press

11 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell

10

or dead. Metaphorical expressions known as examples of style

personification:

a). Palm tree waving.

b). His love was passionate.

c). Parks are the lungs of the city.

b). His love was passionate

c). Parks are the lungs of the city.

2. Animal metaphor (animal metaphor)

The biggest source of this comparison is the world of animals or

animals. This metaphor is based on the animal world in all its nature. In

this metaphor the most important thing is the association in comparing the

characteristics of animals with the characteristics of animals resembling

humans. In relation to it the comparison is not on limited to the properties

possessed but also the elements of the body. Metaphor animalistics is

formed based on the animal world so it involves a lot of body parts,

characteristics and behaviour.12

In general, based on the similarity of form which is quite clear so as

not to produce strong expressive power. In general, it is based on a fairly

clear similarity of form so that it does not produce a strong expressive

power.

example:

12 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell

11

a). To curse or scold someone for their actions, the metaphorical speech

used is "your dog, pig, buffalo". In this context a person is matched as

"pig or dog" because of their character or actions.

3. Metaphor from concrete to abstract (from concrete to abstract)

This metaphor arises because there is a transfer of experience from the

concrete to the concrete abstract or vice versa. One of the tendencies in

this metaphor is that the translation of abstract experiences into concrete

meanings. Basically a metaphor this type is to turn the unreal or unreal

atmosphere into real so that easy to understand.13 This type of metaphor

can be said to be the opposite of something that is abstract or vaguely

treated as something animate so that it can act concretely or animately.

Example:

a). Student star, student who is intelligent in school (as something concrete

or real) is stated as a student star (as something vague or abstract).

b). I wink lools like hanging in the middle of the heart his behaviour is

enchanting,hopefully forever a friend develop for the growth of a

thriving culture.

4. Synesthetic Metaphors (Synesthetic Metaphors)

The basis for the creation of this metaphor is the transfer of responses

based on experience from one meaning to another. In addition to

displacement occurs from sound to sight or sight and touch or touch.14

13 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell 14 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell

12

Metaphors of this type are basically the transfer or transfer from one

experience to another, or from one response to another. For example, "I

saw the sound". In general, sound is something that can be heard however,

in this speech the "voice" is treated as something that can be seen.

Example:

a). His presence was greeted with a sweet smile.

b). His eyes were cold on mine.

c). The bitterness of life.

C. Metaphorical functions

The function of metaphor according to Leech (1982) the function of

using metaphor in groups is divided into several types, namely:

1). Information function is meant by the information function here is the

use of language speech which metaphorically functions as a means of

delivering information about the speaker's thoughts and feelings to the

interlocutor.15 The characteristics of this function are the characteristics

implied in the message conveyed. These characteristics usually contain

ideas, beliefs, certainties, with elements that contain comparisons.

2). Expressive function is meant by metaphor, expressive function is the

delivery of the use of spoken language which metaphorically contains

the speaker's hopes and wishes to the interlocutor.16 Its characteristic is

implied meaning that it shows direction, encouragement, or hope.

15 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group 16 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group

13

3). The directive function is when the speech of a language metaphorically

contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence. Usually the

characteristics of this directive function are marked by the presence of

orders, instructions, threats, or questions.17

D. Review of Related Studies

There are several researchers who conduct research studies about

metaphor. The first research to conduct research on metaphors is Widya

Wahyuningtyas (2019), with the title “Metafora dan fungsi metafora dalam

novel Garis Waktu karya Fiersa Besari.” Which focuses on the types of

metaphors in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. In this study, the

researcher used metaphor type theory and metaphor function theory and

used the different method with the change technique or markup reading

technique. The researcher found that there are three types of metaphors

used in Fiersa Besari novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari, namely

personification, synthesis, and abstract to concrete.18

The second research, Angela Merici Ahut (2020), with the title “

Pemakaian gaya bahasa metafora dalam novel karya Tere Liye:kajian

semantic.” Which focuses on metaphorical language style in Tere Liye

novel, the researcher wants to explain the metaphorical language style and

its function. In this study the researcher used the Lakoffian metaphor

theory and this research is a qualitative descriptive study with data sources

from the novel Tere Liye. The techniques used by researchers are the

techniques of reading, taking notes and inventing. The researcher found

that there are four types of metaphorical language style in Tere Liye novel,

17 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group

18 Wahyuningtyas,Widya. (2019). Metafora Dan Fungsi Metafora Dalam Novel Garis Waktu

Karya Fiersa Besari. Universitas Sanarta Dharma. Yogyakarta

14

namely sinaesthetic metaphor, antroformis metaphor, animal metaphor,

concrete metaphor to abstract. 19

The third research is from Putri (2013) with the title "Expression of

metaphors in Andrea Hirata and Edensor John Colombo. This research

focuses on how metaphorical expressions in Indonesian are translated into

English insideIn this study, researchers used metaphorical function theory

and used a qualitative approach. The technique used is the reading

technique, taking notes. In this study, the researchers found that there are

two kinds of metaphors found in Edensor Andrea Hirata, namely the

metaphor of life and metaphor of death.

The fourth research is the research of Dian Mukhlisa (2014) with the

title "Metaphors of Love in Shakespeare's Works". This study focuses on

looking at the conceptual system of love metaphors contained in

Shakespeare's works and also describes the types of semantic fields of love

metaphors based on the hierarchy of human perception space according to

Michael C. Haley and also to see the percentage of each category of love

metaphor semantic field. This study uses the method of documentation and

presentation of the results of this study, namely by formal and informal

methods. The result of this research is that the concept system of the

metaphor of love found in Shakespeare's works is that there are 14 source

domains in explaining love and the metaphorical semantic field found

consists of 9 categories of fields the semantics of the love metaphor in

Shakespeare's work are, human, animate, living, object, terrestrial,

substance, energetic, cosmos, and being.20

19 Ahut Merici Angela. (2020).Pemakaian gaya bahasa metafora dalam novel Tere Liye:Kajian semantic. Yogyakarta. Universitas sanata dharma 20 Mukhlisa Dian. (2014). Metafora cinta dalam karya-karya shakespare. Universitas gadjah mada

15

The difference between this study and previous researchers is that

there are metaphorical objects and words and in this study the researcher

focuses on the types and functions of metaphors contained in the novel

The Shack by WM Paul Young which will be indiscussed by researcher.

16

CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE RESEARCH

A. Design of the research

Research is a result of finding, developing, and testing the knowledge

corrections using method of research.21 In the other word, when there is the

problem about something that has not been clear, research appearance is

needed. In order to do the research, methodology is necessary to help find the

result of the research. Method represents a compulsion to be used in the study

and it is a way that is used by the researcher in the collecting data.

Methodology is a scientific method to collect the data with a goal and certain

application. In the other word, research methodology is the way the research

use to collect the data, analyze the data, and make a conclusion from the data

which has collected. In order to give valid and reliable data, the research

method is very important for a research and for accurate.

In this study, researcher used qualitative research with descriptive

methods in accordance with the objectives of this study. Qualitative research

is usually in the form of descriptive and data collected in the form of words

and research results are presented in the form of quotations. Descriptive

method is a research that aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on

the characteristics of the research. In this study, researcher will use descriptive

methods to identify, describe, Analyze and classify various types of Ullman

metaphors in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. According to Nyoman

Khuta Ratna:

“Kualitatif lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap data-data

alamiah,data yang berhubungan dalam konteks keberadaan. Cara ini lah

21 Hadi.S.(1981).Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta:Penerbitan Fakultas Psikologi

17

yang mendorong metode kualitatif menjadi metode yang multi metode

sebab penelitian pada gilirannya yang relevan. Dalam penelitian karya

sastra misalnya makan] akan dilibat kan pengarang, lingkungan sosial

dimana pengarang berada termasuk unsur-unsur kebudayaan.”22

Based on the quote above, it can be understood that the descriptive

method can be used in this study because this method does not only discuss

the intrinsic aspects of the literary work but also relates to the extrinsic

aspects of the literary work it self descriptive method can also be called a

multi-method. Descriptive, namely the data collected in the form of words,

pictures and not numbers, so it is caused by the application of the descriptive

method. According to Moh Nazir also added that :

“Deskriptif adalah bertujuan untuk membuat membuat deskripsi,

gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, factual dan akurat mengenai

fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat yang berhubungan antar fenomena yang di

selidiki.”23

Descriptive is the data collected, namely in the form of words,pictures,

this is because the qualitative method analyzes the descriptive data in the

form of writing, orally on the object to be examined and this will make it

easier for researcher to researching the object being studied and descriptive

data in the form of oral and written will also be assisted by descriptive

methods, it will help researcher to get the correct answers to questions in

analyzing types and functions metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul

Young.

B. Source of Data

22 Ratna, Nyoman Kuta. 2007. Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar 23 Moh. Nazir,2011. Metode Penelitian,(Bogor: Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia), p. 54.

18

In this study, the researcher used primary data from the novel The Shack

by WM Paul Young. The data obtained is the main data which will be directly

related to the discussion in this study. Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young

first released in 2008 in Great Britain by Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette

Livre UK company with a total of 248 pages.

C. Technique of Data Collection

To get the correct data in this study, researcher used documentation

techniques in data collection techniques. Sudaryono stated that

"Documentation activity is an activity that aims to obtain data directly from

the place of research, including books, activity reports, photos, films and data

relevant to research".24 Meaning that documentation is an effort to obtain data

related to the object of research. This data can be obtained through direct

observation of objects or books, reports, pictures, and films that are directly

related to these objects. He added that "Documents in the form of images for

example photographs, live drawings, sketches and others". Based on this

quote, the researcher reads the novel The Shack by William P Young and

collects the data by making notes of metaphorical words that you want to

study.

The data collection technique in this study is carried out by using

primary data sources, namely the novel The Shack by William P Young. In

this research technique the steps are:

1. Reading

The researcher will read related sources, namely from the novel

The Shack. According Hodgson states reading is a process that is

carried out and used by readers forget the message the writer wants to

24 Sudaryono,2006. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : PT Raja Grafindo Persada

19

convey through words written language media.25 In relation to reading,

one type of reading will be used by the researcher as a technique for

obtaining data or information, namely reading carefully. The researcher

will read carefully and carefully as well reading related paragraphs and

sentences, so that researcher can find the data in question, especially

words, phrases, and sentences that are suspected of containing

metaphorical language styles.

2. Taking notes

The next step that the researcher will make a taking notes and the

researcher will record the results of the findings from the data source.

The phrases or sentences that are suspected of being the metaphorical

language style contained in the novel. By taking notes this will make it

easier for the researcher to collect data.

3. Identifying

The next step is to identify or identify findings in the form of

phrases or sentences that are suspected of being metaphors in this study.

D. Technique of Data Analysis

Data analysis is a process to be able to find out all descriptions of the

data that have been collected whether the data is in accordance with what is

needed and the data is used to answer the problem formulation in the analysis

data. The researcher explains the data analysis found in the novel The Shack

by WM Paul Young In qualitative research, the data analysis technique is

used to answer the formulation of the problem.26 In this study the researcher

used a descriptive analysis technique because this research was descriptive

therefore.

25 Tarigan, Henry Guntur.1985. Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa. Bandung: Penerbit. Angkasa 26 Siswanto, Metode Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 20100. P. 73

20

After the data is collected, the researcher will take several steps to

analyze the data so that this research becomes more specific. The steps used

by the researcher are:

1. Data collection

Data collection is the result of data collection techniques through

observation and documentation.

2. Data Reduction

Data reduction is the process of selecting the main data to focus on,

to focus on the most important data and get rid of unnecessary data.

Guide lines for data reduction are the objectives of the study. Data

reduction is an a sensitive thinking processvery smart and insightful.

3. Data Display

Presentation of data is the process of compiling the results of data

reduction which is carried out only by explaining, compiling, and

connecting categories. The data display helps the researcher to

understand what happened and to do further analysis or caution for

understanding it.

4. Verification / Data Conclusion

The conclusion of verification is the result of the analysis which

answers the research problem based on data analysis the conclusion is

the final stage of research. The results of the analysis, the author

conclude and the answer to the formula is in the form of descriptive

analysis

This conclusion is proven by looking back at the results of data

reduction and data presentation after the data has been collected, so that

21

the conclusions drawn do not deviate from the research problem. As a

whole, to analyze data, file researcher must find and collect data in the

field to be studied later. Researcher select data relevant to the research

to solve

22

CHAPTER IV

FINDING AND ANALYSIS

A. Finding

In this research question in number 1 the researcher found that there were

several types of metaphors, based on the data obtained, namely there animal

metaphors, anthropomorphic metaphors, and synesthetic metaphors obtained by

researcher in the novel The Shack. Based on the 4 types of metaphors according to

the Ullman theory, the researcher got 3 data from these types of metaphors, 2 data

from animal metaphors, 10 data from metaphors anthropomorphic, and 3 data

from synesthetic metaphor type.

In research question number 2, the researcher found that there were several

metaphorical functions contained in the novel The Shack, namely there were

information functions, expressive functions, and directive functions. Based on the

3 metaphor functions according to the Leech theory, the researcher found 3

metaphorical functions in The Shack, namely 7 data from the information

function, 3 data from the expressive function, and 3 data from the directive

function.

B. Analysis

1. Types of metaphor

a. Animal metaphor

In this type of animal metaphor, the researcher found that there are 2

data contained in the novel The Shack. This type of metaphor usually uses

animal body parts or animal names or something related to animals to

describe something. An analytical explanation of the animal metaphor

found is as follows:

Datum 01

23

“In a blind rage, Mack grabbed the nearest chair and flung

it at the window.”27

The datum 01 above we can understand that Mack has vented his anger

blindly or viciously. In the text above there is the word rage, which we

know pig is the name of an animal that belongs to a vicious animal when it

is angry, even pigs can kill humans if they feel threatened and angry. From

the sentence blindly contained in the quote, it can be understood what is

meant by indulging in anger blindly, namely releasing anger and emotions

brutally and uncontrollably like a pig that would attack anyone when it felt

threatened.

Datum 02

“Living unloved is like clipping a bird's wings and

removing its ability to fly.”28

The datum 02 above, it explains about life without being loved is like

breaking a bird's wing. In the text, it uses the word bird which is the name

of an animal that relies on its wings to fly like humans use their feet to

walk. So if a bird's wing is broken, his life will be very tormented because

he cannot fly to find food and survive and the bird will eventually die

because of hunger or be eaten byother animals. Likewise with the meaning

of the text quote above, that is, someone's life will slowly be destroyed

because they are not loved.

b. Antrhopomorphic metaphor

In this type of anthropomorphic metaphor, the researcher found 6

metaphorical data of this type, usually known as the type of

27 Ibid (p 78) 28 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 97)

24

personification. An analytical explanation of this type of metaphor that has

been found by researcher is as follows:

Datum 01.

“Flower bloomed everywhere and the mix of floral

fragrances and pungent herbs aroused hints of memories

long forgotten. He had always heard that the nose was the

best link to the past, that the olfactory sense was the

strongest for tapping into forgotten history, and now some

long-stored remembrances of ghis own childhood flitted

through his mind”29

The datum 01 above explains that the nose is the best link to the past,

the word he in the text refers for Mack and the meaning of the text is that

the nose is a sense of smell that is present in the human body which has a

function to smell food, trash or other things such as smells good, foul and

so on. In the text above there is a sentence connecting to the past which

means that the nose can recognize the smell of something that has been

smelled before, for example, like the smell of someone's perfume that we

know and have not been for a long timemeet and when we accidentally

smell the same perfume as someone we know, then we will remember it

only because we smell the same perfume as that person. Therefore, the

nose is called the best link with the past.

Datum 02

“Suddenly Mack wanted to ask a thousand questions, or

say a thousand things, some of them unspeakable and

terrible. He was sure that his face betrayed the emotions he

was battling to control, and then in a flash of a second he

29 Ibid (p 81)

25

shoved everything back into his battered hearts closet,

locking the door on the way out.”30

The datum 02 above mentions that he kept his sadness in the cupboard

of his heart and locked the door. As it is known, the wardrobe is an object

that functions to store something, It can be a type of clothing and others.

So what he means to store in his heart's cupboard is that he returns to

storing all of his sadness in the deepest depths of his heart and locks it or

buries it so that no one knows about the sadness that is being he feels.

Datum 03

“Mack felt a creeping panic begin to penetrate his

consciousness. He had tried to avoid thinking about what

he was doing and just keep putingone foot in front of the

other, but like grass pushing through concrete, the

repressed feelings and fears somehow began to poke

through.”31

The datum 03 above, it can be understood that Mack is in fear and

doubt, he is trying to get rid of his fear, but the fear seems to be very

strong and increasingly comes to the surface. Like the sentence contained

in the text above, which is like grass forcing it through solid concrete. We

know that the grass is small and weak will still be able to pass through the

very solid concree and in the end will still appear on the surface like that is

the fear that is being felt by Mack fear that always forces to appear no

matter how hard she tried to suppress it so that the fear would disappear

and her doubts would also disappear.

Datum 04

30 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 90) 31 Ibid (p 74)

26

“His heart exploded like a flash flood releasing his pent-

up anger and letting it rush down the rocky canyons of his

emotions.”32

The datum 04 above, it can be understood that Mack is in a state of

chaos and filled with anger which is very difficult to control. In the text

quote above there is a metaphorical sentence or a sentence that uses

figurative language, namely the heart overflows like a flash flood which

we can understand is a flash flood, namely the flow of water that

overflows to the surface which causes itdamage in various places that

cannot be stopped, then we can understand that the meaning of his heart

overflowing like a flash flood, namely a feeling of anger that has become

uncontrollable and cannot be controlled anymore.

Datum 05

“They're just full of vinegar and fizz. Lots of anger and, I

must say, with some good reason too. They’re just some of

my kids, showin’ and spoutin’ off. I am especially fond of

those boys, you know. Yup I will be keeping my eye

on’em”33

The datum 05 above which states that they look like a bottle full of

soda bubbles. Those who are referred to in the text are children and bottles

filled with soda bubbles that draw on the feelings of children who are still

excited and curious about various kinds of new things and have emotions

that are not yet can be controlled so that it often explodes like a bottle full

of soda bubbles that often exceeds the capacity of the bottle.

Datum 06

32 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 78) 33 ibid (p 91)

27

“it was perfect, smooth as glass, except for the occasional

trout leaping after its breakfast sending circles of miniature

waves radiating across the deep blue surface until they

were slowly absorbed back into the larger surface. Mack

estimated the far side was about a half mile away. Dew

sparkled everywhere, diamond like teart of the early

morning reflecting the sun's love.”34

The datum 06 above, it says that dawn drops of water are like

diamonds reflecting the love of the sun. Dawn tear drops, that is, as is

known, dawn is the time of morning, so what we mean by dawn tear drops

are morning dew drops, while the diamonds that reflect the love of the sun,

as it is known, are very clear dew and diamonds too also has a clear color

which when exposed to the reflection of sunlight it will become shiny.

Then the meaning of the text above is that morning dew drops sparkle

because they are exposed to the sun, so it is the same as a diamond

exposed to the sun which causes it to sparkle.

Datum 07

“They nodded and Mack headed at a slow trot toward the

closest showers noticing for the first time that he was

barefoot and shirtless.”35

Datum 07 above it can be understood that Mack is walking to the

bathroom and he doesn't realize that he is barefoot and not wearing clothes

which makes him look very messy by reading the text, we can understand

that Mack not wearing body and leg protection. Because the figurative

barefoot means not wearing any kind of sandals or shoes that are used to

protect or cover one's feet.

34 ibid (p 117) 35 ibid (p 44)

28

Datum 08

“Some were horrible ghastly snapshots of torture and pain;

of monsters and demons of the deepest dark with barbwire

fingers and razor touches;of Missy screaming for her daddy

and no one answering.”36

Datum 08 above is a monster of dense darkness with thorny fingers

and a razor-sharp touch. From the sentence it can be said that the sentence

is included in this type of metaphor because fingers and touch are only

owned by living things and razor sharp are inanimate objects. Then the

sentence fingers and razor-sharp touch are those that start from the body

parts of animate beings are transferred to inanimate objects.

Datum 09

“They were quiet for a few minutres, except for some

grunting as rocks were thrown and the sounds they made

skipping across the water.”37

Datum 9 above contains the sentence sound of stones jumping up

and down, as it is known that stones are included as inanimate objects and

jumping is a movement carried out by living things. Then the sentence is

said to be included in this type of metaphor because inanimate or

inanimate objects are considered as living objects that can move as if

animate.

Datum 10

“His gaze went to the ground. He again felt a million years

old, almost wishing he could somehow turn himself into a

big unfeeling rock.”38

36 ibid (p 53) 37 ibid (p 149) 38 ibid (p 62)

29

Datum 10 in the text quote above there is a sentence that turns him

into a big rock that has no feelings. Then the sentence above can be said to

enter into this type of metaphor, namely because it describes humans as

living beings who want to turn into a rock that is heartless and is an

inanimate object that does not live.

c. Synesthetic metaphor

Synesthetic metaphor is a movement from one response to another.

An explanation of this type of metaphor is like the following analysis:

Datum 01

“He knew he was driving straight into the center of his pain

the vorter of the great sadness that had so diminished his

sense of being alive.”39

The datum 01 above, there is a sentence which states about the vortex

of sadness which is meant by the center of sadness, namely, as we know,

the center is a fulcrum which is the core. Then the center of sadness can be

tied to the core of the sadness which causes Mack to not have the

enthusiasm to live anymore because his sadness is too deep.

Datum 02

“The image of his daughter fighting off some perverted

monster was like a fist to the stomach. Almost succumbing

to the sudden blacknes that threatened to smother him,

Mack leaned on the table to keep from passing out or

throwing up.”40

Datum 02 above there is a sentence almost helpless against the

darkness that came suddenly and wanted to suffocate him. As we know

39 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 74) 40 ibid (p 49)

30

that darkness in general cannot suffocate a person. So what is meant by

darkness here is the feeling of disappointment, anger, worry that Mack

feels because he can't take care of his daughter properly.

Datum 03

“As he sat mesmerized by the fire and wrapped in its

warmth, he prayed, mostly prayers of thanks giving. He had

been given so much. Blessed was probably the right

word.”41

Datum 03 above contains a sentence enchanted by fire and wrapped in

warmth. As explained by the sentence above, it explains that fire is an

object that cannot move on its own and act. But here it is explained that

fire can wrap and provide warmth.

2. Function of metaphor

a. Information function

The information function is the use of language which usually

contains information about the thoughts and feelings of the person

speaking, the information function usually also contains elements of

comparison. An analytical explanation of the function of this type of

metaphor that has been found by researcher such as the analysis below:

Datum 01

“But Kate was able to regain bragging rights later that

afternoon when she landed three-sized lake throut.”42

From the text excerpt above, it explains that Kate and Josh raced

around the go-kart track and Josh came out victorious and that made Kate

41 ibid (p 39) 42 Ibid (p 34)

31

annoyed. but Kate was able to brag again because she had caught three

fish and Josh had not.

The datum 01 above, it can be understood that the function of the

information contained in the text is to tell that Kate is still able to lie or

exaggerate a story even though she lost the race with Josh. But he already

managed to get 3 big trouth so he still had some bragging rights.

Datum 02

“His heart exploded like a flash flood releasing his pent-

up anger and letting it rush down the rocky canyons of his

emotions.”43

From the text quote above, which tells that Mack saw his

daughter's missy dress which had been lost and was declared dead and

when Mack saw the dress his feelings could no longer be held.

The datum 02 above explains that Mack could no longer hold back the

emotions and sadness that had been buried for so long that now when he

arrived at the hut he could not hold it anymore so he didpouring all his

sadness like a flash flood that flows very swiftly and can not be controlled.

Then the function of his heart's metaphor is to overflow like a flash flood,

which is to tell that emotions and sadness are like an overflow of flood

water that cannot be controlled.

Datum 03

“In a blind rage, Mack grabbed the nearest chair and flung

it at the window.”44


32

In the text above, it explains that Mack can no longer control his

anger and sadness because Mack returns to the place where his son

disappeared and is declared dead.

The datum 03 above, it is explained that Mack can no longer hold

back his emotions so he can vent his emotions at will until he no longer

has the strength to vent his emotions. Thus, from the text above, the reader

will understand that the information conveyed is that Mack is unable to

control himself in releasing his emotions, the word blindly in the text is to

describe an outburst of anger cannot be controlled so that it takes it out in

various ways until it makes its energy run out like a rampaging pig that

won't stop until its opponent surrenders or dies.

Datum 04

“Living unloved is like clipping a bird's wings and

removing its ability to fly.”45

The text quote above states that life without love is very empty, that's

what Mack has felt since the death of his daughter, Missy, who died

without her body being found.

The datum 04 above, there is information that explains that life without

being loved is like breaking a bird's wing which is meant by breaking a

bird's wing, which is to take all happiness and its life is not will be perfect

because in essence every living thing needs a partner to love each other.

Just as a human being is imperfect without having legs that are useful for

walking, so is a bird that cannot fly without wings.

Datum 05

45 Ibid (p 97)

33

“They're just full of vinegar and fizz. Lots of anger and, I

must say, with some good reason too. They’re just some of

my kids, showin’ and spoutin’ off. I am especially fond of

those boys, you know. Yup I will be keeping my eye

on’em”46

The text above explains that Papa or his usual call to God is

explaining to Mack that children who die will be in a place in heaven, they

will be happy and always supervised by Papa and Papa is also reassuring

rightthat he loved the children because they were like bottles full of

vinegar and soda bubbles.

The datum 05 above, it is explained that children are emotionally like

soda bubbles in an overflowing bottle like children who are still filled with

anger that is difficult to overcome control.

Datum 06

“It was perfect, smooth as glass, except for the occasional

trout leaping after its breakfast sending circles of miniature

waves radiating across the deep blue surface until they

were slowly absorbed back into the larger surface. Mack

estimated the far side was about a half mile away. Dew

sparkled everywhere, diamond like tearts of the early

morning reflecting the sun's love.”47

From the text above, which tells that Mack is sitting on the edge of the

lake which looks very beautiful, sometimes fish appear jumping and the

dew that looks sparkling around the lake looks like sparkling

diamondsexposed to sunlight.


34

The datum 06 above explains about dew water in the morning that

sparkles when exposed to sunlight. Then from the text above there is a

comparison sentence, namely dewdrops which are likened to droplets of

subu tears and also the sparkle of dew water exposed to the sun is like

diamonds that will sparkle when exposed to light. In the text quote above

also explains the beautiful sparkle of dew on the morning sun.

Datum 07

“Flower bloomed everywhere and the mix of floral

fragrances and pungent herbs aroused hints of memories

long forgotten. He had always heard that the nose was the

best link to the past, that the olfactory sense was the

strongest for tapping into forgotten history, and now some

long-stored remembrances of ghis own childhood flitted

through his mind.”48

The text above tells that Mack smelled the smell of blooming flowers

and the aroma of herbs that made Mack remember his past memories with

the scent wafting through his nose.

The datum 07 above explains that the nose is the best reminder of the

past. The best information function in the sentence is to tell you that the

nose or the sense of smell can be a means for someone to remember

something that happened in the past like Mack returning to seeing and

holding her son's lost red dress. Because Mack kissed the dress, it caused

him to remember his past with his son, Missy before being declared

missing.

Datum 08

48 Ibid (p 81)7

35

“Mack felt a creeping panic begin to penetrate his

consciousness. He had tried to avoid thinking about what

he was doing and just keep putingone foot in front of the

other, but like grass pushing through concrete the

repressed feelings and fears somehow began to poke

through.”49

From the text above, which tells that Mack feels fear and panic but he

tries to get rid of his fear. But the feeling just keeps on coming and getting

worse.

The datum 08 above explains how a grass tries to penetrate a solid

concrete as well as the fear and anxiety felt by Mack who has tried to

suppress fear and anxietyhis. However, this fear and anxiety only becomes

stronger and harder to control. In the text above there is a comparative

sentence, namely fear and anxiety that are difficult to control compared to

a grass trying to slowly penetrate a concrete.

b. Expressive function

The expressive function is a delivery of language usage which

metaphorically contains an element of hope, encouragement or shows a

hope. An analytical explanation of the function of this type of metaphor

that has been found by researcher is like the explanation of the analysis

below:

Datum 01

49 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 74)

36

“Perhaps this is what it was like to experience a complete

psychotic break. I’m losing it, Mack whispered to

himself.”50

The datum 01 above which explains that Mack was so depressed that

he himself felt like a madman. As in the expressive function which also

contains a push, Mack, who already feels like a madman because of the

impulse from within himself, cannot escape the death of his son, Missy,

who has disappeared and died without knowing his body and it affected

Mack's life and psyche.

Datum 02

“Suddenly Mack wanted to ask a thousand questions, or

say a thousand things, some of them unspeakable and

terrible. He was sure that his face betrayed the emotions he

was battling to control, and then in a flash of a second he

shoved everything back into his battered hearts closet,

locking the door on the way out.”51

From the text quote above, which tells that Mack has many questions

in his heart that he wants to ask. But Mack didn't dare to ask and in the end

he kept it under wraps.

The datum 02 above which explains that Mack has buried his sadness

in the bottom of his heart so that no one will know about his sadness.

Mack hopes that his sadness only himself knows about it like the sentence

contained in the text above which states that he returned to throwing into

the cupboard of his heart, the cupboard of the heart which means the inner

heart the deepest as in the expressive function which also contains hope


37

and Mack also hopes that his sadness is not known by anyone so he keeps

his own sadness.

c. Directive function

The directive function is when the speech of a language

metaphorically contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence.

Usually the characteristics of this directive function are marked by the

presence of orders, instructions, threats, or questions. An analytical

explanation of the function of this type of metaphor that has been found by

researcher such as the analysis below:

Datum 01

“Mack sat in his emotionally spent stupor, weighing the

options in the feel of the gun. A cold breeze brushed past

his face and part of him wanted to just lie down and freeze

to death, he was so exhausted”52

From the text above it explains that Mack is stuck in an emotional

confusion so he is not sure whether to continue his journey to the hut or

not.

From datum 01 above, it can be understood that Mack can't control his

emotions and sadness because of the loss of his child Missy and Mack is

confused about what to do on the one hand he wants to go to the place

where his son lost but on the other hand he too want to lie down and be

quiet. Mack is always stuck in the pain of grief.

Datum 02

“But as he stared it seened for a moment to transform into

an evil face, twisted in some demonic grimace, looking

52 Ibid (p 79)

38

straight back at him and daring him to approach. Ignoring

the rising panic he was feeling, Mack walked with resolve

down the last hundred yards and up onto the porch.”53

Datum 02 above, it can be understood that Mack felt a deep panic

when he returned to see the hut where his son was lost in fear and Mack's

panic saw the hut like laughing at him and the hut became like an evil face

which was very scary like the face of a demon that defied and gave

instructions for Mack to come closer Mack finally ignored his fear and

continued walking towards the hut.

Datum 03.

“His eyes darkened and his hands tightened on the steering

wheel as he fought the temptation at every off-ramp to turn

around and go home. He knew he was driving straight into

the center of his pain the vorter of the great sadness that

had so diminished his sense of being alive.”54

Datum 03 above, it can be understood that at first Mack was still

not sure to return to the hut where his daughter disappeared and finally

because of the urge from his heart to find out about his daughter. Then

Mack himself realized that going back to the shack would make him

remember his past, the loss of his daughter, which made him unable to

smile anymore and made him unable to feel happiness. However, Mack

himself has not been able to give up his lost and dead daughter without

being able to meet her daughter's body, which causes him to be very

devastated and very depressed.

53 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 77) 54 Ibid (p 74)

39

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter discusses the conclusions and suggestions of this research, after

the researcher finds the types and functions of metaphors contained in the novel

The Shack which are analyzed based on the theory of types and functions

metaphor, the researcher provides conclusions and suggestions to the reader.

A. Conclusion

1. The researcher concludes that there are three types of metaphors found in the

novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. The first type is namely animal

metaphor, namely figurative language or metaphor which often uses

comparisons with the body or the name of the animal. Further more, there is a

second type of metaphor is the anthropomorphic metaphor, which is a

figurative language or metaphor which is also known as personification which

often uses human body parts and inanimate objects. The third type of metaphor

is synesthetic metaphor, which is a transfer of experience to other experiences

that can be understood or felt even though they cannot be seen. Not many

people readily understand metaphorical sentences or words. Even when

someone hears or reads a sentence that uses metaphor or figurative language,

some of them have to read or hear it over and over in order to understand the

meaning of the metaphor because it usually is too understand that metaphor can

also be influenced by one's knowledge.

2. The researcher concludes that there are three metaphorical functions in the

novel The Shack by WM Paul Young, namely information function, expressive

function and directive function. Information function, namely the use of

figurative language or metaphor that contains meaning or information to be

conveyed, usually this type of function uses comparative words and the

researcher found that there were eight related data with this type of function.

40

Furthermore, there is an expressive function, namely the use of spoken

language which metaphorically contains an expectation and desire to be

conveyed to the interlocutor or those who are listening and the researcher has

found two data associated with functions of this type. Furthermore, the last one

is an directive function is when the speech of a language metaphorically

contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence and in this type of

function the researcher has found three data related to.The researcher

concluded that if a person can understand metaphors or figurative language

then he will easily understand the function and purpose that the author wants to

convey in a novel.

B. Suggestions

At the end of this thesis, the researcher will also give some suggestions,

namely:

1. For future researchers, researcher suggest that they can analyze novels with

the same topic about metaphor or figurative language and learn more about

metaphors in order to carry out more specific research about metaphors.

Researchers also suggest to study more deeply and broadly about metaphors

or figurative language in order to carry out more detailed research about

metaphors. Then the thesis can be input and useful for other researchers at

least for the researchers themselves.

2. For readers, researcher suggest that they can take the messages indicated in the

novel and get to know more about metaphors, because it can be useful

information to understand the meaning of each sentence which contains

metaphors so as to increase understanding of figurative language that is often

used by the public and also which is often found in literary works such as

novels.

41

3. Especially for English Literature students, researcher hope that they can learn

about figurative language or metaphor and can make a better thesis because it

is the closing of the English Literature course.

REFERENCES

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Hadi.S.(1981). Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta:Penerbitan Fakultas Psikologi

UGM

Kovecses. Z (2010). A Practical Introduction Metaphor. New York:

OxfordUniversity Press

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1982. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia

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Lakoff, G.& Johnson,M. (2003). Metaphor We Live By. London: The University

of Chicago Press

Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English

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Moh. Nazir. (2011). Metode Penelitian, (Bogor: Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia), p. 54

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Karya Tere Liye:Kajian Semantik. Universitas Sanata Dharma,

Yogyakarta

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Subroto,E D (1999). KajianStatistika Novel BerbahasaJawa Tahun1980-an.

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Tarigan. HG.(1997).Metode pengajaran Bahasa I. Bandung: Angkasa

Ullman,Stephen.(1972).semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning.

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Hacheete Livre UK company

APPENDIX I

Mack took his three children, namely Josh, Kate and Missy, for a vacation to

Lake Wallowa in northeastern Oregon to camp there while spending their

children's school holidays but his wife, Nan, did cannot come. On the way they

also stopped to buy painting tools for the children and Missy asked Mack to tell

her about the legend of a beautiful Indian girl, the daughter of the chief of the

Multnomah tribe.

After arriving at the lake they set up tents and they spent 3 days having fun

like Josh and Kate fishing so Kate managed to get 3 big fish. On the lake they also

became acquainted with a Ducettes family who had children the same age as

Mack's children who made the two families close and close.

On their last day of vacation Missy was sitting by the lake painting with the

equipment they bought before leaving and using the only clean clothes they had

left. Mack noticed Missy and realized when he heard a scream from Kate who

called him because Kate and Josh almost drowned in the lake while riding a canoe

without thinking Mack straight to the lake to save Josh and Kate and forget about

Missy. When Mack managed to save his children, he remembered that Missy had

been left alone. Mack began to look for Missy and did not find her, even after

being helped by the ducettes family and some police they still could not find

Missy, they found only a hair clip in the shape of a lady bug which was known to

be the identity of the kidnapper and finally Missy was declared missing and died

without finding her body.

Starting from the disappearance of Missy life, Mack and her family began to

change everything to be more silent, especially Kate who did not want to talk to

anyone because she felt guilty about Missy disappearance and one dayin winter

Mack checked the mailbox in front of his house.mack found a letter telling him to

come back to the hut where it was the place where his son Missy disappeared and

the letter was sent by papa or a term for God which is usually used by Nan wife

Mack.

Mack finally decided to go to the hut without his wife's knowledge and there

Mack managed to meet his lord, apparently they were divided into three, namely

Papa, Jesus, Sarayu. Mack is surprised because the ugly hut has turned into a very

beautiful building. Mack stayed there for several days and during that time Mack

always asked about why Missy had to be the victim of a sadistic kidnapping and

murder and Mack asked to be able to meet Missy which Mack finally gotsaw

Missy through a very beautiful waterfall. During his time with God, Mack became

convinced about the truth of the existence of God that made Mack able to find

Missy's body and bury her properly. On the way to his house Mack has an

accident that makes him forget whether the incident he met with God was real or

just a dream.

APPENDIX II

Tabel of kinds metaphor

No Kinds of metaphor

Metaphorical sentence Page of metaphor

in the novel The

Shack by WM

Paul Young

1 Animal metaphor -In a frenzy he pounded out his

rage until he was exhausted and

spent.

-Living unloved is like clipping

a bird’s wings and removing its

ability to fly.

-Page 78

-Page 97

2 Antrhopomorphic

metaphor

-He had always heard the the

nose was the best link to the

past.

-Then in a flash of a second he

shoved everything back into his

battered hearts closet locking

the door on the way out.

-They’re just full of vinegar and

fizz.

-Diamond like teart of the early

morning reflecting the sun’s

love.

-Like grass pushing through

concrete the represed feelings

and fears some how began to

-Page 81

-Page 90

-Page 91

-Page 117

-Page 74

-Page 78

poke through.

-His heart exploded like a flash

flood releasing his pent-up

anger and letting it rush down

the rocky canyons of his

emotions.

- They nodded and Mack

headed at a slow trot toward the

closest showers noticing for the

first time that he was barefoot

and shirtless.

-Some were horrible ghastly

snapshots of torture and pain; of

monsters and demons of the

deepest dark with barbwire

fingers and razor touches;of

Missy screaming for her daddy

and no one answering.

- His gaze went to the ground.

He again felt a million years

old, almost wishing he could

somehow turn himself into a big

unfeeling rock.

-Page 44

-Page 53

-Page 62

3 Synesthetic metaphor -He knew he was driving

straight into the center of his

pain,the vorter of the great

sadness that had so diminished

his sense of being alive.

-The image of his daughter

-Page 74

-Page 49

fighting off some perverted

monster was like a fist to the

stomach. Almost succumbing to

the sudden blacknes that

threatened to smother him,

Mack leaned on the table to

keep from passing out or

throwing up.

- As he sat mesmerized by the

fire and wrapped in its warmth,

he prayed, mostly prayers of

thanks giving. He had been

given so much. Blessed was

probably the right word.

-Page 39

Table of functions metaphor

No Functions of

metaphor

Methaporical sentence Page of metaphor

in the novel The

Shack by WM

Paul Young

1 Information function -But Kate was able to regain

bragging rights later that

afternoon when she landed

three-sized lake throut.

-His heart exploded like a flash

flood releasing his pen-up

anger and letting it rush down

the rocky canyons of his

emotions.

-In a frenzy he pounded out his

rage until he was exhausted

and spent.

-Living unloved is like clipping

a bird’s wings and removing its

ability to fly.

-They’re just full of vinegar

and fizz.

-Diamond like tearts of the

early morning reflecting the

sun’s love.

-He had always heard that the

nose was the best link to the

past.

-Like grass pushing through

-Page 34

-Page 78

-Page 78

-Page 97

-Page 91

-Page 117

-Page 81

-Page 74

concrete the represed feeling

and fears somehow began to

poke through.

2 Expressive function -Perhaps this is what it was like

to experience a complete

psychotic break.

-Then in a flash of a second he

shoved everything back into

his battered hearts closet,

locking the door on the way

out.

-Page 81

-Page 90

3 Emotive function -Mack sat in his emotionally

spent stupor, weighing the

options in the feel of the gun.

-But as he stared it seened for a

moment to transform into an

evil face, twisted in some

demonic grimace.

-He knew he was driving

straight into the center of his

pain the vorter of the great

sadness that had so dimished

his senseof being alive.

-Page 79

-Page 77

-Page 74

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