METAPHOR IN THE NOVEL THE SHACK BY WM PAUL
YOUNG: ULLMAN THEORY ANALYSIS
THESIS
Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fullfillment
of the Requirements for Literature Degree
at English Literature Department
by
Rahmania
403170902
ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANIORA
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY
SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI
2021
i
NOTA DINAS
Jambi, 08 Juli 2021
Pembimbing I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA
Pembimbing II : Yenti, M. Pd
Alamat : Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN STS Jambi
Kepada Yth
Dekan Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora
UIN STS Jambi
Di-
Tempat
Assalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Setelah membaca dan mengadakan perbaikan seperlunya, maka kami
berpendapat bahwa skripsi saudari:Rahmania, Nim. 403170902, yang berjudul
“Metaphor In The Novel The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman Theory
Analysis”, telah dapat diajukan untuk di munaqosah kan guna melengkapi tugas –
tugas dan memenuhi syarat – syarat untuk memperoleh gelar sarjana strata satu
(S1) pada Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, UIN STS Jambi. Maka, dengan itu kami
ajukan skripsi tersebut agar dapat diterima dengan baik.
Demikianlah kami ucapkan terimakasih, semoga bermanfaat bagi
kepentingan kampus dan para peneliti.
Wassalamu’alaikumwr.wb
Pembimbing I
Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA NIP.198411272011012012
Pembimbing II
Yenti, M. Pd NIP.197208052007102004
ii
APPROVAL
Jambi,08 July 2021
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA ………………
Supervisor II : Yenti, M. Pd
Address : Adab and Humanities Faculty
.. …… State Islamic University
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ,,,,,,Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
To
The Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty
State Islamic University STS Jambi
In
Jambi
Assalamu’alaikumwr.Wb
After reading and revising everything extend necessary, so we agree that the thesis
entitled “Metaphor In The Novel The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman
Theory Analysis”, can be submitted to Munaqasyah exam in partial fulfillment to
the Requirement for the Degree of Humaniora Scholar. We submitted it in order
to be received well. Thus, we hoped it can be useful for all.
Wassalamu’alaikumwr.Wb
Supervisor I Supervisor II
Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA Yenti, M. Pd
NIP.198411272011012012 NIP. 197208052007102004
iii
iv
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT
I who signed this letter:
Name : Rahmania
NIM : 403170902
Department : English Literature Department
Faculty : Adab and Humanities
By signing this letter, I state that the thesis entitled “Metaphor In The Novel
The Shack By WM Paul Young: Ullman Theory Analysis” is my original work. If this
thesis is not original or cheating from other researchers, I will be ready to be
responsible and get punishment based on the rule of Adab and Humanities Faculty
of State Islamic University Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.
Therefore, I make this statement in good health and mind.
Jambi, July 08th2021
RAHMANIA
NIM: 403170902
v
MOTTO
والل يعلم وعسى أن ت حبوا شيئا وه و شر لك م وعسى أن تكره وا شيئا وه و خير لك م
وأنت م ل تعلم ون
“It may be that you hate something, even though it is good for you, and it
may be that you love something, even thought it is very bad for you, Allah
knows, while you do not know”(QS. Al-baqarah ayat 216)
"Boleh jadi kamu membenci sesuatu, padahal ia amat baik bagimu, dan
boleh jadi (pula) kamu menyukai sesuatu, padahal ia amat buruk bagimu,
Allah mengetahui, sedang kamu tidak mengetahui" (QS. Al-baqarah ayat
216)1
“Life takes on meaning when you become motivated, set goals and charge
after them in an unstoppable manner.” Les Brown2
“ Hidup menjadi berarti ketika kamu menjadi termotivasi, menetapkan
tujuan dan mengejar mereka dengan cara yang tak terhentikan.” Les Brown
1 QS. Al-baqarah ayat 216 2 Les Brown
vi
DEDICATION
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude for the presence of Allah
SWT who has given health and convenience to me to be able to complete this
thesis. Shalawat and greetings do not escape, we always send it to the Prophet
Muhammad SAW.
I dedicate this thesis to:
My parents, who have given me the spirit, love, prayers and support so
that I can complete my thesis. To my beloved father thank you for accompanying
me, praying for me, and listening to all my complaints and encouraging me to get
back up again until I can finish everything. To my late mother, thank you for
being an encouragement and I present this thesis to her. I'm sure she knows and is
happy because her son has succeeded in realizing his wish.
To my big family, my brothers and sisters who have always given me
encouragement and advice during this time and also in the process of making my
thesis.
To my friends who have helped and encouraged me in the process of making my
thesis and thank you to all my classmates.
May Allah give the best for all parties involved in the making of this thesis.
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Assalamu’alaikum wr, wb.
Alhamdulillah, all praise be to Allah for His mercy and grace so that the
researcher can complete the research entitled “Metaphor In The Novel The Shack
By WM Paul Young: Lakoffian Theory Analysis. Sholawat and greetings we send
to our lord the great Prophet Muhammad SAW who has brought us from darkness
to enlightenment. This research would not have been possible without those who
have helped and supported.
To complete this research, the researcher has given many things to many
people. Therefore, the researchers would like to thank for their contributions,
namely:
1. Prof. Dr. H. Suaidi, MA., Ph. D as a Rector of State Islamic University of
SulthanThahaSaifuddin Jambi. The vices of Rector, Dr, Rofiqoh Ferawati,
SE.,M,EI.dr. As’ad Isma, M.Pd. and Dr. Bahrul Ulum, S.Ag.,MA.
2. Dr. Halimah Dja’far. S. Ag., M. Fil. I the Dean of Adab and Humanities
Faculty.Dr. Ali Muzakir, M. Ag as the first vise Dean of Academic. Dr.
Alfian, S.Pd, M.Ed as the second vise Dean of Finances, and Dr. Roudhoh,
S.Ag.SS., M.Pd.I as the third vice Dean of University Student of Adab and
Humanities Faculty.
3. The Head of English Literature Department Dian Mukhlisa, MA. And
Secretary Chandri Febri Santi, M.Pd
4. My supervisors, Ulfatmi Azlan, SS., MA and Yenti, M. Pd who have
given me great ideas and input in completing this thesis.
viii
5. All the Lecturers and staffs of Adab and Humanities Faculty, then
contribution and assistant during studying in UIN of Sulthan Thaha
Saifuddin Jambi.
6. The last, to my beloved parents, brothers, and friends who have given full
support to the author.
This thesis is still far from perfect, so the researcher really needs criticism
and suggestions, so that the researcher can be better in the future and finally, the
researcher hopes that this thesis can be useful for the readers especially for
students majoring in English Literature at the Faculty of Adab and Humanities.
.
Jambi, July 08 th2021
Rahmania
NIM: 403170902
ix
ABSTRACT
Rahmania 2021 : Metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ullman
theory analysis
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA
Supervisor II : Yenti, SS. M.Pd
Metaphor is figurative language that is commonly used in everyday life to
communicate and metaphor is also used as beauty in literary works. The object of
this research is to explain the types of metaphors and also the functions of
metaphors contained in the novel The Shack and in this study the researchers used
qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data can be obtained by
reading and collecting data from the novel. The theory used is the theory of
metaphoric type by Ullman and the theory of metaphoric function by Leech to
analyze the types of metaphors and the functions of metaphors contained in the
novel. The results of this study indicate that there are three types of metaphors
found by the researcher, namely: two data from animal metaphors, ten data from
anthropomorphic metaphors, and three data from synesthetic metaphors. The
researcher also found that there are three metaphorical functions in this novel,
namely: seven data from information function, three data from expressive
function, and three data from directive function.
Keywords : Linguistics, Metaphors, Functions of metaphors, The Shack.
x
ABSTRAK
Rahmania 2021 : Metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ulman
theory analysis
Supervisor I : Ulfatmi Azlan, SS. MA
Supervisor II : Yenti, SS. M. Pd
Metafora adalah bahasa kiasan yang biasa di gunakan di dalam kehidupan
sehari-hari untuk berkomunikasi dan metafora juga di gunakan sebagai keindahan
di dalam karya sastra. Objek dari penelitian ini yaitu menjelaskan tentang jenis
metafora dan juga fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel The Shack dan
dalam penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan
metode deskriptif. Data di dapat dengan cara membaca dan mengumpulkan data
dari novel tersebut. Teori yang di gunakan yaitu teori tipe metafora oleh Ullman
dan teori fungsi metafora oleh Leech untuk menganalisis jenis metafora dan
fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu
menunjukkan bahwa ada tiga tipe metafora yang di temukan oleh peneliti yaitu :
dua data dari animal metaphors, sepuluh data dari anthropomorphic metaphors
sebanyak , dan tiga dara dari synesthetic metaphors. Peneliti juga menemukan ada
tiga fungsi metafora yang terdapat di dalam novel ini yaitu: tujuh data dari
information function, tiga data dari expressive function, tiga data daridirective
function.
Kata Kunci : Linguistic, Metafora, Fungsi metafora,The Shack.
xi
xii
TABLE OF CONTENT
NOTA DINAS……. ........................................................................................ i
APPROVAL .................................................................................................. ii
LETTER OF RATIFICATION ...................................................................iii
ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT .......................................................... iv
MOTTO ......................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION ............................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................... vii
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... ix
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... x
TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem ................................................................. 1
B. Formulation of the Problem ................................................................. 4
C. The purpose of the Problem ................................................................. 4
D. Limitation of the Problem .................................................................... 4
E. Significance of the Problem ................................................................. 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Semantic ............................................................................................... 6
B. Metaphor ............................................................................................. 7
C. Metaphor Types……….………………………………………...……7
D. Metaphorical function .......................................................................... 13
E. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 14
xiii
CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH
A. Design of Research .............................................................................. 14
B. Source of Data ...................................................................................... 15
C. Technique of Data Collection .............................................................. 16
D. Technique of Data Analysis ................................................................. 17
CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANLYSIS
A. Finding and Analysis ........................................................................... 21
1. Types of metaphor ......................................................................... 21
a. Animal metaphor ..................................................................... 21
b. Antrophomorphic metaphor ..................................................... 22
c. Synesthetic metaphor…………...…………………………….28
2. Function of metaphor ..................................................................... 29
a. Information function………………….………………………29
b. Expressive function………………….………………………..34
c. Directive function…………….…………………….................36
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
A. Conclusions……………………………………...........…....…..38
B. Suggestions……………………………………….……............39
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I
APPENDIX II
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Problem
Language has a very important role that cannot be separated from human
life because as we all know language it self functions as a communication tool
to convey opinions or to express feelings. For example, English which has
been designated as an international language, the entire population of the
world will prefer to use English when they are outside their country. To use
that language can be conveyed indirectly or indirectly, direct language is
usually known as lexical meaning and indirect language is usually known as
figurative language.
As a social being, humans really need language as a means of
communicating with others to convey something to other people or
interlocutors using language in everyday life that can shows a greater variety
of spoken than written. Effendi states that the spoken variety is different from
the written variety because the conversation participants speak utterances with
certain stresses, tones, rhythms, pauses, or songs to clarify the meaning and
meaning of the spoken language.3 Language is the way people express their
reactions to certain situations, express our thoughts, ideas, emotions, and
feelings. Therefore, it is difficult for people to communicate without language.
Meanwhile, to build good communication requires understanding between
speakers and listeners. The purpose of understanding is to encourage the
indication of something known as meaning. meaning is very important to
understand. The listener must understand the meaning spoken by the speaker
to avoid misunderstanding the word.
Language style or commonly known as figure of speech is an important
element contained in a literary work which functions to build the beauty of a
3 Effendi. 1985. Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa
2
literary work, one of which is the metaphorical language style or language
figurative. The metaphor itself is a group of words that are not in their true
meaning which is one of the elements of aesthetics and creativity in language.
Metaphors themselves cannot be separated by others, they are a sign of genius.
metaphorical style means comparing other things without using comparative
conjunctions.
Lakoff states that there are three disciplines that are concerned with the
systematic study of meaning itself: psychology, philosophy, and linguistics. In
this study, researcher focused on the study of the meaning of learning in
linguistics. Linguistics is the study of language or scientific studies of
language which identifies the elements of language and the meaning contained
in the spoken language, linguistics itself also studies language starting from
form, function, value, discourse and also meaning. The study of the meaning
contained in linguistics is usually called semantics. Semantics it self is a
systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics is the study of how
language organizes and expresses meaning.4 Meaning in semantics is divided
into two parts, namely literal meaning and non-literal meaning. Literal
meanings are based on the actual word, while nonliterals are the opposite and
there are two ways of expressing ideas that deviate from semantic terms, some
of which are the use of idioms and figurative language.
In everyday life and communicating humans also sometimes use figurative
language or what is commonly known as metaphor and humans do not always
use literal language. Metaphor itself is a stylistic form that describes a detailed
picture through comparison or contrast. Metaphor is a kind of analogy that
compares two things directly, but in a very brief and clear form. In a literary
work metaphor does not only function as figurative language but also
functions as beauty, a word can be categorized as a metaphor if it can give
4 Kreidler.C. (2002) Introducing English Semantic. London: Routledge 11 New Fetyter lane
3
new pleasure and bring life to life, as well actualizing something that becomes
paralyzed and might add that the specially created based on the similarity of
the two references.5 Metaphors are widespread in everyday life, not only in
language but also in thought and action.
According to Lakoff “conceptual metaphor is the process of explaining a
concept with other concepts in accordance with the previous concept, in order
to understand or compile a more abstract concept. The concepts that govern
our minds are not just a matter of intellect and conceptual metaphor which is a
process of understanding abstract forms through their relationship with
concrete forms”.6 In everyday life, metaphors can occur if two areas in the
brain are activated simultaneously and conceptual metaphors can also occur if
two experiences of different concepts are remembered or active
simultaneously there will be a relationship between the two concepts.
Metaphors are also widely found in commerce, literary writing, art and
history, metaphors themselves are often found in literary works such as
novels.
Novel is a literary work that has prose twist and novels usually tell a story
based on the author's imagination. Scholes states that a novel is a story related
to a real or fictional image imagined by the author through his observation of
reality. Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young is a novel that tells about the
search for and eradicating doubts about God, this novel has made many people
realize that and return to God's ways and also build confidence for its readers.
This novel was written by WM Paul Young who grew up with a primitive
tribe in the high lands which was formerly called West Papua and he
completed his bachelor's degree at Warner Pacific College in Prtland, Oregon.
5 Subroto, E D (1999). KajianStatistika Novel BerbahasaJawa Tahun 1980-an.Jakarta: PusatPengembanganBahasa 6 Lakoff, G.& Johnson, M.(2003). Metaphor We Live By. London: The University of Chicago Press
4
The researcher decided to use this novel as the object of analysis the
metaphors in the novel such as:
a.His anger is blind.
b.His heart overflows like a flash flood.7
Because this novel is interesting to be analyzed semantically. In this study
the researcher will use a qualitative descriptive method based on the above
background researcher will conduct research with the title “ Metaphor in the
Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young: Ullman theory analysis.”
B. Formulation of the Problem
Based on the research background above, the researcher formulates the
following research problems:
1. What are the types of metaphor found in the novel The Shack by WM
Paul Young?
2. What are the functions of metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul
Young?
C. The purpose of the Problem
There are two purposes to be achieved from this research, namely:
1. To find out the types metaphor found in the novel The Shack by WM
Paul Young.
2. To find out the functions of metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM
Paul Young.
7 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company
5
D. Limitation of the Problem
In the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young, there are several words
that contain metaphors or figurative words and researcher will examine
what are metaphor contained in the novel and the limitation needs to be set
to avoid misdirection or further research on this topic. The analysis of this
research focuses on the types of methapors and functions of metaphors in
the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. This study also aims to describe
the types of metaphors and their functions in The Shack by WM Paul
Young.
E. Significance of the Problem
The researcher hopes that this research can be useful for academics
and practice and can also be a reference for other researchers to be able to
more easily understand what a metaphor is and finally the researcher hopes
that from this research more and more people will know and understand
about metaphors or commonly referred to as figurative language.
6
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
A. Semantics
Semantics is the systematic study of meaning, and linguistic semantics
is the study of how language organizes and expresses meaning.8 And
linguistic semantics is the topic of this research, it's just that we need to
limit it to only the expression of meaning in one language and we have to
make comparisons with other languages which aim to show language
differences not a complete explanation of every language difference that
exists. Semantics is also a science in linguistics that studies meaning in
which metaphor is one of the objects of study in semantics. Lewandowski
explained that metaphor is a transfer of meaning based on similarities in
function, form and use. The use of metaphors is not limited to literary
language, but also in everyday language. Metaphor is a linguistic
phenomenon that applies at the semantic level. Metaphors are related to
the relationship between one word and another in forming a meaning.
Because metaphors are part of language and language will continue to
grow over time, this also affects the theory and opinions of linguists
regarding metaphors. Opinions on linguistics, especially in the field of
metaphor, are numerous and varied. Each linguist has their own theory
regarding the meaning of metaphors and types of metaphors.
Meaning in semantics is divided into two parts, namely literal
meaning and non-literal meaning. Literals are based on the actual word,
while non-literals are the opposite. There are two ways of expressing ideas
that deviate from semantic terms, some of which are the use of idioms and
figurative language.
8 Kreidler.C. (2002)Introducing English Semantic.London: Routledge 11 New Fetter lane
8
B. Metaphor
Metaphor or commonly known as figurative language which
compares an object or object as a metaphor which has a certain meaning
and that meaning can be understood based on the knowledge of each one
who hears or reads metaphorical words.
Metaphor is also defined as the use of words or groups of words not
with their true meaning, but as paintings based on similarities or
comparisons.9 Metaphor is a word or expression whose meaning is
figurative and not literal because metaphor serves to explain a concept.
The concept becomes easier to understand and the effect becomes
stronger. The metaphor is described as the most important part of using
stylistics and achieving its best form in written or literary language.
Metaphor is something that has meaning in another way and its main
function is understanding. Metaphor is a linguistic phenomenon that
applies at the semantic level metaphor is related to the relationship
between one word and another in forming a meaning. Metaphor means
penetrating, that is, penetrating linguistic meaning metaphor is classified
as figurative language (figure of speech), such as comparison, but it does
not use the word comparison. Metaphor states something that is equal or
valued at other things, which are not the same thing metaphor is seen as a
unique form of language, and can also be strange because the word
relations in the metaphor go beyond the boundaries of literal language
relations that have been mutually agreed upon in everyday
communication.
Metaphor is for most people a set of poetic and rhetorical imaginations
that develop into extraordinary problems rather than ordinary language.
9 Kridalaksana, Harimurti. 1982. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia
9
Metaphors are also usually seen as characteristic of language, problems of
words rather than problems thought or action and this may be the reason
why metaphor has connotative rather than denotative meaning.
In addition, metaphors are the implicit comparisons that most often use
parables. This means that metaphor is a kind of figurative language that
implicitly compares two objects.10
According to a semantic review, Ullman (1972:218) there are four
main groups that occur in various languages and styles of language, there
are four categories of metaphors, namely:
1. Anthropomorphic metaphor (anthropomorphic metaphor)
Talk more about something that has a lot to do with the problems of
human life. Matters relating to living things which include behaviour,
behavior, nature, human characteristics. The bigger part of his expression
pointed to inanimate objects that were picked up with the way of
transferring from the human body and its parts as well as from feelings
and desires.11 So, the point is that the creation of anthropomorphic
metaphors starts from the human body or parts of the human body or the
value of the meaning and pleasures that humans have.
Then transferred to objects that are actually inanimate or inanimate,
perceived understood as alive or inanimate. Such metaphorical expressions
are known as personification styles. The creation of anthropomorphic
metaphors starts from the body or parts of the human body and is passed
on to objects that are really dead or dead, which are considered to be alive
10 Amstrong, N (2005). Translation, Linguistics, Culture: Frech-English Handbook. Great
Britain: Cromwell Press
11 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell
10
or dead. Metaphorical expressions known as examples of style
personification:
a). Palm tree waving.
b). His love was passionate.
c). Parks are the lungs of the city.
b). His love was passionate
c). Parks are the lungs of the city.
2. Animal metaphor (animal metaphor)
The biggest source of this comparison is the world of animals or
animals. This metaphor is based on the animal world in all its nature. In
this metaphor the most important thing is the association in comparing the
characteristics of animals with the characteristics of animals resembling
humans. In relation to it the comparison is not on limited to the properties
possessed but also the elements of the body. Metaphor animalistics is
formed based on the animal world so it involves a lot of body parts,
characteristics and behaviour.12
In general, based on the similarity of form which is quite clear so as
not to produce strong expressive power. In general, it is based on a fairly
clear similarity of form so that it does not produce a strong expressive
power.
example:
12 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell
11
a). To curse or scold someone for their actions, the metaphorical speech
used is "your dog, pig, buffalo". In this context a person is matched as
"pig or dog" because of their character or actions.
3. Metaphor from concrete to abstract (from concrete to abstract)
This metaphor arises because there is a transfer of experience from the
concrete to the concrete abstract or vice versa. One of the tendencies in
this metaphor is that the translation of abstract experiences into concrete
meanings. Basically a metaphor this type is to turn the unreal or unreal
atmosphere into real so that easy to understand.13 This type of metaphor
can be said to be the opposite of something that is abstract or vaguely
treated as something animate so that it can act concretely or animately.
Example:
a). Student star, student who is intelligent in school (as something concrete
or real) is stated as a student star (as something vague or abstract).
b). I wink lools like hanging in the middle of the heart his behaviour is
enchanting,hopefully forever a friend develop for the growth of a
thriving culture.
4. Synesthetic Metaphors (Synesthetic Metaphors)
The basis for the creation of this metaphor is the transfer of responses
based on experience from one meaning to another. In addition to
displacement occurs from sound to sight or sight and touch or touch.14
13 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell 14 Ullman, Stephen. (1972). Semantic: An Introduction to The Science of Meaning. Oxford Basil Blackwell
12
Metaphors of this type are basically the transfer or transfer from one
experience to another, or from one response to another. For example, "I
saw the sound". In general, sound is something that can be heard however,
in this speech the "voice" is treated as something that can be seen.
Example:
a). His presence was greeted with a sweet smile.
b). His eyes were cold on mine.
c). The bitterness of life.
C. Metaphorical functions
The function of metaphor according to Leech (1982) the function of
using metaphor in groups is divided into several types, namely:
1). Information function is meant by the information function here is the
use of language speech which metaphorically functions as a means of
delivering information about the speaker's thoughts and feelings to the
interlocutor.15 The characteristics of this function are the characteristics
implied in the message conveyed. These characteristics usually contain
ideas, beliefs, certainties, with elements that contain comparisons.
2). Expressive function is meant by metaphor, expressive function is the
delivery of the use of spoken language which metaphorically contains
the speaker's hopes and wishes to the interlocutor.16 Its characteristic is
implied meaning that it shows direction, encouragement, or hope.
15 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group 16 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group
13
3). The directive function is when the speech of a language metaphorically
contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence. Usually the
characteristics of this directive function are marked by the presence of
orders, instructions, threats, or questions.17
D. Review of Related Studies
There are several researchers who conduct research studies about
metaphor. The first research to conduct research on metaphors is Widya
Wahyuningtyas (2019), with the title “Metafora dan fungsi metafora dalam
novel Garis Waktu karya Fiersa Besari.” Which focuses on the types of
metaphors in the novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari. In this study, the
researcher used metaphor type theory and metaphor function theory and
used the different method with the change technique or markup reading
technique. The researcher found that there are three types of metaphors
used in Fiersa Besari novel Garis Waktu by Fiersa Besari, namely
personification, synthesis, and abstract to concrete.18
The second research, Angela Merici Ahut (2020), with the title “
Pemakaian gaya bahasa metafora dalam novel karya Tere Liye:kajian
semantic.” Which focuses on metaphorical language style in Tere Liye
novel, the researcher wants to explain the metaphorical language style and
its function. In this study the researcher used the Lakoffian metaphor
theory and this research is a qualitative descriptive study with data sources
from the novel Tere Liye. The techniques used by researchers are the
techniques of reading, taking notes and inventing. The researcher found
that there are four types of metaphorical language style in Tere Liye novel,
17 Leech, Geoffrey. (1982). Style in Fiction: A Linguistic Introduction to English Fictional Prose. London: Longman Publishing Group
18 Wahyuningtyas,Widya. (2019). Metafora Dan Fungsi Metafora Dalam Novel Garis Waktu
Karya Fiersa Besari. Universitas Sanarta Dharma. Yogyakarta
14
namely sinaesthetic metaphor, antroformis metaphor, animal metaphor,
concrete metaphor to abstract. 19
The third research is from Putri (2013) with the title "Expression of
metaphors in Andrea Hirata and Edensor John Colombo. This research
focuses on how metaphorical expressions in Indonesian are translated into
English insideIn this study, researchers used metaphorical function theory
and used a qualitative approach. The technique used is the reading
technique, taking notes. In this study, the researchers found that there are
two kinds of metaphors found in Edensor Andrea Hirata, namely the
metaphor of life and metaphor of death.
The fourth research is the research of Dian Mukhlisa (2014) with the
title "Metaphors of Love in Shakespeare's Works". This study focuses on
looking at the conceptual system of love metaphors contained in
Shakespeare's works and also describes the types of semantic fields of love
metaphors based on the hierarchy of human perception space according to
Michael C. Haley and also to see the percentage of each category of love
metaphor semantic field. This study uses the method of documentation and
presentation of the results of this study, namely by formal and informal
methods. The result of this research is that the concept system of the
metaphor of love found in Shakespeare's works is that there are 14 source
domains in explaining love and the metaphorical semantic field found
consists of 9 categories of fields the semantics of the love metaphor in
Shakespeare's work are, human, animate, living, object, terrestrial,
substance, energetic, cosmos, and being.20
19 Ahut Merici Angela. (2020).Pemakaian gaya bahasa metafora dalam novel Tere Liye:Kajian semantic. Yogyakarta. Universitas sanata dharma 20 Mukhlisa Dian. (2014). Metafora cinta dalam karya-karya shakespare. Universitas gadjah mada
15
The difference between this study and previous researchers is that
there are metaphorical objects and words and in this study the researcher
focuses on the types and functions of metaphors contained in the novel
The Shack by WM Paul Young which will be indiscussed by researcher.
16
CHAPTER III
METHOD OF THE RESEARCH
A. Design of the research
Research is a result of finding, developing, and testing the knowledge
corrections using method of research.21 In the other word, when there is the
problem about something that has not been clear, research appearance is
needed. In order to do the research, methodology is necessary to help find the
result of the research. Method represents a compulsion to be used in the study
and it is a way that is used by the researcher in the collecting data.
Methodology is a scientific method to collect the data with a goal and certain
application. In the other word, research methodology is the way the research
use to collect the data, analyze the data, and make a conclusion from the data
which has collected. In order to give valid and reliable data, the research
method is very important for a research and for accurate.
In this study, researcher used qualitative research with descriptive
methods in accordance with the objectives of this study. Qualitative research
is usually in the form of descriptive and data collected in the form of words
and research results are presented in the form of quotations. Descriptive
method is a research that aims to describe a phenomenon accurately based on
the characteristics of the research. In this study, researcher will use descriptive
methods to identify, describe, Analyze and classify various types of Ullman
metaphors in the novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. According to Nyoman
Khuta Ratna:
“Kualitatif lebih memberikan perhatian terhadap data-data
alamiah,data yang berhubungan dalam konteks keberadaan. Cara ini lah
21 Hadi.S.(1981).Metodologi Research. Yogyakarta:Penerbitan Fakultas Psikologi
17
yang mendorong metode kualitatif menjadi metode yang multi metode
sebab penelitian pada gilirannya yang relevan. Dalam penelitian karya
sastra misalnya makan] akan dilibat kan pengarang, lingkungan sosial
dimana pengarang berada termasuk unsur-unsur kebudayaan.”22
Based on the quote above, it can be understood that the descriptive
method can be used in this study because this method does not only discuss
the intrinsic aspects of the literary work but also relates to the extrinsic
aspects of the literary work it self descriptive method can also be called a
multi-method. Descriptive, namely the data collected in the form of words,
pictures and not numbers, so it is caused by the application of the descriptive
method. According to Moh Nazir also added that :
“Deskriptif adalah bertujuan untuk membuat membuat deskripsi,
gambaran atau lukisan secara sistematis, factual dan akurat mengenai
fakta-fakta, sifat-sifat yang berhubungan antar fenomena yang di
selidiki.”23
Descriptive is the data collected, namely in the form of words,pictures,
this is because the qualitative method analyzes the descriptive data in the
form of writing, orally on the object to be examined and this will make it
easier for researcher to researching the object being studied and descriptive
data in the form of oral and written will also be assisted by descriptive
methods, it will help researcher to get the correct answers to questions in
analyzing types and functions metaphor in the novel The Shack by WM Paul
Young.
B. Source of Data
22 Ratna, Nyoman Kuta. 2007. Teori, Metode dan Teknik Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta:Pustaka Pelajar 23 Moh. Nazir,2011. Metode Penelitian,(Bogor: Penerbit Ghalia Indonesia), p. 54.
18
In this study, the researcher used primary data from the novel The Shack
by WM Paul Young. The data obtained is the main data which will be directly
related to the discussion in this study. Novel The Shack by WM Paul Young
first released in 2008 in Great Britain by Hodder & Stoughton An Hachette
Livre UK company with a total of 248 pages.
C. Technique of Data Collection
To get the correct data in this study, researcher used documentation
techniques in data collection techniques. Sudaryono stated that
"Documentation activity is an activity that aims to obtain data directly from
the place of research, including books, activity reports, photos, films and data
relevant to research".24 Meaning that documentation is an effort to obtain data
related to the object of research. This data can be obtained through direct
observation of objects or books, reports, pictures, and films that are directly
related to these objects. He added that "Documents in the form of images for
example photographs, live drawings, sketches and others". Based on this
quote, the researcher reads the novel The Shack by William P Young and
collects the data by making notes of metaphorical words that you want to
study.
The data collection technique in this study is carried out by using
primary data sources, namely the novel The Shack by William P Young. In
this research technique the steps are:
1. Reading
The researcher will read related sources, namely from the novel
The Shack. According Hodgson states reading is a process that is
carried out and used by readers forget the message the writer wants to
24 Sudaryono,2006. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta : PT Raja Grafindo Persada
19
convey through words written language media.25 In relation to reading,
one type of reading will be used by the researcher as a technique for
obtaining data or information, namely reading carefully. The researcher
will read carefully and carefully as well reading related paragraphs and
sentences, so that researcher can find the data in question, especially
words, phrases, and sentences that are suspected of containing
metaphorical language styles.
2. Taking notes
The next step that the researcher will make a taking notes and the
researcher will record the results of the findings from the data source.
The phrases or sentences that are suspected of being the metaphorical
language style contained in the novel. By taking notes this will make it
easier for the researcher to collect data.
3. Identifying
The next step is to identify or identify findings in the form of
phrases or sentences that are suspected of being metaphors in this study.
D. Technique of Data Analysis
Data analysis is a process to be able to find out all descriptions of the
data that have been collected whether the data is in accordance with what is
needed and the data is used to answer the problem formulation in the analysis
data. The researcher explains the data analysis found in the novel The Shack
by WM Paul Young In qualitative research, the data analysis technique is
used to answer the formulation of the problem.26 In this study the researcher
used a descriptive analysis technique because this research was descriptive
therefore.
25 Tarigan, Henry Guntur.1985. Pengajaran Gaya Bahasa. Bandung: Penerbit. Angkasa 26 Siswanto, Metode Penelitian Sastra. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. 20100. P. 73
20
After the data is collected, the researcher will take several steps to
analyze the data so that this research becomes more specific. The steps used
by the researcher are:
1. Data collection
Data collection is the result of data collection techniques through
observation and documentation.
2. Data Reduction
Data reduction is the process of selecting the main data to focus on,
to focus on the most important data and get rid of unnecessary data.
Guide lines for data reduction are the objectives of the study. Data
reduction is an a sensitive thinking processvery smart and insightful.
3. Data Display
Presentation of data is the process of compiling the results of data
reduction which is carried out only by explaining, compiling, and
connecting categories. The data display helps the researcher to
understand what happened and to do further analysis or caution for
understanding it.
4. Verification / Data Conclusion
The conclusion of verification is the result of the analysis which
answers the research problem based on data analysis the conclusion is
the final stage of research. The results of the analysis, the author
conclude and the answer to the formula is in the form of descriptive
analysis
This conclusion is proven by looking back at the results of data
reduction and data presentation after the data has been collected, so that
21
the conclusions drawn do not deviate from the research problem. As a
whole, to analyze data, file researcher must find and collect data in the
field to be studied later. Researcher select data relevant to the research
to solve
22
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND ANALYSIS
A. Finding
In this research question in number 1 the researcher found that there were
several types of metaphors, based on the data obtained, namely there animal
metaphors, anthropomorphic metaphors, and synesthetic metaphors obtained by
researcher in the novel The Shack. Based on the 4 types of metaphors according to
the Ullman theory, the researcher got 3 data from these types of metaphors, 2 data
from animal metaphors, 10 data from metaphors anthropomorphic, and 3 data
from synesthetic metaphor type.
In research question number 2, the researcher found that there were several
metaphorical functions contained in the novel The Shack, namely there were
information functions, expressive functions, and directive functions. Based on the
3 metaphor functions according to the Leech theory, the researcher found 3
metaphorical functions in The Shack, namely 7 data from the information
function, 3 data from the expressive function, and 3 data from the directive
function.
B. Analysis
1. Types of metaphor
a. Animal metaphor
In this type of animal metaphor, the researcher found that there are 2
data contained in the novel The Shack. This type of metaphor usually uses
animal body parts or animal names or something related to animals to
describe something. An analytical explanation of the animal metaphor
found is as follows:
Datum 01
23
“In a blind rage, Mack grabbed the nearest chair and flung
it at the window.”27
The datum 01 above we can understand that Mack has vented his anger
blindly or viciously. In the text above there is the word rage, which we
know pig is the name of an animal that belongs to a vicious animal when it
is angry, even pigs can kill humans if they feel threatened and angry. From
the sentence blindly contained in the quote, it can be understood what is
meant by indulging in anger blindly, namely releasing anger and emotions
brutally and uncontrollably like a pig that would attack anyone when it felt
threatened.
Datum 02
“Living unloved is like clipping a bird's wings and
removing its ability to fly.”28
The datum 02 above, it explains about life without being loved is like
breaking a bird's wing. In the text, it uses the word bird which is the name
of an animal that relies on its wings to fly like humans use their feet to
walk. So if a bird's wing is broken, his life will be very tormented because
he cannot fly to find food and survive and the bird will eventually die
because of hunger or be eaten byother animals. Likewise with the meaning
of the text quote above, that is, someone's life will slowly be destroyed
because they are not loved.
b. Antrhopomorphic metaphor
In this type of anthropomorphic metaphor, the researcher found 6
metaphorical data of this type, usually known as the type of
27 Ibid (p 78) 28 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 97)
24
personification. An analytical explanation of this type of metaphor that has
been found by researcher is as follows:
Datum 01.
“Flower bloomed everywhere and the mix of floral
fragrances and pungent herbs aroused hints of memories
long forgotten. He had always heard that the nose was the
best link to the past, that the olfactory sense was the
strongest for tapping into forgotten history, and now some
long-stored remembrances of ghis own childhood flitted
through his mind”29
The datum 01 above explains that the nose is the best link to the past,
the word he in the text refers for Mack and the meaning of the text is that
the nose is a sense of smell that is present in the human body which has a
function to smell food, trash or other things such as smells good, foul and
so on. In the text above there is a sentence connecting to the past which
means that the nose can recognize the smell of something that has been
smelled before, for example, like the smell of someone's perfume that we
know and have not been for a long timemeet and when we accidentally
smell the same perfume as someone we know, then we will remember it
only because we smell the same perfume as that person. Therefore, the
nose is called the best link with the past.
Datum 02
“Suddenly Mack wanted to ask a thousand questions, or
say a thousand things, some of them unspeakable and
terrible. He was sure that his face betrayed the emotions he
was battling to control, and then in a flash of a second he
29 Ibid (p 81)
25
shoved everything back into his battered hearts closet,
locking the door on the way out.”30
The datum 02 above mentions that he kept his sadness in the cupboard
of his heart and locked the door. As it is known, the wardrobe is an object
that functions to store something, It can be a type of clothing and others.
So what he means to store in his heart's cupboard is that he returns to
storing all of his sadness in the deepest depths of his heart and locks it or
buries it so that no one knows about the sadness that is being he feels.
Datum 03
“Mack felt a creeping panic begin to penetrate his
consciousness. He had tried to avoid thinking about what
he was doing and just keep putingone foot in front of the
other, but like grass pushing through concrete, the
repressed feelings and fears somehow began to poke
through.”31
The datum 03 above, it can be understood that Mack is in fear and
doubt, he is trying to get rid of his fear, but the fear seems to be very
strong and increasingly comes to the surface. Like the sentence contained
in the text above, which is like grass forcing it through solid concrete. We
know that the grass is small and weak will still be able to pass through the
very solid concree and in the end will still appear on the surface like that is
the fear that is being felt by Mack fear that always forces to appear no
matter how hard she tried to suppress it so that the fear would disappear
and her doubts would also disappear.
Datum 04
30 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 90) 31 Ibid (p 74)
26
“His heart exploded like a flash flood releasing his pent-
up anger and letting it rush down the rocky canyons of his
emotions.”32
The datum 04 above, it can be understood that Mack is in a state of
chaos and filled with anger which is very difficult to control. In the text
quote above there is a metaphorical sentence or a sentence that uses
figurative language, namely the heart overflows like a flash flood which
we can understand is a flash flood, namely the flow of water that
overflows to the surface which causes itdamage in various places that
cannot be stopped, then we can understand that the meaning of his heart
overflowing like a flash flood, namely a feeling of anger that has become
uncontrollable and cannot be controlled anymore.
Datum 05
“They're just full of vinegar and fizz. Lots of anger and, I
must say, with some good reason too. They’re just some of
my kids, showin’ and spoutin’ off. I am especially fond of
those boys, you know. Yup I will be keeping my eye
on’em”33
The datum 05 above which states that they look like a bottle full of
soda bubbles. Those who are referred to in the text are children and bottles
filled with soda bubbles that draw on the feelings of children who are still
excited and curious about various kinds of new things and have emotions
that are not yet can be controlled so that it often explodes like a bottle full
of soda bubbles that often exceeds the capacity of the bottle.
Datum 06
32 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 78) 33 ibid (p 91)
27
“it was perfect, smooth as glass, except for the occasional
trout leaping after its breakfast sending circles of miniature
waves radiating across the deep blue surface until they
were slowly absorbed back into the larger surface. Mack
estimated the far side was about a half mile away. Dew
sparkled everywhere, diamond like teart of the early
morning reflecting the sun's love.”34
The datum 06 above, it says that dawn drops of water are like
diamonds reflecting the love of the sun. Dawn tear drops, that is, as is
known, dawn is the time of morning, so what we mean by dawn tear drops
are morning dew drops, while the diamonds that reflect the love of the sun,
as it is known, are very clear dew and diamonds too also has a clear color
which when exposed to the reflection of sunlight it will become shiny.
Then the meaning of the text above is that morning dew drops sparkle
because they are exposed to the sun, so it is the same as a diamond
exposed to the sun which causes it to sparkle.
Datum 07
“They nodded and Mack headed at a slow trot toward the
closest showers noticing for the first time that he was
barefoot and shirtless.”35
Datum 07 above it can be understood that Mack is walking to the
bathroom and he doesn't realize that he is barefoot and not wearing clothes
which makes him look very messy by reading the text, we can understand
that Mack not wearing body and leg protection. Because the figurative
barefoot means not wearing any kind of sandals or shoes that are used to
protect or cover one's feet.
34 ibid (p 117) 35 ibid (p 44)
28
Datum 08
“Some were horrible ghastly snapshots of torture and pain;
of monsters and demons of the deepest dark with barbwire
fingers and razor touches;of Missy screaming for her daddy
and no one answering.”36
Datum 08 above is a monster of dense darkness with thorny fingers
and a razor-sharp touch. From the sentence it can be said that the sentence
is included in this type of metaphor because fingers and touch are only
owned by living things and razor sharp are inanimate objects. Then the
sentence fingers and razor-sharp touch are those that start from the body
parts of animate beings are transferred to inanimate objects.
Datum 09
“They were quiet for a few minutres, except for some
grunting as rocks were thrown and the sounds they made
skipping across the water.”37
Datum 9 above contains the sentence sound of stones jumping up
and down, as it is known that stones are included as inanimate objects and
jumping is a movement carried out by living things. Then the sentence is
said to be included in this type of metaphor because inanimate or
inanimate objects are considered as living objects that can move as if
animate.
Datum 10
“His gaze went to the ground. He again felt a million years
old, almost wishing he could somehow turn himself into a
big unfeeling rock.”38
36 ibid (p 53) 37 ibid (p 149) 38 ibid (p 62)
29
Datum 10 in the text quote above there is a sentence that turns him
into a big rock that has no feelings. Then the sentence above can be said to
enter into this type of metaphor, namely because it describes humans as
living beings who want to turn into a rock that is heartless and is an
inanimate object that does not live.
c. Synesthetic metaphor
Synesthetic metaphor is a movement from one response to another.
An explanation of this type of metaphor is like the following analysis:
Datum 01
“He knew he was driving straight into the center of his pain
the vorter of the great sadness that had so diminished his
sense of being alive.”39
The datum 01 above, there is a sentence which states about the vortex
of sadness which is meant by the center of sadness, namely, as we know,
the center is a fulcrum which is the core. Then the center of sadness can be
tied to the core of the sadness which causes Mack to not have the
enthusiasm to live anymore because his sadness is too deep.
Datum 02
“The image of his daughter fighting off some perverted
monster was like a fist to the stomach. Almost succumbing
to the sudden blacknes that threatened to smother him,
Mack leaned on the table to keep from passing out or
throwing up.”40
Datum 02 above there is a sentence almost helpless against the
darkness that came suddenly and wanted to suffocate him. As we know
39 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 74) 40 ibid (p 49)
30
that darkness in general cannot suffocate a person. So what is meant by
darkness here is the feeling of disappointment, anger, worry that Mack
feels because he can't take care of his daughter properly.
Datum 03
“As he sat mesmerized by the fire and wrapped in its
warmth, he prayed, mostly prayers of thanks giving. He had
been given so much. Blessed was probably the right
word.”41
Datum 03 above contains a sentence enchanted by fire and wrapped in
warmth. As explained by the sentence above, it explains that fire is an
object that cannot move on its own and act. But here it is explained that
fire can wrap and provide warmth.
2. Function of metaphor
a. Information function
The information function is the use of language which usually
contains information about the thoughts and feelings of the person
speaking, the information function usually also contains elements of
comparison. An analytical explanation of the function of this type of
metaphor that has been found by researcher such as the analysis below:
Datum 01
“But Kate was able to regain bragging rights later that
afternoon when she landed three-sized lake throut.”42
From the text excerpt above, it explains that Kate and Josh raced
around the go-kart track and Josh came out victorious and that made Kate
41 ibid (p 39) 42 Ibid (p 34)
31
annoyed. but Kate was able to brag again because she had caught three
fish and Josh had not.
The datum 01 above, it can be understood that the function of the
information contained in the text is to tell that Kate is still able to lie or
exaggerate a story even though she lost the race with Josh. But he already
managed to get 3 big trouth so he still had some bragging rights.
Datum 02
“His heart exploded like a flash flood releasing his pent-
up anger and letting it rush down the rocky canyons of his
emotions.”43
From the text quote above, which tells that Mack saw his
daughter's missy dress which had been lost and was declared dead and
when Mack saw the dress his feelings could no longer be held.
The datum 02 above explains that Mack could no longer hold back the
emotions and sadness that had been buried for so long that now when he
arrived at the hut he could not hold it anymore so he didpouring all his
sadness like a flash flood that flows very swiftly and can not be controlled.
Then the function of his heart's metaphor is to overflow like a flash flood,
which is to tell that emotions and sadness are like an overflow of flood
water that cannot be controlled.
Datum 03
“In a blind rage, Mack grabbed the nearest chair and flung
it at the window.”44
43 Ibid (p 78) 44 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 78)
32
In the text above, it explains that Mack can no longer control his
anger and sadness because Mack returns to the place where his son
disappeared and is declared dead.
The datum 03 above, it is explained that Mack can no longer hold
back his emotions so he can vent his emotions at will until he no longer
has the strength to vent his emotions. Thus, from the text above, the reader
will understand that the information conveyed is that Mack is unable to
control himself in releasing his emotions, the word blindly in the text is to
describe an outburst of anger cannot be controlled so that it takes it out in
various ways until it makes its energy run out like a rampaging pig that
won't stop until its opponent surrenders or dies.
Datum 04
“Living unloved is like clipping a bird's wings and
removing its ability to fly.”45
The text quote above states that life without love is very empty, that's
what Mack has felt since the death of his daughter, Missy, who died
without her body being found.
The datum 04 above, there is information that explains that life without
being loved is like breaking a bird's wing which is meant by breaking a
bird's wing, which is to take all happiness and its life is not will be perfect
because in essence every living thing needs a partner to love each other.
Just as a human being is imperfect without having legs that are useful for
walking, so is a bird that cannot fly without wings.
Datum 05
45 Ibid (p 97)
33
“They're just full of vinegar and fizz. Lots of anger and, I
must say, with some good reason too. They’re just some of
my kids, showin’ and spoutin’ off. I am especially fond of
those boys, you know. Yup I will be keeping my eye
on’em”46
The text above explains that Papa or his usual call to God is
explaining to Mack that children who die will be in a place in heaven, they
will be happy and always supervised by Papa and Papa is also reassuring
rightthat he loved the children because they were like bottles full of
vinegar and soda bubbles.
The datum 05 above, it is explained that children are emotionally like
soda bubbles in an overflowing bottle like children who are still filled with
anger that is difficult to overcome control.
Datum 06
“It was perfect, smooth as glass, except for the occasional
trout leaping after its breakfast sending circles of miniature
waves radiating across the deep blue surface until they
were slowly absorbed back into the larger surface. Mack
estimated the far side was about a half mile away. Dew
sparkled everywhere, diamond like tearts of the early
morning reflecting the sun's love.”47
From the text above, which tells that Mack is sitting on the edge of the
lake which looks very beautiful, sometimes fish appear jumping and the
dew that looks sparkling around the lake looks like sparkling
diamondsexposed to sunlight.
46 Ibid (p 91) 47 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 117)
34
The datum 06 above explains about dew water in the morning that
sparkles when exposed to sunlight. Then from the text above there is a
comparison sentence, namely dewdrops which are likened to droplets of
subu tears and also the sparkle of dew water exposed to the sun is like
diamonds that will sparkle when exposed to light. In the text quote above
also explains the beautiful sparkle of dew on the morning sun.
Datum 07
“Flower bloomed everywhere and the mix of floral
fragrances and pungent herbs aroused hints of memories
long forgotten. He had always heard that the nose was the
best link to the past, that the olfactory sense was the
strongest for tapping into forgotten history, and now some
long-stored remembrances of ghis own childhood flitted
through his mind.”48
The text above tells that Mack smelled the smell of blooming flowers
and the aroma of herbs that made Mack remember his past memories with
the scent wafting through his nose.
The datum 07 above explains that the nose is the best reminder of the
past. The best information function in the sentence is to tell you that the
nose or the sense of smell can be a means for someone to remember
something that happened in the past like Mack returning to seeing and
holding her son's lost red dress. Because Mack kissed the dress, it caused
him to remember his past with his son, Missy before being declared
missing.
Datum 08
48 Ibid (p 81)7
35
“Mack felt a creeping panic begin to penetrate his
consciousness. He had tried to avoid thinking about what
he was doing and just keep putingone foot in front of the
other, but like grass pushing through concrete the
repressed feelings and fears somehow began to poke
through.”49
From the text above, which tells that Mack feels fear and panic but he
tries to get rid of his fear. But the feeling just keeps on coming and getting
worse.
The datum 08 above explains how a grass tries to penetrate a solid
concrete as well as the fear and anxiety felt by Mack who has tried to
suppress fear and anxietyhis. However, this fear and anxiety only becomes
stronger and harder to control. In the text above there is a comparative
sentence, namely fear and anxiety that are difficult to control compared to
a grass trying to slowly penetrate a concrete.
b. Expressive function
The expressive function is a delivery of language usage which
metaphorically contains an element of hope, encouragement or shows a
hope. An analytical explanation of the function of this type of metaphor
that has been found by researcher is like the explanation of the analysis
below:
Datum 01
49 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 74)
36
“Perhaps this is what it was like to experience a complete
psychotic break. I’m losing it, Mack whispered to
himself.”50
The datum 01 above which explains that Mack was so depressed that
he himself felt like a madman. As in the expressive function which also
contains a push, Mack, who already feels like a madman because of the
impulse from within himself, cannot escape the death of his son, Missy,
who has disappeared and died without knowing his body and it affected
Mack's life and psyche.
Datum 02
“Suddenly Mack wanted to ask a thousand questions, or
say a thousand things, some of them unspeakable and
terrible. He was sure that his face betrayed the emotions he
was battling to control, and then in a flash of a second he
shoved everything back into his battered hearts closet,
locking the door on the way out.”51
From the text quote above, which tells that Mack has many questions
in his heart that he wants to ask. But Mack didn't dare to ask and in the end
he kept it under wraps.
The datum 02 above which explains that Mack has buried his sadness
in the bottom of his heart so that no one will know about his sadness.
Mack hopes that his sadness only himself knows about it like the sentence
contained in the text above which states that he returned to throwing into
the cupboard of his heart, the cupboard of the heart which means the inner
heart the deepest as in the expressive function which also contains hope
50 Ibid (p 81) 51 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 90)
37
and Mack also hopes that his sadness is not known by anyone so he keeps
his own sadness.
c. Directive function
The directive function is when the speech of a language
metaphorically contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence.
Usually the characteristics of this directive function are marked by the
presence of orders, instructions, threats, or questions. An analytical
explanation of the function of this type of metaphor that has been found by
researcher such as the analysis below:
Datum 01
“Mack sat in his emotionally spent stupor, weighing the
options in the feel of the gun. A cold breeze brushed past
his face and part of him wanted to just lie down and freeze
to death, he was so exhausted”52
From the text above it explains that Mack is stuck in an emotional
confusion so he is not sure whether to continue his journey to the hut or
not.
From datum 01 above, it can be understood that Mack can't control his
emotions and sadness because of the loss of his child Missy and Mack is
confused about what to do on the one hand he wants to go to the place
where his son lost but on the other hand he too want to lie down and be
quiet. Mack is always stuck in the pain of grief.
Datum 02
“But as he stared it seened for a moment to transform into
an evil face, twisted in some demonic grimace, looking
52 Ibid (p 79)
38
straight back at him and daring him to approach. Ignoring
the rising panic he was feeling, Mack walked with resolve
down the last hundred yards and up onto the porch.”53
Datum 02 above, it can be understood that Mack felt a deep panic
when he returned to see the hut where his son was lost in fear and Mack's
panic saw the hut like laughing at him and the hut became like an evil face
which was very scary like the face of a demon that defied and gave
instructions for Mack to come closer Mack finally ignored his fear and
continued walking towards the hut.
Datum 03.
“His eyes darkened and his hands tightened on the steering
wheel as he fought the temptation at every off-ramp to turn
around and go home. He knew he was driving straight into
the center of his pain the vorter of the great sadness that
had so diminished his sense of being alive.”54
Datum 03 above, it can be understood that at first Mack was still
not sure to return to the hut where his daughter disappeared and finally
because of the urge from his heart to find out about his daughter. Then
Mack himself realized that going back to the shack would make him
remember his past, the loss of his daughter, which made him unable to
smile anymore and made him unable to feel happiness. However, Mack
himself has not been able to give up his lost and dead daughter without
being able to meet her daughter's body, which causes him to be very
devastated and very depressed.
53 Young, WM Paul.2008. The Shack. Great Britain: Hodder & Stoughton An Hacheete Livre UK company (p 77) 54 Ibid (p 74)
39
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter discusses the conclusions and suggestions of this research, after
the researcher finds the types and functions of metaphors contained in the novel
The Shack which are analyzed based on the theory of types and functions
metaphor, the researcher provides conclusions and suggestions to the reader.
A. Conclusion
1. The researcher concludes that there are three types of metaphors found in the
novel The Shack by WM Paul Young. The first type is namely animal
metaphor, namely figurative language or metaphor which often uses
comparisons with the body or the name of the animal. Further more, there is a
second type of metaphor is the anthropomorphic metaphor, which is a
figurative language or metaphor which is also known as personification which
often uses human body parts and inanimate objects. The third type of metaphor
is synesthetic metaphor, which is a transfer of experience to other experiences
that can be understood or felt even though they cannot be seen. Not many
people readily understand metaphorical sentences or words. Even when
someone hears or reads a sentence that uses metaphor or figurative language,
some of them have to read or hear it over and over in order to understand the
meaning of the metaphor because it usually is too understand that metaphor can
also be influenced by one's knowledge.
2. The researcher concludes that there are three metaphorical functions in the
novel The Shack by WM Paul Young, namely information function, expressive
function and directive function. Information function, namely the use of
figurative language or metaphor that contains meaning or information to be
conveyed, usually this type of function uses comparative words and the
researcher found that there were eight related data with this type of function.
40
Furthermore, there is an expressive function, namely the use of spoken
language which metaphorically contains an expectation and desire to be
conveyed to the interlocutor or those who are listening and the researcher has
found two data associated with functions of this type. Furthermore, the last one
is an directive function is when the speech of a language metaphorically
contains elements that can affect attitudes, independence and in this type of
function the researcher has found three data related to.The researcher
concluded that if a person can understand metaphors or figurative language
then he will easily understand the function and purpose that the author wants to
convey in a novel.
B. Suggestions
At the end of this thesis, the researcher will also give some suggestions,
namely:
1. For future researchers, researcher suggest that they can analyze novels with
the same topic about metaphor or figurative language and learn more about
metaphors in order to carry out more specific research about metaphors.
Researchers also suggest to study more deeply and broadly about metaphors
or figurative language in order to carry out more detailed research about
metaphors. Then the thesis can be input and useful for other researchers at
least for the researchers themselves.
2. For readers, researcher suggest that they can take the messages indicated in the
novel and get to know more about metaphors, because it can be useful
information to understand the meaning of each sentence which contains
metaphors so as to increase understanding of figurative language that is often
used by the public and also which is often found in literary works such as
novels.
41
3. Especially for English Literature students, researcher hope that they can learn
about figurative language or metaphor and can make a better thesis because it
is the closing of the English Literature course.
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APPENDIX I
Mack took his three children, namely Josh, Kate and Missy, for a vacation to
Lake Wallowa in northeastern Oregon to camp there while spending their
children's school holidays but his wife, Nan, did cannot come. On the way they
also stopped to buy painting tools for the children and Missy asked Mack to tell
her about the legend of a beautiful Indian girl, the daughter of the chief of the
Multnomah tribe.
After arriving at the lake they set up tents and they spent 3 days having fun
like Josh and Kate fishing so Kate managed to get 3 big fish. On the lake they also
became acquainted with a Ducettes family who had children the same age as
Mack's children who made the two families close and close.
On their last day of vacation Missy was sitting by the lake painting with the
equipment they bought before leaving and using the only clean clothes they had
left. Mack noticed Missy and realized when he heard a scream from Kate who
called him because Kate and Josh almost drowned in the lake while riding a canoe
without thinking Mack straight to the lake to save Josh and Kate and forget about
Missy. When Mack managed to save his children, he remembered that Missy had
been left alone. Mack began to look for Missy and did not find her, even after
being helped by the ducettes family and some police they still could not find
Missy, they found only a hair clip in the shape of a lady bug which was known to
be the identity of the kidnapper and finally Missy was declared missing and died
without finding her body.
Starting from the disappearance of Missy life, Mack and her family began to
change everything to be more silent, especially Kate who did not want to talk to
anyone because she felt guilty about Missy disappearance and one dayin winter
Mack checked the mailbox in front of his house.mack found a letter telling him to
come back to the hut where it was the place where his son Missy disappeared and
the letter was sent by papa or a term for God which is usually used by Nan wife
Mack.
Mack finally decided to go to the hut without his wife's knowledge and there
Mack managed to meet his lord, apparently they were divided into three, namely
Papa, Jesus, Sarayu. Mack is surprised because the ugly hut has turned into a very
beautiful building. Mack stayed there for several days and during that time Mack
always asked about why Missy had to be the victim of a sadistic kidnapping and
murder and Mack asked to be able to meet Missy which Mack finally gotsaw
Missy through a very beautiful waterfall. During his time with God, Mack became
convinced about the truth of the existence of God that made Mack able to find
Missy's body and bury her properly. On the way to his house Mack has an
accident that makes him forget whether the incident he met with God was real or
just a dream.
APPENDIX II
Tabel of kinds metaphor
No Kinds of metaphor
Metaphorical sentence Page of metaphor
in the novel The
Shack by WM
Paul Young
1 Animal metaphor -In a frenzy he pounded out his
rage until he was exhausted and
spent.
-Living unloved is like clipping
a bird’s wings and removing its
ability to fly.
-Page 78
-Page 97
2 Antrhopomorphic
metaphor
-He had always heard the the
nose was the best link to the
past.
-Then in a flash of a second he
shoved everything back into his
battered hearts closet locking
the door on the way out.
-They’re just full of vinegar and
fizz.
-Diamond like teart of the early
morning reflecting the sun’s
love.
-Like grass pushing through
concrete the represed feelings
and fears some how began to
-Page 81
-Page 90
-Page 91
-Page 117
-Page 74
-Page 78
poke through.
-His heart exploded like a flash
flood releasing his pent-up
anger and letting it rush down
the rocky canyons of his
emotions.
- They nodded and Mack
headed at a slow trot toward the
closest showers noticing for the
first time that he was barefoot
and shirtless.
-Some were horrible ghastly
snapshots of torture and pain; of
monsters and demons of the
deepest dark with barbwire
fingers and razor touches;of
Missy screaming for her daddy
and no one answering.
- His gaze went to the ground.
He again felt a million years
old, almost wishing he could
somehow turn himself into a big
unfeeling rock.
-Page 44
-Page 53
-Page 62
3 Synesthetic metaphor -He knew he was driving
straight into the center of his
pain,the vorter of the great
sadness that had so diminished
his sense of being alive.
-The image of his daughter
-Page 74
-Page 49
fighting off some perverted
monster was like a fist to the
stomach. Almost succumbing to
the sudden blacknes that
threatened to smother him,
Mack leaned on the table to
keep from passing out or
throwing up.
- As he sat mesmerized by the
fire and wrapped in its warmth,
he prayed, mostly prayers of
thanks giving. He had been
given so much. Blessed was
probably the right word.
-Page 39
Table of functions metaphor
No Functions of
metaphor
Methaporical sentence Page of metaphor
in the novel The
Shack by WM
Paul Young
1 Information function -But Kate was able to regain
bragging rights later that
afternoon when she landed
three-sized lake throut.
-His heart exploded like a flash
flood releasing his pen-up
anger and letting it rush down
the rocky canyons of his
emotions.
-In a frenzy he pounded out his
rage until he was exhausted
and spent.
-Living unloved is like clipping
a bird’s wings and removing its
ability to fly.
-They’re just full of vinegar
and fizz.
-Diamond like tearts of the
early morning reflecting the
sun’s love.
-He had always heard that the
nose was the best link to the
past.
-Like grass pushing through
-Page 34
-Page 78
-Page 78
-Page 97
-Page 91
-Page 117
-Page 81
-Page 74
concrete the represed feeling
and fears somehow began to
poke through.
2 Expressive function -Perhaps this is what it was like
to experience a complete
psychotic break.
-Then in a flash of a second he
shoved everything back into
his battered hearts closet,
locking the door on the way
out.
-Page 81
-Page 90
3 Emotive function -Mack sat in his emotionally
spent stupor, weighing the
options in the feel of the gun.
-But as he stared it seened for a
moment to transform into an
evil face, twisted in some
demonic grimace.
-He knew he was driving
straight into the center of his
pain the vorter of the great
sadness that had so dimished
his senseof being alive.
-Page 79
-Page 77
-Page 74
