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Greenhouse Gas MitigationOptions from Rice Field

Sirintornthep Towprayoon

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and EnvironmentKing Mongkuts University of Technology Thonburi

Bangmod, Bangkok, Thailand 10140

Presented at In-session workshop on Climate Change Mitigation 19 Bonn 2004, Maritim Hotel,Bonn

mailto:sirin@jgsee.kmutt.ac.thmailto:sirin@jgsee.kmutt.ac.th

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Background

Rice fields contribute approximately 9-13percent of the global greenhouse gases

Methane and nitrous oxide are the dominantGHG emission

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Mechanism

To implement mitigation options need well understandingof the emission mechanisms

Interaction between rice plant, microbe, the environmentalcondition in the soil, and the cultural condition of the

farmer Methane produced by methanogen under anaerobic

condition in the rice field

Nitrous oxide produced by nitrifying and denitrifying

bacteria under the anoxic condition Rice plant, during reproductive growth excrete some

essential nutrient and activated microbial growth

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Denier van der Gon, 1996].

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Production

Emission

soil properties

Rice varieties

fertilizer

Indigenous Microorganisms

Root exudates

Growth and development Height, mass,density

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Production

Emission

Anaerobic and anoxic condition

Rice varieties

water regimes

Indigenous Microorganisms

Height, mass,density

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Mitigation options

Factor affecting GHG emission

Land preparation

Seed preparation

Rice varieties

Fertilizer application

Water management

Harvesting and fallow period

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Land preparation

Wet land levelDry land level

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Plowing

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Seed preparation

Direct seeding

Pre-germinated seed and seedlings

Transplanting or Casting

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Harvesting

http://www.heggestad.com/thailand/ppages/ppage23.htm

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The choice of mitigation options

Ultimate goal : High yield and GHGs reduction

Economic aspect Low cost : investment, labor, machinery

Market : positive expandable market, good price Governmental subsidy

Social aspect

Acceptable by farmers Easy to implement

Undisturbed farmer way of life

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Impact of mitigation options on ricecultivation

Mitigationoptions

GHGreduction

Increasedinvestment

IncreaseLaborcost

Influenceculturalpractice

Easy toimplement

Landpreparation

Yes yes Yes/no yes no

Seedlingpractice

Not clear no yes yes no

Rice varieties Not clear yes no no yes

FertilizerApplication

yes yes/no no no yes

WaterManagement

yes no no no yes

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Options chosen

Water management Reduce GHG Economic : not involved with investment

Easy to implement and being accepted byfarmer

Shifting fertilizer application Reduce GHG

Economic : less invesment

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Options of water management

In common practice, water was drained outof the field during vegetative period.

Drainage reduce methane but promote

nitrous oxideShifting drainage time from vegetative

period to reproductive period help reduce

methane production and emissionShorten drainage day also help reduce

nitrous oxide emission

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Methane emission and soil redox potentialfrom 4 different drainage rice fields

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Nitrous oxide and methane emissionfrom 4 different drainage rice fields

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Comparison to local method

NetGHGs

MethaneEmission

NitrousoxideEmission

Grainyield

Midseasondrainage

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Yield and GHG Emission

Area of irrigated rice field (local practice) is3 times greater than area of rain fed ricefield ( continuous flooding)

Three scenarios have been set up Continuous flooding and local practice (base

case)

Continuous flooding and midseason drainage

Continuous flooding and multiple drainage All midseason drainage

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Estimated economic comparison

Scenarios Total GWP(million tonsCO2equivalent)

Yield (milliontons/year)

Local Price(millionBaht/year )

Worldmarket Price(million US$)

Base case 54.4 45.6 341,678 10,706

Continuous+ Midseason

50.0(4.4) 44.6 334,310 10,475(231)

Continuous+ Multiple

48.7(5.7) 43.9 329,384 10,320(386)

AllMidseason

39.8(14.6) 42.6 319,519 10,011(695)

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Option of fertilizer application

Two time of fertilizer application : basalfertilizer and top dressing fertilizer

In general, urea is use as the commonfertilizer

Ammonium sulphate (inhibit methanogen)and ammonium phosphate ( promote riceplant growth ) was applied in substitute tourea

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Economic comparison

Scenarios Total GWP(million tonsCO2equivalent)

Yield (milliontons/year)

Local Price(millionBaht/year )

Worldmarket Price(million US$)

Base case 26.7 50.6 379,651 11,891

Ammoniumsulphate

22.5(4.2) 48.5 364,352 11,397(494)

Ammoniumphosphate

21.6(5.1) 49.0 367.547 11,515(376)

No fertilizer 20.6(6.1) 34.7 260,110 8,154(3737)

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Reduction and trading

Percentageof GHGreduction

Amount ofGHGReduction(Million tonsCO2

equivalent)

Percentageof tradingpricereduction

Range oftrading pricereduction(Million US$)

Watermanagement

8-27 % 4.4-14.6 2-6 `% 231-695

Fertilizerapplication

16-23 % 4.2-6.1 3-30 % 494-3737

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Conclusion(1)

GHG emission from rice field is survivalemission

The implementation need to be carefullyconsidered

The options should not impact on thefarmers way of life as well as theirs

investment but should promote theirsincome

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Conclusion(2)

Aprox. 25 percent of GHG reduction couldachieve in comparison to base case

Options to reduce GHGs impact on riceyield

Optimizing between GHG reduction andyield need to be concerned

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Acknowledgement

Thailand research fund

Ms. Saipin Poonkaew and Ms. KruamasSmaghan

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Thank you for your attention