METHODOLOGY:-shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/3505/10/10...44 METHODOLOGY:- To, fulfill...

44

METHODOLOGY:-

To, fulfill the objectives and aims of the study, monthly collection

was carried out from different stations at selected site. The samples were

collected monthly from April 2008 to April 2010.

[1] Ashwani kumar (Freshwater Zone, Inlet of Domestic Sewage and

cremation ground drainage).

[2] Nanpura (Intermediate Zone, Anthropogenic pollution and Inlet of

Sewage).

[3] Umara (Estuarine Zone, Anthropogenic pollution and Inlet of Sewage

and cremation ground drainage).

Subsurface water samples for Physico-Chemical and Biological

parameters were collected between 7:00 to 9:30 A.M, in 5lit.container,

which were previously cleaned with diluted HNO3 and detergent followed

by distilled water. Before sampling, they were again rinsed with sampling

water. After collection they were brought to the laboratory. The critical

parameter were analysed on the same day while for other parameters the

water sample was preserved at 40C in refrigerator. Temperature was

recorded immediately after collection at field it self and Dissolved oxygen

was fixed with Alkaline KI and Manganous sulphate at site itself.

The samples for heavy metals analysis were collected and acidified with

6N HNO3. Heavy metals in the water were estimated by using Atomic

Absorbance Spectrophotometer (AAS) after preconcentration by evaporation

of unfiltered samples in the presence of HCl and HNO3.

45

Phytoplankton sample were collected from river by using silk bolting

phytoplankton net. 50 liter of water was filtered through the net and

preserved immediately with 4% formalin and Lugol‘s iodine solution.

Plankton sample were collected as described in APHA (2005). For pigment

estimation 20 lit. Water was filtered through plankton net and analysed as

per described in APHA (2005).

MOUNTING OF DIATOMS:

The sample of diatoms taken in a test-tube is first rinsed by

centrifugation by using distilled water to clear the salt particles associated

with the samples. The tube with sample is then allowed to dry by removing

as much water as possible. To the tube some HCL was added. This dissolved

the calcareous matter and also loosens any diatoms that may be attached to

the debris. After one or two days the tubes well shaken and the solid matter

including the Diatoms is allowed to settle at the bottom, this could be

hastened by centrifuging. The acid is then decanted off and the sediment was

washed by adding water. Finally most of the water was poured-off and

concentrated H2SO4 was added slowly and carefully. Small crystals of

potassium dichromate were then added at intervals until red fumes are no

longer evolved. The sulfuric chromic acid mixture was then poured off and

water was added. If diatoms were not cleared then repeat acid dichromate

method till complete cleaning. The clean diatoms were then well washed

with water.Preserved it in 70% ethanol. For mounting on coverslip put a

drop of distilled water or 70% alcohol and heat the coverslip on lamp and

mounted with DPX. The ends of coverslip were packed with nail-polish.

46

Phytoplanktons were identified with the help of papers and books vitz.

Sarod and Kamat,(1984), Tripathi and Pandey,(1995), Tiwari and

Chauhan,(2007) and Desikachary, (1987-1991).

47

PLATE: 1

Map showing sampling locations

S1: Ashwani kumar.

S2: Nanpura.

S3: Umara.

S1

S2

S3

48

PLATE: 2

Site: 1

Ashwani kumar (Fresh Water Zone).

Inlet of Domestic Sewage.

49

PLATE- 3

Site: 2

Nanpura (Estuarine Zone).

50

PLATE-4.

Site: 3

Umara.(Estuarine Zone).

Inlet of cremation ground and domestic sewage

51

PLATE-5.-

Surface Water Sampling for Physico-Chemical Analysis.

PLATE-6.

Surface Water Sampling for Biological Analysis.

52

TABLE – 1 Water Quality Parameters

No. Parameter Method Source

1. Temperature Field Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

2. pH Electrometric Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

3. Dissolved oxygen Iodometric Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

4. BOD 3-day BOD Test APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

5. COD Open Reflux Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

6. Chloride Argentometric Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

7. H2S Titration Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

8. Heavy Metals Atomic Absorption Spectrometry APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

9. Ammoniacal nitrogen Nesslerization Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)

10. Nitrate Chromotopic acid Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)

11. Nitrite Colorimetric Method IS : 3025 (1988)(part-34)

12. Phosphate Vanadomolybdate Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

13. Silicate Molybdo Silicate Method APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

TABLE -2 Biological Parameters

1. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of

Phytoplankton community. APHA (21

ST ED) (2005)

2. Pigment Estimation APHA (21ST

ED) (2005)

53

WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS:-

PHYSICAL PARAMETER:-

1. TEMPERATURE

Measurement of surface water temperature;

The surface water temperature was measured by a mercury

thermometer of 0 to 1000 C. range.

Surface water was taken in a plastic container and its temperature

was recorded immediately by dipping the thermometer for about one

minute.

The atmospheric temperature was measured at the site itself.

CHEMICAL PARAMETER:-

2. pH

ELECTROMETRIC METHOD

PRINCIPAL: A glass surface in contact with hydrogen ions of the

solution under test, acquires an electrical potential which depends on

the concentration of hydrogen ion. A measure of the electrical

potential is, therefore, give hydrogen ion concentration or pH of the

solution.

PROCEDURE:

[1] pH of sample was measured by immersing electrode into the

beaker containing sample and reading on the display was recorded.

3. DO (Dissolved oxygen):

(WRINKLER’S IODOMETRIC METHOD)

PRINCIPAL: The manganese sulphate reacts with alkali to form a

white precipitate of manganous hydroxide, which in the presence of oxygen

gets oxidizing to a brown color compound, in the strong acid medium

manganese ions are reduced by iodide ions, which gets converted to iodine

equivalent to the original concentration of oxygen in the sample. Iodine can

be titrated against thiosulphate using starch as indicator.

REAGENTS:

1) Manganous sulphate

2) Alkaline potassium iodine

3) Sulphuric acid

4) Starch solution

5) Sodium thiosulphate(0.25 N)

54

PROCEDURE:

1) Sample was collected in a glass stoppered B.O.D. bottle of 300 ml

capacities. Due care was taken to avoid any kind of air bubble

trapping inside the bottle while filling the bottle. The stopper was

placed while bottle was below the water surface.

2) Two ml of manganous sulphate, followed by two ml of alkaline

potassium iodide was added below the surface from the wall of the

bottle. Then well mixed with the sample by inverting the bottle. All

the precipitate was allowed to settle down.

3) Two ml of concentrated sulphuric acid was added into the bottle and

the precipitate was completely dissolved by shaking the restoppered

bottle.

4) 100 ml. of supernatant was transferred into a conical flask and titrate

against sodium thiosulphate solution using starch as an indicator. At

the end point initial dark blue color changed to colorless.

CALCULATION:

Dissolved oxygen (mg/l):- V X N X 8 X 1000 V3 X V1—V2

V1

Where, V = volume of titrant

V1 = volume of sampling bottle

V2 = volume of manganous suphate+ KI (ml)

V3= volume of sample used for titration (ml)

8 = equivalent weight of oxygen

N = Normality of titrant

4. BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

WRINKLER METHOD (3-DAY BOD TEST)

PRINCIPAL:

BOD is the measure of the degradable organic material present in

a water sample, and can be defined as the amount of oxygen required

by the micro-organisms in stabilizing biologically degradable organic

matter aerobic conditions. The principle of the method involves,

measuring the differences of the oxygen concentration between the

sample and after incubating it for 3 days at 270 C.

APPARATUS AND REAGENTS: 1) BOD Bottles

2) BOD incubator (temperature control at 270 C.)

55

3) Phosphate buffer

4) Manganese sulphate

5) Calcium chloride

6) Ferric chloride

7) Sodium thiosulphate (0.25 N).

PROCEDURE:

1) Dilution water was prepared in a glass container by bubbling

compressed air in distilled water for about one day.

2) 1 ml each Phosphate buffer, Manganese sulphate, Calcium

chloride, Ferric chloride solutions were added for each liter of

dilution water and mixed thoroughly.

3) Sample was neutralized to a pH of around 7.0 by using 1 N NaOH

or H2SO4.

4) As the DO in the sample was likely to be exhausted, necessary

dilution of the sample was prepared according to the expected BOD

range.

5) Dilutions were prepared in a bucket and mixed the contents

thoroughly and two sets of the BOD bottles were filled.

6) One set of the bottles were kept in BOD incubator at 270 C for 3

days, and DO content in another set was determined immediately.

7) For blank, 2 BOD bottles filled with dilution water were taken. In

one, the DO content was determined immediately and the other

incubated with samples and DO content was determined after 3

days.

CALCULATION:

BOD mg/l = (D0-D3) X Dilution factor

Where, D0 = Initial DO in the sample.

D3 = DO after 3 days.

5. CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

OPEN REFLUX METHOD

PRINCIPLE:

Most of the organic matter decomposed and produces dioxide

and water when boiled with mixture of potassium dichromate and

sulphuric acid. A sample is refluxed with a known volume of

potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid medium and excess of

dichromate is titrated against FAS, The amount of dichromate

consumed is proportional to the oxygen required to oxidize the

organic matter.

56

REAGENTS:

1) Potassium Dichromate solution

2) Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate

3) Ferroin indicator

4) Sulphuric acid

5) Mercuric sulphate

6) Silver sulphate

PROCEDURE:

1) Taken 20 ml sample in a 250 ml COD flask.

2) Added 10 ml of potassium dichromate(0.25 N)

3) Added a pinch silver sulphate and mercuric sulphate followed by

30 ml sulphuric acid.

4) The content then refluxed on hot-plate for at least 2 hours. Flask

removed, cooled and few amount of distilled water was added.

5) 2-3 drops of ferroin indicator mixed thoroughly into final volume

and titrated with ferrous ammonium sulphate.

6) At the end point blue- green color of contents changed to reddish

in color. Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in

similar manner.

CALCULATION:

COD (mg/l) = (A-B)x N x 1000 x 8

Volume of sample (ml)

Where, A= volume of titrant (FAS) used in blank (ml)

B= volume of titrant (FAS) used in sample (ml)

N= Normality of FAS (0.25 N)

8 = equivalent weight of oxygen

6. HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

REAGENTS:

1) 0.025 N iodine solution

2) 6N HCl

3) 0.25 N Na2S2O3 solution.

4) Starch indicator

PROCEDURE:

1) 100 ml sample was taken in 500 ml conical flask

2) Added 10 ml 0.025 N iodine solution in conical flask

3) Added 2 ml 6N HCL

4) Titrated against Std Sodium thiosulphate solution.

5) 1ml starch indicator was added.

57

6) Blank was runned simultaneously using distilled water in similar

manner.

7) The end point was blue to colorless.

CALCULATIONS:

Hydrogen Sulphide (mg/l) = [ ( A x B ) - ( C x D ) ] x 16000

Volume of sample

Where,

A = ml of Iodine solution.

B = Normality of Iodine solution.

C = ml of Na2S2O3.

D = Normality of Na2S2O3.

7. CHLORIDE

ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD

PRINCIPALE:

Chloride in water can be determined by titration against Standard Silver

nitrate solution using potassium chromate as indicator. There is a

formation of sparingly soluble brick red silver chromate precipitate at

the end point. Initially the chloride ions are precipitated as AgCl. The

dark brick red precipitate of Ag2CrO starts just after the precipitation of

AgCl is over.

REAGENTS:

1) Standard 0.0141 N Silver nitrate.

2) Potassium chromate indicator

PROCEDURE:-

1) Suitable volume of sample was taken in a conical flask.

2) A few drops of Potassium chromate indicator was added and titrated

against Standard 0.0141 N Silver nitrate till a permanent brick

precipitate persists.

CALCULATION:

Chloride (mg/l) = B x N of AgNO3 x 1000 x 35.450

Volume of sample

Where,

B = volume of std. AgNO3.

35.450 = equivalent weight of chloride.

58

8. NITRATE NITROGEN

CHROMOTROPIC ACID METHOD

PINCIPLE: Two moles of nitrate nitrogen react with one mole of

chromotopic acid to from a yellow reaction product having maximum

absorbance at 410 nm.

APPRATUS: Spectrophotometer.

REAGENT:

1) Sulphuric acid

2) Antimony reagent

3) Chromotopic acid

4) Sulphite urea

PROCEDURE:

1) 2 ml of sample was taken in 10 ml volumetric flask.

2) 1 drop of sulphite urea reagent was added.

3) 2 ml of antimony reagent was added.

4) Flask was swirled during each addition.

5) After 4 minutes 1 ml of chromotopic acid reagent was added.

6) Flask was swirled and after 3 minutes volume was made up with

concentrated Sulphuric acid up to 10 ml.

7) Stopprered the flasks and mix by inverting each flask 4 times.

8) It was kept for 45 minutes at room temperature and the volume

was adjusted to 10 ml with concentrated sulphuric acid.

9) Simultaneously blank was rnu by using concentrated sulphuric

acid.

10) Absorbance was read at 410 nm between 15 minutes and 24

hrs. After last volume adjustment.

CALCULATION:

Nitrate (mg/l) = (P.R. of sample – P.R. of blank) x factor

Volume of sample

Factor was calculated from the standard graph.

9. NITRITE NITROGEN

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD PRINCIPLE: In the presence of sulphanilamide and N-1(naphtyl)

ethylene diamine dihydrochloride, the nitrite in water forms azodye. The dye

is pinkish in color, which can be measured in colorimetric by using green

filter.

REAGENTS:

1) Sulphanilamide reagent.

59

2) N-1(naphtyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride solution.

PROCEDURE:

1) 50 ml of water sample or a portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a

conical flask

2) Then 1 ml of sulphanilamide solution was added.

3) After 5 min, 1 ml of N-1(naphtyl) ethylene diamine dihydrochloride

was added.

4) Immediately it was mixed


manner.

6) After 20 minutes reading was taken at 543 nm.

CALCULATION:

Nitrite nitrogen (mg/l) = P.R. x factor

Volume of sample


10. AMMONICAL NITROGEN

NESSELERIZATION METHOD

PRINCIPLE: The sample is buffered and distilled. The ammonia in the

distillate or the sample is treated with Nessler reagent and the color

development is matched with that of a series of standard ammonia solution

or measured photometrically.

APPRATUS:

1) spectrophotometer

2) pH meter

REAGENTS:

1) Zinc sulphate

2) 6 N NaOH

3) EDTA reagent

4) Nessler reagent

PROCEDURE:

1) 100 ml of sample or a portion diluted to 100 ml was taken in a beaker.

2) 1 ml zinc sulphate was added.

3) The pH of sample was adjusted pH > 10.5 by using 6N NaOH

solution.

4) Treated sample was kept for a few minutes, there upon a heavy

flocculent precipitate were formed, leaving clear and colorless

supernated.

60

5) The sample was filtered.

6) First 25 ml of filtrate was discarded.

7) 50 ml of filtrate or portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a Nessler‘s

tube.

8) 1 drop of EDTA solution was added.

9) 2 ml of nessler reagent was added.


manner.

11) After 10 minutes the absorbance was taken at 460 nm.

CALCULATION:

Ammonical nitrogen (mg/l) = P.R. x factor

Volume of sample


11. PHOSPHOROUS

VANADOMOLYBDO PHOSPHORIC ACID COLORIMETRIC

METHOD

PRINCIPLE: In a diluted orthophosphate solution ammonium

molybdate react under acid conditions to form a heteropoly acid,

molybdophosphoric acid. In the presence of vanadium, yellow

vanadomolybophosphoric acid is formed. This intensity of the yellow color

is proportional to phosphate concentration.

APPRATUS:

1) Spectrophotometer

REAGENTS:

1) Vanadate molybdate reagent.

PROCEDURE:

1) 35 ml or less ml of sample was taken in a 50 ml volumetric flask.

2) 10 ml Vanadate molybdate reagent was added and made up to mark

with distilled water.

3) Simultaneously blank was prepared with distilled water.

4) After 10 minutes measured the absorbsnce of sample.

CALCULATION:

Phosphorus (mg/l) = P.R. x factor

Volume of sample


61

12. SILICA

MOLYBDOSILICATE METHOD

APPARATUS:

1. Spectrophotometer

2. Nessler tubes

REAGENTS:

1. Hydrochloric acid – 1:1

2. Ammonium molybdate reagent

3. Oxalic acid solution

PROCEDURE:

1. 50 ml of sample or portion diluted to 50 ml was taken in a

Nessler‘s tube.

2. 1 ml of 1: 1 hydrochloric acid and 2 ml ammonium molybdate

was added.

3. Mixed by inverting at least six times and let stand for 5 to

10 minutes.

4. 2 ml oxalic acid was added and mixed well.

5. The absorbance was taken at 410 nm immediately.

CALCULATION:

Silica (mg/l) = P.R. x Factor

Volume of sample


62

13. Heavy metal

DIGESITION PROCESS FOR AAS

APHA 3030 F Nitric acid- Hydrochloric acid digestion

(Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd)

1. Taken suitable volume of sample in a beaker.

2. Added 10 ml of nitric acid and added 10 ml 1+1 HCl

3. Place beaker on a hot plate until volume has been reduced to

near 25 ml

4. Sample did not dry during digestion. Care was taken that

time.

5. Filter sample by whatman no. 42.

6. Make suitable final volume.

Calculation:-

Metal concentration (mg/l) = A x B

C

Where,

A = Concentration of metal in digested solution, mg/l

B = sample taken for digestion, ml

C = final volume of digested solution, ml

63

BILOGICAL PARAMETER:-

CHLOROPHYLL ESTIMATION:-

APHA 10200-H pp- 10-18

PROCEDURE:

1. Depending on phytoplankton density known volume of water

sample filtered through the plankton net.

2. Water sample was collected and made volume up to 100 ml.

3. Concentrated the sample up to 10 ml by centrifuging for 10 min

at 2000 to 3000 RPM.

4. Removed the supernatant and transferred the pellate to a pestle

mortar and crushed the residue by slowly adding the 90% of

Acetone.

5. Poured ground sample to a graduated centrifuge tube. Rinsed

mortar and pestle with sufficient acetone and 0.2 ml magnesium

carbonate was added and brought the volume to 10 ml.

6. Covered this sample with black paper and kept the sample at 40

C for 24 hrs.

7. Kept this time constant for all samples from one area.

8. After 24 hrs centrifuged at 2000 to 3000 RPM for 20 mins.

9. Decanted the extract into a 15 ml centrifuge tube and measured

the volume and made up the final volume of extract into 10ml

with 90%Acetone

10. Taken absorbance at 630nm, 647nm, 664nm for C, B, A

respectively.

64

Calculation:-

Chlorophyll a mg/m3 = Chlorophyll a X extract volume

Volume of sample

Chlorophyll a mg/l = 11.85(OD664) - 1.54(OD647) - 0.08(OD630).

LACKEY’S DROP METHOD:-

(1) Shaken well the concentrated sample and immediately 1ml

sample was transferred on slide with the help of dropper.

(2) Covered the sample with coverslip avoiding any air

bubble. Allowed plankton to get settled and then counted

them under a microscope with moving the cell horizontally

and vertically.

(3) Replicates were taken and calculated the average count per

ml.

Calculation:-

Phytoplankton (units/l):- N x C x 1000

D

Where, N = number of phytoplankton counted in 1 ml.

C = total volume of concentrate (ml).

D = total volume of sample collected (ml).

65

Palmer’s Algal Genera Index. Palmer‘s made the first attempt to identify and prepare a list of

genera of algae tolerate to organic Pollution. The algae persent in the water

sample were identified and the genera present from this list were noted.

Suppose an algal sample is having the genera, Chlorella, Oscillatoria,

Stigeoclonium, Synedra, Nitzschia, Chlamydomonas, and Navicula, the score

according to Table -3.

Palmer‘s Algal Genera Index:- 3+5+2+2+3+4+3=22

This confirms high organic pollution of this water sample.

If the pollution index score is 20 or more, the score is evidence of high

organic pollution. A score of 15-19 indicates probable organic pollution and

score of less than 15 there is no evidence of organic pollution.

Table-3. Palmer’s Algal Genera Index.

Sr

No Genera Pollution

index

Sr

No Genera Pollution

index 1 Microcystis. 1 11 Micractinium 1

2 Ankistrodesmus. 2 12 Navicula 3

3 Chlamydomonas. 4 13 Nitzschia. 3

4 Chlorella. 3 14 Oscillatoria. 4

5 Closterium. 1 15 Pandorina. 1

6 Cyclotella. 1 16 Phacus. 2

7 Euglena. 5 17 Phormidium. 1

8 Gomphonema. 1 18 Scenedesmus. 4

9 Lepocinclis. 1 19 Stigeoclonium. 2

10 Melosira. 1 20 Synedra. 2

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Table -4

The physico-chemical parameters reflecting the status of water

quality of Ashwani kumar. (April 2008 to March 2009).

Parameter UNIT 8-

Apr May June July August Sept. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March

Ph -- 7.65 7.66 8.02 7.28 7.49 7.54 7.41 7.65 7.71 8.01 7.68 8.03 7.33

Temperature

Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.8 28 27.2 26 23.9 21 23 18.5 25

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 30.9 28 28 29 28.1 28 25 23 24 20 26

DO mg/L 4.05 3 4.4 5.1 4.8 3.8 4.6 6.5 4.3 4.2 4.5 5 4.4

Chloride mg/L 26 35.48 18 36.48 11 38 16 32.48 59 46.48 44 45 46.73

H2S mg/L 3.41 3 BDL BDL 0.21 1.164

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL

BDL 0.464 BDL

COD mg/L 184 39.84 BDL

11.45 20.24 10.09 15.811 16.32 BDL

12.34 BDL

11.85 24.19

BOD mg/L 40 5.2 BDL

1.71 7.54 5.05 23.926 4.855 BDL

3.615 BDL

3.1 8.16

Silicate mg/L 28.04 34.19 10.22 17.76 15.595 20.48 21.99 24.43 27.7 22.33 19.02 11.455 16.82

Phosphorus mg/L 0.575 0.243 0.332 0.775 1.587 0.357 1.4 0.62 0.045 0.189 0.201 0.498 0.267

NO3- mg/L 1.8 1.9 0.751 0.784 1.257 0.842 0.825 1.006 1.763 2.008 1.9 0.794 0.014

NO2- mg/L 0.041 0.044 0.022 0.093 0.102 0.104 0.042 0.084 BDL 0.003 0.045 0.066 0.009

A. Nitrogen mg/L 1.75 2.334 2.375 0.055 1.205 0.24 14.71 0.884 0.136 0.521 0.599 0.627 0.335

Copper mg/L 0.131 0.177 BDL 0.016 0.131 0.003 0.015 0.002 BDL 0.018 0.016 0.012 0.013

Zinc mg/L 0.1 0.103 0.63 0.061 0.067 0.013 0.037 0.002 BDL 0.008 0.012 0.024 0.011

Lead mg/L 0.018 0.027 BDL 0.116 0.017 BDL 0.025 0.02 0.046 BDL BDL 0.055 0.017

Nickel mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.017 0.005 0.003 BDL 0.027 0.002 0.001 BDL 0.009

Cadmium mg/L 0.002 0.002 BDL 0.002 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.001 BDL BDL BDL

Chlorophyll-a mg/m3 0.559 0.046 0.258 0.882 0.138 0.057 0.03 0.043 0.024 0.017 0.025 0.12 0.117

phytoplankton

population unit/L 36500 16666 19333 22000 20500 34500 33500 32500 28000 13333 14500 11000 15333

Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT

67

Table -5


quality of Ashwani kumar. (April 2009 to April 2010).

Parameter UNIT April

09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan -10 Feb. march April

pH -- 7.23 8.11 8.18 7.42 8.16 8.03 8.39 7.39 7.95 7.91 7.85 7.84 7.39

Temperature

Water ˚C 27.3 29 29 28 27 29.4 26 21 21 21 21 25 29

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 28.5 31 31 29 29 30 28 23 23 23 23 26 30

DO mg/L 3.05 3.9 4.7 4.1 5.4 4.8 5.8 5.8 3.1 6.8 2.1 5.7 3.1

Chloride mg/L 36.98 14.98 40.98 44 45.9 25.49 39.98 48.98 52.4 50.98 59 48 54.98

H2S mg/L 1.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.2 0.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

COD mg/L 19.92 12 24 30.88 10 BDL 20 BDL 10.98 9.8 25.5 17.24 BDL

BOD mg/L 6.3 2.8 7 8.8 3.2 BDL 5 BDL BDL 2.7 6.5 11.03 2.97

Silicate mg/L 25.67 22.5 19.27 17.36 19.52 18.71 22.31 15.94 18.36 14.74 16.19 16.15 27.26

Phosphorus mg/L 0.126 0.066 0.221 0.77 0.25 0.66 0.37 0.49 0.466 0.3 0.354 0.244 1.218

NO3- mg/L 0.757 0.474 ND* 0.562 1.34 0.575 0.371 0.68 4.73 1.715 0.754 0.739 0.068

NO2- mg/L 0.016 0.013 0.086 0.02 1.22 0.017 0.006 0.089 0.01 0.048 0.193 0.028 0.011

A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.362 0.26 0.21 0.48 6.3 0.8 0.157 0.55 1.1 1.61 5.9 0.184 0.21

Copper mg/L 0.009 BDL BDL BDL 0.077 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.006

Zinc mg/L 0.036 0.065 0.02 0.03 0.054 BDL 0.009 0.007 0.012 BDL BDL BDL 0.042

Lead mg/L 0.314 BDL BDL 0.216 0.115 0.003 0.102 0.081 BDL BDL 0.195 0.112 0.009

Nickel mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.106 BDL 0.043 0.004 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.114

Cadmium mg/L BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL


phytoplankton


Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT

68

Table -6


quality of Nanpura. (April 2008 to March 2009).

Parameter UNIT 8-


Ph -- 7.23 7.69 7.95 7.37 7.66 7.45 7.57 7.59 7.61 7.98 7.51 7.32 7.18

Temperature

Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.9 28 27.6 27 24 21 23 18.9 25

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 31 28 28.1 29 28.4 28.8 25.1 23 24 21 26

DO mg/L 1.62 2.7 3.3 2.1 2.25 2 3.9 3.4 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.2 2.8

Chloride mg/L 5298 2399 41 144 14 32.5 20 379 1427 584 889 11646 6335

H2S mg/L 1.71 4.26 BDL 0.6 BDL 0.776 BDL BDL BDL 0.8 BDL BDL 0.504

COD mg/L ND* ND* 57.88 194.8 204.2 231.98 48.2 40.48 ND* 49.38 ND* ND* ND*

BOD mg/L 55 67.5 18.6 64.05 67.48 70.2 15.92 12.60 64 16.33 10 14.2 54

Silicate mg/L 19.57 20.3 9.4 18.39 17.63 21.095 20.22 30.1 22.63 20.7 14.99 13 24.48

Phosphorus mg/L 2.54 0.243 0.727 0.797 2.446 0.535 2.1 3.013 0.176 0.554 0.493 0.474 1.582

NO3- mg/L 1.384 2.702 0.934 1.284 1.284 0.638 0.554 1.997 2.035 1.575 1.132 1.032 0.299

NO2- mg/L 0.082 0.103 0.034 0.204 0.164 0.167 0.074 0.184 0.632 0.032 0.125 0.024 BDL

A. Nitrogen mg/L 9.12 4.521 1.473 0.12 0.778 1.2 17.47 0.737 0.027 0.748 0.61 0.52 0.128

Copper mg/L 0.108 0.108 BDL BDL 2.858 0.13 0.007 0.037 0.284 0.299 0.192 0.034 0.017

Zinc mg/L 0.069 0.079 0.051 0.043 0.473 0.121 0.026 0.028 0.058 0.196 0.153 0.032 0.009

Lead mg/L 0.012 0.037 BDL 0.1 0.083 0.075 0.025 0.428 0.092 0.02 0.02 0.4 0.1

Nickel mg/L 0.027 0.016 BDL BDL 0.023 0.074 BDL 0.001 0.072 0.176 0.138 0.069 0.091

Cadmium mg/L 0.003 0.006 BDL 0.001 BDL 0.001 BDL BDL 0.006 0.006 0.012 0.016 0.013


phytoplankton


Where, BDL = BELOW DETECTION LIMIT.

COD WAS ND* = NOT DETECTED BECAUSE OF HIGH SALINITY.

69

Table -7


quality of Nanpura. (April 2009 to April 2010).


09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. January Feb. march April

pH -- 7.02 7.05 7.3 7.38 7.46 7.91 7.57 7.16 7.16 7.37 7.27 7.01 7.16

Temperature

Water ˚C 28 29 29 28 27 29.5 26.2 22 21 22 21 25 29

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 28.9 31 31 29 29 30 28.4 23 23 24.2 23 26 30

DO mg/L 2.5 2.8 2.1 3.8 3.9 2.9 1.5 4 1.2 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5

Chloride mg/L 9397 9497 9547 54 4248 57.98 311 5323 11196 509 6847 13745 10696

H2S mg/L 0.99 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.04 0.48 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

COD mg/L ND* ND* ND* 32.87 ND* ND* 260 ND* ND* 220 ND* ND* ND*

BOD mg/L 22.68 28 22.5 9.8 8.6 29.6 78.8 3.4 90 78.6 83.2 85.4 89.2

Silicate mg/L 28.33 25.2 24.09 22.37 28.01 18.32 38.08 17.43 22.61 26.78 17.22 15.09 25.3

Phosphorus mg/L 1.343 1.24 2.557 1.87 2.9 1.3 0.88 0.348 0.48 1.44 2.23 0.489 0.116

NO3- mg/L 0.059 BDL 1.044 0.812 0.97 0.59 0.579 0.221 0.9 0.916 0.251 0.354 0.619

NO2- mg/L 0.044 0.393 0.684 0.054 0.047 0.913 1.167 0.017 BDL 0.002 0.111 0.051 0.042

A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.176 3.86 0.28 1.95 0.53 0.38 0.517 2.11 6.7 6.05 8.25 3.54 0.41

Copper mg/L 0.058 0.016 0.037 BDL 0.018 0.004 0.01 0.027 BDL 0.064 0.13 0.239 0.0454

Zinc mg/L 0.083 0.026 0.053 0.298 0.023 0.005 0.02 0.029 BDL 0.032 0.052 0.143 0.0526

Lead mg/L 0.742 0.126 0.12 BDL 0.06 0.007 0.103 0.172 0.07 BDL 0.388 0.451 0.024

Nickel mg/L 0.088 0.05 0.57 BDL 0.057 0.001 0.053 0.071 0.021 0.032 BDL BDL 0.171

Cadmium mg/L 0.018 0.003 0.001 BDL 0.016 0.001 BDL 0.79 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0006


phytoplankton




70

Table -8


quality of Umara. (April 2008 to March 2009).

Parameter UNIT 8-


pH -- 7.21 7.79 7.98 7.58 7.67 7.35 7.59 7.6 7.53 7.6 7.54 7.36 7.43

Temperature

Water ˚C 27 30 30 27 26.9 28 27.7 27.2 24.1 21 23.1 20 25.2

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 28 30.9 31.2 28 28.1 29 28.5 28.9 25.3 23 24.2 22 26.1

DO mg/L 2.02 2.6 3.6 2.1 3.75 3.3 4 3.8 3 3.4 3.8 3.4 4.9

Chloride mg/L 6547 5223 102 282 123 218 34 70 5435 4723 5948 12296 11571

H2S mg/L 3.41 6.82 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2.584 BDL 1.2 BDL BDL 2.016

COD mg/L ND* ND* 7.99 209.08 30.5 38.51 10.5 62.64 ND* ND* ND* ND* ND*

BOD mg/L 90.9 85.33 3.3 96.9 8.02 19.33 2.903 19.85 15.6 19.14 26.1 25.6 28

Silicate mg/L 25.29 16.64 9.5 16.65 13.8 21.07 19.63 31.31 16.81 20.11 13.12 10.01 16.405

Phosphorus mg/L 1.72 0.42 0.553 1.328 0.99 0.602 2.35 2.858 0.045 1.044 0.824 0.529 0.85

NO3- mg/L 2.051 0.467 0.133 1.234 0.47 3.23 0.896 1.724 2.049 2.673 1.893 1.103 0.085

NO2- mg/L 0.229 0.658 0.034 0.566 0.09 0.104 0.063 0.238 1.151 0.1 3.215 0.02 0.002

A. Nitrogen mg/L 1.825 3.928 0.295 0.12 0.89 0.369 21.61 1.014 0.018 0.804 0.729 0.311 0.077

Copper mg/L 0.198 0.291 BDL 0.006 0.09 0.026 0.012 0.144 0.416 0.059 0.034 0.008 0.015

Zinc mg/L 0.113 0.153 0.044 0.029 0.14 0.051 0.028 0.169 0.074 0.041 0.012 0.005 0.061

Lead mg/L 0.068 0.082 BDL 0.1 0.03 0.025 0.025 0.061 0.138 0.02 0.02 0.127 0.117

Nickel mg/L 0.028 0.032 BDL BDL 0.01 0.02 BDL 0.001 0.088 0.049 0.049 0.049 0.119

Cadmium mg/L 0.002 0.01 BDL 0.001 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.015 0.008 0.009 0.013 0.019


phytoplankton




71

Table -9


quality of Umara. (April 2009 to April 2010).


09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. January Feb. march April

PH -- 7.23 7.12 7.56 7.66 7.53 7.98 7.81 7.27 7.06 7.53 6.93 7.09 7.17

Temperature

Water ˚C 28.4 29 29 28 27 29.6 26.4 23 21 22.1 21 25.2 29

Temp.

Atmosphere ˚C 29.5 31 31 29 29 30 28.6 24 23 24.3 23 26.1 30

DO mg/L 1.25 3.1 2 3.9 4.1 3.3 2.3 3.5 1.3 2.5 5.4 2.3 2

Chloride mg/L 10496 12696 9946 71 6797 91.97 649 9647 14345 514 13095 13995 14795

H2S mg/L 0.99 BDL 0.896 BDL BDL BDL 2.44 BDL BDL 2 BDL BDL BDL

COD mg/L ND* ND* ND* 33.2 ND* 53.79 425 ND* ND* 1755 ND* ND* ND*

BOD mg/L 102.3 52 96.2 18.2 3.2 14.9 125 10.6 98 558 4.1 106 70.2

Silicate mg/L 28.43 16.54 26.69 20.06 30.4 18.03 40.165 15.42 15.82 23.6 17.15 11.25 27.35

Phosphorus mg/L 1.232 1.158 2.131 1.58 3.63 1.4 0.52 0.363 0.28 2.39 0.354 0.323 1.131

NO3- mg/L 0.43 BDL 1.074 0.714 1.05 0.696 2.168 0.251 1.13 0.428 1.61 0.251 0.519

NO2- mg/L 0.044 0.728 0.51 0.06 1.93 0.014 1.711 0.065 0.003 BDL 0.274 0.032 1.763

A. Nitrogen mg/L 0.102 3.55 1.45 2.1 2.16 0.4 0.277 0.92 6.6 8.27 4.93 4.23 0.229

Copper mg/L 0.107 0.038 0.007 BDL BDL 0.008 0.027 0.069 BDL 0.976 0.044 0.091 0.068

Zinc mg/L 0.091 0.073 0.034 BDL 0.009 0.01 0.034 0.065 BDL 0.748 BDL BDL 0.039

Lead mg/L 0.742 0.223 0.106 BDL BDL 0.011 0.107 0.248 0.108 0.086 0.524 0.328 0.023

Nickel mg/L 0.109 0.084 0.037 BDL 0.007 0.007 0.06 0.134 0.034 0.616 BDL BDL 0.139

Cadmium mg/L 0.016 0.01 BDL BDL 0.009 0.001 BDL 0.017 0.005 BDL 3.66 BDL 0.005


phytoplankton




72

Palmer’s algal genus index.

Parameter Score 8-


Ashwani

kumar -- 17 13 14 17 22 18 20 18 15 17 15 14 18

Nanpura -- 18 20 20 21 26 22 26 20 21 18 20 19 20

Umara -- 17 20 18 26 26 23 26 26 25 19 26 19 18

Note:- 20 or more = high organic pollution.

15-19 = probable organic pollution.

Less than 15= no pollution.

Palmer’s algal genus index.

Parameter Score April

09 May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. march April

Ashwani

kumar -- 16 16 18 17 17 24 17 10 14 19 15 12 10

Nanpura -- 23 22 22 19 20 26 20 15 27 22 20 16 18

Umara -- 22 20 21 19 22 26 26 14 25 32 20 18 22

Note:- 20 or more = high organic pollution.

15-19 = probable organic pollution.

Less than 15= no pollution.

73

Figure - 1

74

Figure - 2

75

Figure -3

76

Figure - 4

77

Figure - 5

78

Figure - 6

79

Figure - 7

80

Figure - 8

81

Figure - 9

82

Figure -10

83

Figure -11

84

Figure - 12

85

Figure - 13

86

Figure - 14

87

Figure - 15

88

Figure - 16

89

Figure - 17

90

Figure - 18

91

Figure - 19

92

Figure - 20

93

Table-10. Occurance of Phytoplankton at minimum and

maximum value of pH.

Sr.No Parameter Minimum Maximum

1 pH 6.93 Site-3 (February 2010) Amphora coffeaformis,

Ankistrodesmus falcatus,

Cocconeis placentula,

Coscinodiscus oculus,

Cosmarium depressum,

Chlorella vulgaris, Cyclotella

comata, Cymbella minuta,

Fragillaria intermedia,

Gomphonema purvulam,

Gyrosigma acuminatus,

Ulothrix zonata, Melosira

granulata, Microcystis

aerugenosa, Merismopodia sp,

Navicula symmetrica,

Nitzschia palea, Oscillatoria

princes, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Skeletonema

costatum, Synedra ulna,

Spirulina pletansis,

Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum simplex,

Pleurosigma elongatum and

Mastagloea sp.

8.39 Site 1 (October 2009) Achnanthes lanceolata,

Achnanthes holsatica,

Achnanthes minutissima,

Amphora acutiuscula,

Anabaena sperica, Anabaena

affinis, Coscinodiscus oculas,


Chlorella vulgaris, Cymbella

minuta, Cymbella aspera,

Fragillaria pinnuta,


Gomphonema clevei, Melosira

granulata, Hydrodictyon sp,

Lyngbya sp, Microcystis



Navicula confervacea,

Nitzschia sigma, Oscillatoria

brevis, Spirogyra sp, Synedra

ulna, Spirulina platensis,

Spirulina maxima,


Mastagloea sp.

94


maximum value of water Temperature.


2 Water

Temperature

18 0C Site-1

(February; 2009)

Amphiprora sp, Amphora

coffieaformis, Anabeana

affinis, Anabeana plactonica,


Closterium malmei,Chlorella

vugaris,Coscinodiscus

radiatus, Cocconeis sp,

Cyclotella meneghiniana,

Cyclotella comata, Cymbella

minuta, Fragillaria

intermedia, Gomphonema

purvulum, Coscinodiscus

radiatus, Melosira granulata,

Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya sp,

Microcystis aeruginosa,

Navicula radiosa, Navicula

symmetrica, Naviculla

confervacea, Nitzschia

closterium, Oscillatoria

princes and Scendesmus

quadricauda.

30 0C Site-1, 2 & 3

(May 2008 and June 2008)

Achnanthes lanceolata,


Amphora coffeaformis,

Anabaena plactonica,

Cosmarium portianum,

Chlorella valgaris, Cyclotella

comata, Cyclotella glomerata,

Cymbella minuta, Cymbella

cistula, Cymbella tumida,


Fragillaria capucina,

Gomphonema purvulum,

Gomphonema

quadripunctatum, Gyrosigma

acuminatus, Tabellaria

fenestrata, Melosira


aerugenosa, Navicula

symmetrica, Navicula radiosa,


Nitzschia palea, Nitzschia


princeps, Spirogyra sp,

Surirella elegans, Synedra


Thallassionema sp, Nostoc sp,

Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum simplex,


Mastagloea sp.

95


maximum value of Dissolved oxygen.


3 Dissolved

Oxygen

1.2 mg/l Site-2

(December, 2009)



Closterium malmei,



glomeruta, Cyclotella

meneghiniana, Fragillaria


purvulum, Gomphonema


attenuatum, Melosira


aerugenosa, Navicula radiosa,

Nitzschia Closterium,

Nitzschia sigma, Nitzschia

palea, Oscillatoria princeps,

Scenedesmus armatus,

Scenedesmus quadricauda,

Oscillatoria Formosa,

Oscillatoria brevis, Spirogyra

sp, Synedra ulna, Pediastrum

boryanum, Pleurosigma

elongatum, Euglena sp and

Mastagloea sp.

6.8 mg/l Site-1 (January, 2010)



Amphora angusta, Amphora

acutiuscula, Anabaena affinis,


Ankistrodesmus fusiformis,


Caloneis bacillum,

Cosmarium portianum ,

Chlorella viridis, Cyclotella

comata, Cyclotella

meneghiniana, Cymbella

aspera, Cymbella cistula,

Cymbella laevis, Fragillaria

capucina, Hydrodictyon sp,


aeruginosa, Navicula

symmetrica, Navicula

cuspidate, Navicula pupula,

Nitzschia tubicola, Nitzschia

frustulum, Nitzschia hybrida,

Nitzschia palea, Oedogonium

sp, Oscillatoria Princeps,

Pinnularia viridis, Spirogyra

sp, Surirella elegans, Synedra

ulna, Ulothrix zonata, Volvox

aureus and Mastagloea sp

96


maximum value of Chloride.


4 Chloride 11 mg/l Site-1(August, 2008)



Anabaena affinis, Anabaena

sperica, Cosmarium

portianum, Gomphonema

clevei, Gomphonema

quadripunctatum,



glomerata, Cyclotella comata,

Cymbella aspera, Cymbella

minuta, Fragillaria

intermedia, Hydrodictyon sp,





sigma , Oscillatoria princeps,

Oscillatoria formosa,

Pinnularia viridis,


Spirogyra sp, Ulothrix zonata,

Spirulina platensis, Surirella

capronii, Synedra ulna, and

Mastagloea sp

14795 mg/l Site-3 (April, 2010)

Cheatocerous sp, Anabaena

plactonica, Anabaena affinis,


Asterionella japonica,

Biddulphia sp, Diploneis sp,


Caloneis sp, Coscinodiscus

radiatus, Coscinodiscus

oculus, Cosmarium portianum,



affinis, Fragillaria intermedia,

Lyngbya sp, Gomphonema

purvulum,Gyrosigma

acuminatus, Melosira



Navicula symmrtrica,

Nitzschia palea,Oscillatoria


Synedra ulna, Spirulina

platensis, Nostoc sp,

Pandorina morum,

Pediastrum simplex,

Pleurosigma elongatum, and

Mastagloea sp

97


maximum value of COD.


5 COD 7.99 mg/l Site-3 (June 2008)




Coscinodiscus radiatus,

Coscinodiscus granii,

Chlorella vulgaris, Fragillaria

intermedia, Tabellaria

floculosa, Microspora sp,

Navicula ambigua, Navicula

salinarum, Navicula forcipata,


sigma, Stauroneis sp,

Scenedesmus obliqus,


Surirella gemma, Synedra



Rhizosolenia sp, Pediastrum

duplex, Pleurosigma

angulatum and Mastagloea sp.

1755 mg/l Site-3

(January 2010)


flos-aquae, Ankistrodesmus

falcatus, Asterionella

japonica, Cocconeis

placentula, Chlorella viridis,



Gomphonema purvulum, Gomphonema quadripunctatum,


Melosira granulate,

Microcystis aerugenosa,

Merismopodia sp, Navicula

radiosa, Nitzschia Nitzschia

sigma, Oscillatoria formosa,

Oscillatoria princeps,


Spirogyra sp, Synedra ulna,

Pandorina morum,

Pediastrum boryanum,

Pleurosigma elongatum,

Mastagloea sp, Euglena sp

and Closterium malmei.

98


maximum value of BOD.


6 BOD 1.71 mg/l site-1(July 2008)






Anabaena affinis,

Cheatocerous compressus,


Chlorella valgaris, Cymbella

minuta, Cymbella tumida ,


Fragillaria biceps,

Gomphonema gracile,

Hydrodictyon sp, Lyngbya

major, Navicula ambigua,




sigma, Oscillatoria princeps,

Surirella capronii, Surirella

elegans, Synedra ulna,

Spirulina platensis, Spirulina

maxima, Pinnularia viridis,

Ulothrix zonata, Mastagloea

sp, Closterium attenuatum and

Oedogonium sp.

558 mg/l site-3 (January 2010)




japonica, Cocconeis

placentulaChlorella viridis,





Melosira granulate,



radiosa, Nitzschia closterium,


formosa, Oscillatoria

princeps, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Spirogyra sp,

Synedra ulna, Pandorina

morum, Pediastrum


elongatum, Mastagloea sp,

Euglena sp and Closterium

malmei.

99


maximum value of H2S.


7 H2S 0.2 mg/l Site-1 (October 2009)


Achnanthes

holsatica,Achnanthes

minutissima, Amphora

acutiuscula,Anabaena sperica,

Anabaena affinis,

Coscinodiscus oculas,


Chlorella vulgaris, Cymbella

minuta, Cymbella aspera,

Fragillaria pinnuta,


Gomphonema clevei, Melosira

granulata, Hydrodictyon sp,






brevis, Spirogyra sp, Synedra


Spirulina maxima,


Mastagloea sp

6.82 mg/l Site-3 (May 2008)






japonica, Asterionella

Formosa, Diatoma sp,


Caloneis sp, Coscinodiscus

radiatus, Encyonema sp,

Cyclotella meneghiana,

Cymbella minuta, Fragillaria




acuminatus, Melosira



Navicula salinarum, Navicula

radiosa, Nitzschia palea,

Nitzschia closterium,




Pandorina morum,

Pediastrum duplex,

Mastagloea sp and Closterium

malmei

100


maximum value of Silica.


8 Silica 9.4 mg/l Site-2 (June 2008)












cistula, Cymbella tumida,


Fragillaria capucina,


Gomphonema





aerugenosa,Navicula

symmetrica, Navicula radiosa,





Surirella elegans, Synedra



Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum simplex,


Mastagloea sp

40.16 mg/l Site-3

(October 2009)


affinis, Anabaena flos-aquae,


Cocconeis plcentula,

Coscinodiscus

radiatus,Cosmarium

depressum, Chlorella vulgaris,

Chlorella pyrenoidosa,


Gomphonema

quadripunctatum, Melosira

varins, Microcystis


Microspora sp, Navicula





Spirogyra sp, Surirella

elegans, Surirella capronii,

Synedra ulna, Thallassionema

sp, Nostoc sp, Pandorina

morum, Pediastrum simplex,

Pleurosigma elongatum,

Mastagloea sp, Closterium

attenutum and Closterium

malmei

101


maximum value of Phosphorus.


9 Phosphorous 0.045 mg/l Site 1&3

(November 2008)







planctonica, Ankistrodesmus

falcatus, Coscinodiscus

radiosa, Cosmarium


Cyclotella purvulum,



intermedia, Melosira



radiosa, Navicula symmetrica,






platensis, Spirulina maxima,


Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum duplex,


Mastagloea sp.

3.63 mg/l Site-3 (August 2009)



falcatus, Euglena sp,



Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella

pyrenoidosa, Cyclotella

meneghiniana, Cyclotella

comata, Cymbella tumida,

Fragillaria biceps,


Melosira granulata,

Microcystis aeruginosa,


radiosa, Navicula

confervacea, Navicula

forcipata, Nitzschia palea,

Nitzschia tubicolla,


Odentella sp, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Surella elegans,

Synedra ulna, Nostoc sp,

Pediastrum duplex,

Pleurosigma directum,


malmei.

102


maximum value of Nitrate.


10 Nitrate 0.014 mg/l Site-1

(March 2009)




Anabaena planctonica,


Coscinodiscus radiosa,




minuta, Fragillaria




acuminatus, Hydrodictyon sp,



Navicula forcipata, Nitzschia

palea, Nitzschia Closterium,




platensis, Nostoc sp,


Mastagloea sp.

4.73 mg/l Site-1

(December 2009)


Achnanthes salvadoriana,

Anabaena flos-aquae,







purvulum, Oedogonium sp,



Melosira granulate, Navicula





capronii, Oscillatoria princes,


Spirulina sp, Volvox

globerator, Volvox aureus,

Pediastrum duplex, Ulothrix

zonata, Nostoc sp and

Closterium malmei

103


maximum value of Nitrite.


11 Nitrite 0.002 mg/l Site 2&3

(January 2010 & March 2009)





plactonica, Anabaena flos-

aquae, Ankistrodesmus

falcatus, Cocconeis

placentula, Caloneis sp,



meneghiniana, Cyclotella


Cymbella minuta Fragillaria


clevei, Gomphonema


attenuatum, Tabellaria



aeruginosa, Merismopodia sp,

Navicula forcipata, Navicula


Nitzschia sigma, Surirella

elegans, Synedra ulna,

Encyonema sp, Pleurosigma

elongatum and Mastagloea sp.

3.215 mg/l Site-3

(January 2009)

Amphora acutiscula, Amphora

coffeaformis, Ankistrodesmus


japonica, Biddulphia sp,




intermedia, Fragillaria

pinnata, Gomphonema

purvulam, Gyrosigma

acuminatus, Melosira varians,


Merismopodia sp, Microspora

sp, Navicula symmetrica,



palea, Oscillatoria princes,

Pediastrum duplex, Pandorina

morum, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Synedra ulna,


maxima, Skeletonema

costatum, Pleurosigma

elongatum, Mastagloea sp and

Closterium mamei

104


maximum value of Ammonical nitrogen.


12 Ammonical

nitrogen

0.018 mg/l Site-3

(November 2008)






radiosa, Cosmarium


Cyclotella purvulum,



intermedia, Melosira









platensis, Spirulina maxima,


Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum duplex,


Mastagloea sp.

21.61 mg/l Site-3

(September 2008)


flos-aquae, Ankestrodesmus


japonica, Asterionella

formosa, Cocconeis

placentula, Cosmarium


Cyclotella glomerata,




quadripunctatum,


Gyrosigma attenuatum,

Melosira granulata,



radiosa, Nitzschia sigma,





gemma, Synedra ulna,

Pandorina morum,

Pediastrum duplex,


Mastagloea sp

105


maximum value of Copper.


13 Copper 0.002 mg/l Site-1

(October 2008)



plactonica, Ankistrodesmus


oculus, Cosmarium


Cyclotella comata, Cyclotella

glomerata, Cymbella minuta,

Cymbella tumida, Fragillaria

intermedia, Fragillaria biceps,


Gomphonema clevei,

Gomphonema gracile,





lanceolata, Nitzschia palea,


Surirella capronii,

Skeletonema costatum,

Synedra ulna, Ulothrix zonata,

Sphaerocystis sp and

Mastagloea sp.

2.858 mg/l Site-2

(August 2008)

Anabaena coffeaformis,


Biddulphia sp, Ankistrodesmus


japonica, Caloneis sp,





minuta, Fragillaria





granulata, Lyngbya sp,

Odentella sp, Oedogonium sp,






Spirogyra sp, Skeletonema


Spirulina platensis,


Pandorina morum,

Pediastrum duplex,


malmei

106


maximum value of Zinc.


14 Zinc

0.002 mg/l Site-1

(October 2008)


Anabaena affinis,








tumida, Fragillaria

intermedia, Fragillaria biceps,


Gomphonema clevei,

Gomphonema gracile,





lanceolata, Nitzschia palea,


Surirella capronii,

Skeletonema costatum,

Synedra ulna, Ulothrix zonata,

Sphaerocystis sp and

Mastagloea sp.

0.748 mg/l Site-3

(January 2010)




japonica, Cocconeis






Melosira granulate,









morum, Pediastrum



Closterium malmei.

107


maximum value of Lead.


15 Lead 0.003 mg/l Site-1

(September 2009)

Achnanthes lanceolata ,


Anabaena coffeaformis,

Anabaena affinis,












formosa, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Surirella



maxima, Nostoc sp, Ulothrix

zonata, Mastagloea sp and

Closterium attenuatum.

0.742 mg/l Site-2&3

(April 2009)





Stauroneis sp, Skeletonema

costatum, Biddulphia sp,

Tabellaria fenestrata,

Synedra ulna, Thallasiosira

sp, Cosmarium depressum,

Encyonema sp, Chlorella

vulgaris, Cyclotella


minuta, Diatoma sp,

Diploneis sp, Fragillaria

intermedia, Gyrosigma

attenuatum, Navicula pupula,


symmetrica, Nitzschia

Closterium, Navicula sigma,

Oscillatoria princes,


Rhizosolenia sp, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Gomphonema



aerugenosa, Spirogyra sp,

Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum siplex,


Closterium malmei.

108


maximum value of Nickel.


16

Nickel 0.001mg/l Site-1,2&3 ( January

2009, September 2009 &

October 2008 respectively)


Achnanthes subatomus,












granulate, Microcystis








Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum simplex,


Mastagloea sp

0.616 mg/l Site-3

(January 2010)




japonica, Cocconeis






Melosira granulate,









morum, Pediastrum


elongatum, Mastagloea sp,

Euglena sp and Closterium

malmei.

109


maximum value of Cadmium.


17 Cadmium 0.001 mg/l Site-1,2 & 3

(December 2008, July 2008,

September 2008 & 2009 ,June

2009 & July 2008, respectively)

Achnanthes minutissima ,

Achnanthes subatomus,












granulate, Microcystis




princes, Scenedesmus




Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum simplex,


Mastagloea sp

3.66 mg/l Site-3

(February 2010)

Amphiprora alata, Amphora

coffeaformis, Anabaena flos-

aquae, Ankistrodesmus

falcatus, Cocconeis

placentula, Cosmarium






acuminalis, Skeletonema

costatum, Microspora sp,

Tabellaria fenestrate,

Melosira granulata,




pupla, Nitzschia sigma,



Synedra ulna, Volvox aureus

Rhizosolenia sp, Pediastrum

duplex, Pleurosigma


Closterium malmei.

110


maximum value of Chlorophyll a.


18 Chlorophyll -a 0.017 mg/m3 Site-1

(December 2008)




Anabaena sperica, Cocconeis

placentula, Caloneis sp,



glomerata, Cymbella minuta,


Gomphonema punctatum,


Navicula rsdiosa, Navicula

confervacea, Nitzschia palea,

Oscillatoria formosa,




Thallassiosira sp, Nostoc sp,


attenuatum.

2.234 mg/m3 Site-3

(April 2009)





Stauroneis sp, Skeletonema

costatum, Biddulphia sp,

Tabellaria fenestrata,

Synedra ulna, Thallasiosira

sp, Cosmarium depressum,

Encyonema sp, Chlorella

vulgaris, Cyclotella


minuta, Diatoma sp,

Diploneis sp, Fragillaria

intermedia, Gyrosigma

attenuatum, Navicula pupula,


symmetrica, Nitzschia

Closterium, Navicula sigma,

Oscillatoria princes,


Rhizosolenia sp, Scenedesmus

quadricauda, Gomphonema



aerugenosa, Spirogyra sp,

Pandorina moram,

Pediastrum siplex,


Closterium malmei.

111


maximum value of Phytoplankton population.


19 Phytoplankton

population

9000 unit/l Site-2

(December, 2009)




glomeruta, Cyclotella

meneghiniana, Fragillaria




attenuatum, Melosira





palea, Oscillatoria princeps,




Oscillatoria brevis, Spirogyra

sp, Synedra ulna, Pediastrum


elongatum, Closterium

lanceolatum and Closterium

malmei and Mastagloea sp.

37500 unit/l Site-1 (January,

2010)



Amphora angusta, Amphora

acutiuscula, Anabaena affinis,


Ankistrodesmus fusiformis,


Caloneis bacillum,

Cosmarium portianum ,

Chlorella viridis, Cyclotella

comata, Cyclotella


aspera, Cymbella cistula,

Cymbella laevis, Fragillaria

capucina, Hydrodictyon sp,


aeruginosa, Navicula


cuspidate, Navicula pupula,

Nitzschia tubicola, Nitzschia

frustulum, Nitzschia hybrida,

Nitzschia palea, Oedogonium

sp, Oscillatoria Princeps,

Pinnularia viridis, Spirogyra

sp, Surirella elegans, Synedra

ulna, Ulothrix zonata, Volvox

aureus and Mastagloea sp.

112

Systematic Enumeration of Algae.

Bacillariophyceae.

Order: Centrales.

Suborder: Discineae.

Family: Coscinodiscaceae.

Sub family: Melosiroideae.

Melosira granulate.

Frustules 7.8 µm in diameter, cylindrical united in long or short chains.

Semicellsv 7 µm high end cells with spines row of aereoles 10 in 10 µm.

Melosira juergensii.

Frustules 10-30 µm in diameter, semicells 12.7 µm long, cell wall finely

punctuate rows of punctatae 30 in 10 µm.

Melosira Varians.

Frustules 10 µm in diameter, cylindrical united in chains, semicells, straight.

Sub family: Coscinodiscoideae.

Cyclotella meneghiniana.

Frustules rectangular in girdle view, with undulate valves, valves discoid 9.8

µm in diameter margin strong, central field large and finely punotate, striae

8-10 in 10 µm.

Cyclotella glomerata.

Frustules small, in loose chains, rectangular in girdle view, valves discoid 6-

-12.8 µm in diameter, central field smooth with 6-7 small radial striae or

dots in a ring, striae 8-10 in 10 µm.

Coscinodiscus granii

Valves rounded, diameter 153-182 µm aerolated, middle areolae larger than

the rest forming a sort of rosette. Aerolae around rosette 4 in 10 µm.

chamber opening clear. Covering membrane period. Two asymmetrical pore

canala at the margin. Cell in the highest point of the valves being

excentrically placed.

Coscinodiscus radiatus.

Cells large diameter 140-210 µm. Areolae in the centre forming a rosette 4

in 10 µm further outside about a in 10 µm. radial rows and spiral rows of

areolae clear and so also the chamber opening. Interstitial meshes, possibly

spinulae forming an irregular ring between the centre and the margin.

Hyaline radial ribs running to the centre from small. Spinulae inside the

margin.

Coscinodiscus oculus.

113

Cells disc shaped large dark coloured and striking diameter 160-170 µm.

Areolation large with a central‘s rosette which sometimes shows a small

area. Areolae increase in size slightly towards the margin 3 in 10 µm

Around the rosette, radial and secondary spiral series well expressed. Margin

small, radially striated striae 6 in 10 µm. Two asymmetrical pores canals

seen on careful examination.

Order: Pennales.

Suborder: Araphidineae.

Family: Fragillariaceae.

Sub family: fragilarioideae.

Fragilaria capucina.

Valves 31.37 µm long, 4-90 µm broad, slender sublinear narrow towards

end, striae 9 in 10 µm.

Fragilaria intermedia.

Frustules rectangular, valves 101.p µm long, 7.3 µm broad, striae 10 in 10

µm. absent on one side in the middle.

Synedra ulna.

Valves 111.27 µm long, 7.6 µm broad, linear, tapering at the ends, ends

rounded, pseudoraphae narrow, linear. Central area absent, striae 10 µm.

Suborder: Raphidiodineae.

Family: Eunotiaceae.

Sub family: Eunotiodieae.

Eunotia sp.

Valves 50 µm long, broad, slightly arcuate evenly tapering towards the ends.

Sub order: Monorapaphidineae.

Family: Achnanthaceae.

Sub family: Cocconoeideae.

Cocconeis placentula.

Valves 25.69 µm long, 18.82 µm broad, elliptical, valves with a thin and

straight raphe, axial area very narrow, central area small, round striae 24 in

10 µm.

Cocconeis sp.

Valves 15.69 µm long, 8.82 µm broad, thin and straight raphe, striae 20 in

10 µm.

Genus: Achnanthes.

Achnanthes lanceolate.

Valves 10.8-15 µm long, 4.1-5 µm broad, elliptical lanceolate with ends

broadly rounded and flat, raphe valves with thin thread like raphe, axial area

narrow, linear, central area broad, quadrate, striae 18-20 in 10 µm strong,

114

radial rapheless valves with narrow, lanceolate pseudoraphe, horse shoe

shapped marking on one side in the centre, striae 18-19 in 10 µm.

Achnanthes minutissima.

Frustules small, linear and bent in girdle view, valves 19-32 µm long, 3-3.7

µm broad, narrow, linear lanceolate with broadly rounded ends, axial area

narrow, central area slightly wider on raphe valve, striae 24-26 in 10 µm

fine.

Sub order: Biraphidineae.

Family: Naviculaceae.

Sub family: Naviculoideae.

Mastagloea sp

Valves 36 µm long, 13 µm broad, elliptical lanceolate with produced

capitate ends, raphe nearly straight in two longitudinal ribs. Axial area

narrow, central area small round.

Gyrosigma acuminatum.

Frustules solitary, valves 102 µm long, 12 µm broad sigmoid, lanceolate in

outline, gradually tapering from the middle towards the ends, ends broadly

rounded, raphe sigmoid and central axial area narrow, striae 18 in 10 µm.

Gyrosigma attenuatum.

Valves 225 µm long, 24 µm broad, narrowly sigmoid, lanceolate with the

poles, ends obtusely rounded, raphae central and sigmoid, axial area narrow,

striae about 13 in 10 µm.

Gyrosigma sp.

Valves long, broad, slightly sigmoid, transverse striae, coarse longitudinal

striae.

Pleurosigma elongatum.

Valves 185-215. µm long, 17.20 µm broad, slightly sigmoid, elongated,

lanceolate, gradually attenuated towards the ends, ends somewhat broadly

rounded, raphe excentric sigmoid, axial area very narrow, central area small

elliptical, transeverse striae about 24 µm in 10 µm oblique striae about 22 in

10 µm.

Pleurosigma angulatum.

Valves 85.5 – 95 µm long, 14.4 – 16 µm broad, slightly sigmoid, rhombic

lanceolate distinctly angular in the middle ends acutely rounded, raphe

sigmoid and thin, axial area narrow, central area small and rhombic

transverse and oblique. Striae equidistant from one another, about 25 in 10

µm.

Pleurosigma directum.

Frustules hyaline, membraneous, easily breaking down. Valves lanceolate,

slightly sigmoid, 238-518 µm long, 39-56 µm broad. Raphe very faint axial

115

area very narrow central area almost invisible. Structure on the valves very

difficult to make out. Punctuate as in the other species.

Caloneis bacillum.

Valves 35 µm long, 8.8 µm broad, linear with broad rounded ends, raphe

thin and straight with slightly unilaterally bent central pores, central area

wide, reaching the sides. Slightly radial.

Diploneis sp.

Valves 28 µm long, 13 broad, costae gin broadly elliptical with rounded

ends narrow.

Stauroneis sp.

Valves long, broad, elliptical, lanceolate with constricted capitate and

broadly rounded ends. Raphe thin, thread like, straight with slightly curved

terminal fissures. Axial area narrow.

Navicula cuspidate.

Valves long, 19.4 µm broad, rhombic lanceolate with constricted worthy

rostrate, substrancate ends, raphe thin and straight with hooked unilaterally

bent central pores and large terminal fissure, central area very small,

transverse straie 14-16 in 10 µm longitudinal striae about 25 in 10 µm.

Naviclu pupula.

Valves 18.4-35 µm long, 7.3 – 10.9 µm broad, linear lanceolate with broadly

rounded and slightly constricted ends, raphe thin straight, striae 16-18 µm,

fine, radial.

Navicula radiosa.

Valves 61-85 µm long, 9.8- 10.5 µm broad, narrowly lanceolate with

gradually tapering rounded ends, raphe thin and straight, striae 10-12 in 10

µm radial in the middle and convergent at the ends.

Navicula confervacea.

Frustules rectangular in girdle view, united together to form long filaments,

valves 17.8-20 µm long, 6-8.6 µm broad, lanceolate, slightly constricted

towards the ends, ends rounded raphe thin and straight, axial area large,

lanceolate striae 22-24 in 10 µm, marginal, weak and radial.

Navicula salinarum.

Valves 43.5 µm long, 14.5-15 µm broad, lanceolate elliptical with more or

less produced acuteends, raphe thin and straight axial area very narrow,

central area large and rounded, striae 14 in 10 µm, strongly radial in the

middle and convergent at the ends or some what perpendicular to the middle

line, short and long striae alternating in the middle.

Pinnularia viridis.

116

Valves 62-70 µm long, 12.2-14 µm broad linear lanceolate with rostrated

rounded ends, raphe thin enclosed in siliceous ribs, striae 70-8 in 10 µm

thick radial in the middle and convergent at the ends.

Sub family: Amphiproideae.

Amphora coffeaformis.

Frustules elliptic, lanceolate 26.4 µm long, 13.73 µm broad, valves 26.4 µm

long. Arcuate on the dorsal margin, slightly concave ventral margin, ends

constricted on dorsal side, slightly constricted on ventral side and peak like,

raphae thin, straiae about 22-24 in 10 µm.

Amphora acutiuscula.

Frustules with abruptly constricted, produced tranncate ends in girdle view,

23-30 µm long, 13-15 µm broad, valves semi lanceolate with almost straight

ventral margin and produced somewhat capitate ends, raphe thin and

straight, axial area very narrow striae 14-16 in 10 µm, radial indistinctly

punctuate and rudimentary on the ventral side.

Amphora ovalis.

Frustules 61-64 µm long, 25.5 µm broad, elliptic with truncate ends in girdle

view, valves lunate with convex dorsal side and concave. Ventral side with

rounded ends striae 12-13 in 10 µm.

Cymbella cistula.

Valves 80-101 µm long, 20-23 µm broad asymmetrical with dorsal margin

strongly convex and ventral margin atmost straight and inoflated in the

middle, striae 8-9 in 10 µm.

Cymbella laevis.

Valves 32-44 µm long, 9-10 µm broad nearly lanceolate dorsal margin

covex, ventral margin straight with slight inflation, ends rounded raphe

slightly small, striae 12-14 in 10 µm.

Cymbella aspera.

Valves 98-160 µm long. 22-32 µm broad, asymmetrical with strongly

convex dorsal and straight or slightly convex ventral side, ends obtusely

rounded, raphe thick, arcuate, slightly excentric with large, ventrally bent

central pores and dorsally directed tenninal fissures, axial area moderate,

linear, central area slightly formed, rounded with an arcuate marking on the

dorsal side, striae 8-10 in 10 µm radial, clear and coarsely punctuate.

Cymbella lanceolate.

Valves 120-174 µm long, 23-30 µm broad, curved, asymmetrical, dorsal

margin convex, slightly more convex in the middle ventral margin. Concave

with a strong inflation in the middle ends, broadly rounded, raphe thick with

dorsally directed central pores and bifurcated terminal fissures, axial area

narrow. Central punctuate, strongly radial throughout.

117

Cymbella tumida.

Valves 52-88 µm long, 14-19.5 µm broad, asymmetrical and curved, broadly

naviculoid with rostrate poles, dorsal margin convex and ventral margin

straight or slightly convex with median expansion raphe excentric axial, area

narrow, central area large, rounded with ventrally placed prominent isolated

dot. Striae 9-10 in 10 µm, radial and punctuate.

Gomphonema gracile.

Valves 36-45 µm long, 7-8 µm broad, lanceolate calvate with attenuated

ends, raphe thin and straight, axial area narrow, central area unilateral with

an isolated stigma on the opposite side, striae 10 in 10 µm.

Gomphonema purvulum.

Valves 9.5-26 µm long, 5-6 µm broad, lanceolate, clavated with short

constricted produced rounded ends raphe thin and straight axial area narrow,

central area unilateral with an isolated stigma on the opposite side, striae 11-

13 in 10 µm radial.

Family: Nitzschiaceae

Subfamily: Nitzschioideae.

Nitzschia Closterium.

Valves 52-75 µm long, 3.5-4.5 µm broad, medianly spindal shaped with

long attenuatum ends, retracted in opposite direction, feebly silicified, keel

punotae 18-22 in 10 µm, small, striae indistinct.

Nitzschia palea.

Valves 22-25 µm long, 3.5-4.5 µm broad, linear, sub lanceolate with

narrowed, constricted, feebly capitate ends, keel excentric, keel punctae 10-

12 in 10 µm striae, about 35 in 10 µm fine.

Nitzschia sigma.

Valves 55-85 µm long, 4.5-6 µm broad, sigmoid linear in the middle with

gradually tapering slightly constricted, produced, acutely roundedends, keel

strongly excentric, keel punctae 10-12 µm small, 24-30 in 10 µm fine,

punctuate.

Order: pennales

Sub order: araphidineae.

Family: fragilariaceae.

Sub family: Tabellarioidae.

Tabellaria fenestrate.

Frustules rectangular in girdle view, united at the corners by gelatinous to

form zig zag chins. Septa straight, two at each end, extending nearly to the

centre. Valves linear, elongated, inflated, in the middle end at the ends.

Length 71-85 µm and breath 7-8 µm.

Tabellaria flocculosa.

118

Frustules quadrangular with from 4to8 septa, incurved at each end and

alternating with those of the opposite end. Valves linear, elongated, inflated

in the middle and at the ends. Length 71-85 µm and breadth 8-8.3 µm and

striae 15 in 10 µm.

Asterionella japonica.

Frustules forming spiral colonies, linear, narrow with parallel sides and

broadened at the base. Chromatophores plate like, two in the broadened

base. 74-100 µm length, 8-12 µm breadth at the base.

Sub family: tabellarieae.

Thallassionema sp.

Frustules united into zigzag chains. Cells in girdle view linear rectangular in

valve view linear lanceolate, both poles alike. 21-64.5 µm long branch.

Sub order: Biddulphioideae.

Sub family: Biddulphineae.

Biddulphia sp.

Valves elliptical with swollen margins. Strongly soulptured with a few ribs

inside. Cells forming long or short chains by attachment with mucilage pads

at blunt end of their processes.

Family: Cheatocereae.

Cheatocerous sp.

Cells forming long chains, apical axis 7.5-18 µm length, Aperotures

somewhat wide, sometimes a mere slit. The setae of some cells in a chain

more roubust, thickened and bent to run parallel to the chain axis.

Sub class: Thalassiosirophyceae.

Order: Thalassiosirales.

Sub family: skeletonemoideae.

Genus: skeletonema

Skeletonema costatum.

Frustules weakly silicified, cells lens shaped, ends of cells rounded. Long

spines connect the cells to form usually straight chains. The spaces between

the cells are longer than the cells themselves. 6-14 µm diameter.

Genus: Thalassiosira.

Thallasiosira sp.

Frustules drum shaped, quadrangular in girdle view, single occasionally

united in twos. Valves round with two chromatophores more or less lobed

between which lies eccentrically a very small nucleus. Small punctuate. The

punctae are seen in the girdle view also. 4-6 µm diameter, marginal punctae

18-22 µm.

Family: Surirellaceae.

Sub family: surirelloideae.

119

Surirella capronii.

Valves 137-183 µm long, 55-73 µm broad, hetero polar ovate with broadly

rounded somewhat narrowed apex and cuneate acutely rounded base, axial

area, narrowly lanceolate, costae 9-13 in 100 µm thick.

Sub family: Rhizosolenieae.

Rhizosolenia sp.

Differ from the type in its longer apical process ending in long spines. The

base of the process thinned. Puretac 25 rows in 10 µm diameter of cell 54

µm.

Class: Cyanophyceae.

Order: Chroococcals.

Family: Chroococcaceae.

Microcystis aerugenosa.

Colonies Slightly longer than broad, cells 3-7 µm in diameter Spherical.

Merismopodia sp.

Colonies mostly small with 16-64 cells, cells oval or spherical closely

arranged 3-6 µm broad, pale blue green in colour.

Order: Oscillatoriales.

Family: Oscillatoriaceae.

Oscillatoria brevis.

Thallus expanded, olivaceous, trichome blue green, straight not constricted

at the cross walls, ends briefly attenuated, more or less bent not caspitate, 4-

6.5 µm broad, blue green cells ½ time as long as broad, 1.5 -3 µm long, end

cell rounded calyptra absent.

Oscillatoria Formosa.

Thallus blue green, trichome straight, 4-6 µm broad, bright blue green.

Oscillatoria princeps.

Trichome blue green, not constricted at the cross walls 16-60 µm broad cells

3.5-7 µm long, end cell flatly rounded.

Lyngbya sp.

Filaments long, straight sheath thick, colour less, cells 11-16 µm broad, 2-3

µm long.

Order: Nostocales.

Family: Nostocaceae.

Nostoc sp.

Trichome gelatinous along with slime broad, bluish green. Cells sub

spherical. Heterocyst intercalary as well as terminal, unequal in size. Some

are smaller than cells.

Anabaena flos aquae.

120

Cells 6-7 µm long, 4-5 µm broad, heterocyst 6-8 µm long, 4.5-5 µm broad

spores 15-30 µm long, 15-18 µm broad.

Anabaena spherica.

Thallus blue green, trichomes straight 3-6 µm broad, cells spherical short,

end cell rounded, 5-9 µm broad, heterocyst spherical 3-7 µm long.

Chlorophyta.

Class: chlorophyceae.

Order: chlorococcales.

Family: chlorellaceae.

Chlorella vulgaris.

Cells 11-16 µm in diameter.

Family: hydrodictyaceae.

Hydrodictyon sp.

Net like colonies of several cells, cylindrical closed at either end, it is a

larger from with bigger cells. Thick with lamellated walls. The meshes of

the net hexagonal. Each cell with a single parietal chloroplast with a single

pyrenoid. Cells 18-23 µm broad.

Order: conjugales.

Family: zygnemaceae.

Spirogyra sp.

Vegetative cells, long and broad. Two chloroplasts.

Pediastrum duplex.

Cells 12.20 µm in diameter, 16 celled colonies.

Pediastrum simplex.

Colonies planktonic, discoid, 16 celled circular with few small intercellular

spaces, cells 20 µm long, 11 µm broad.

Pediastrum boryanum.

Colonies 16-32 cells in concentric rings without intercellular spaces, inner

cells polygonal, peripheral cells with outer margin extended into 2 blunt

tipped processes cells up to 14 µm in diameter.

Pandorina morum.

Colonies 10-45 µm in diameter.

Ankistrodesmus fusiformis.

Cells sigmoid taisted around one another united in colonies and the apices

free cells. 3-5 µm broad.

Ankistrodesmus falcatus.

Cells aggregated longitudinally arranged and joined by side walls cells

fusiformis, straight, pointed at both ends.

Eucampia sp.

121

Apical axis 18-42 µm in length, intercalary bands prominent. Processes

thinner and longer.

Genus: Ulothrix

Ulothrix zonata.

Vegetative cells 4-14 µm long, 9-11 µm

Family: fragillariophyceae.

Microspora sp.

Vegetative cells 12-14 µm long, 15-17 µm broad.

Oedogoniales.

Oedogonium sp.

Vegetative cells 30-60 µm long. 9-10 µm broad, oospores 30-32 µm in

diameter.

Family: Coelastraceae.

Scenedesmus armatus.

Cells 10 µm long, 3.4 µm diameter.

Scenedesmus quadricauda.

Cells 5 µm long, 2.3 µm broad, spine 5.6 µm long.

Scenedesmus obliqus.

Cells 24-26 µm long, 6-7 µm broad.

Desmids.

Closterium malmei.

Wall strongly ribbed, cell wall punctuate, cell 44 µm long, 28-30 µm broad.

Closterium attenuatum.

Cells elongate without median constriction, cell wall with delicate pores,

striate walls yellowish brown cell 51-60 µm long, 20-30 µm in diameter.

Cosmarium depressum.

Cells elongated, without a median constriction, attenuated poles, cells are 60

µm broad, 50-55 µm long.

Cosmarium portianum.

Semicell short, cells 34-35 µm long, 30-32 µm broad, 12-15 µm in diameter.

Family: surirenuaceae.

122

PLATE: 7. PHYTOPLANKTON COMMUNITIES OF TAPI.

Bacillariophyceae.

1. Achnanthes minutissima.

2. Achnanthes lanceolata.

3. Achnanthes holsatica.

4. Achnanthes subatomus.

5. Amphora coffeaformis.

6. Amphora acutiuscula.

7. Amphora angusta.

8. Amphora ovalis.

9. Amphiprora alata.

10. Asterionella formosa.

11. Asterionella japonica.

12. Biddulphia biddulphia.

13. Cheatocerous compressus.

14. Cocconeis placentula.

15. Coscinodiscus oculus.

16. Coscinodiscus radiatus.

123


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

124


17. Coscinodiscus granii.

18. Coscinodiscus stellaris.

19. Cymbella minuta.

20. Cymbella tumida.

21. Cymbella aspera.

22. Cymbella cistula.

23. Cymbella lanceolata.

24. Cymbella laevis.

25. Cyclotella comata.

26. Cyclotella glomerata.

27. Cyclotella meneghiniana.

28. Caloneis sp.

29. Caloneis bacillum.

30. Diploneis sp.

31. Diadesmis confervacea.

32. Diatoma sp.

125


17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

126


33. Encyonema sp.

34. Eucampia sp.

35. Fragillaria biceps.

36. Fragillaria capucina.

37. Fragillaria intermedia.

38. Gomphonema purvulum.

39. Gomphonema clevei.

40. Gomphonema quadripunctatum.

41. Gomphonema gracile.

42. Gomphonema tackei.

43. Gyrosigma attenuatum.

44. Gyrosigma acuminatus.

45. Gyrosigma sp.

46. Geissieria sp.

47. Melosira granulata.

48. Melosira granulata.

127


33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

128


49. Melosira varians.

50.Melosira juergensii.

51. Mastagloea sp.

52. Navicula symmetrica.

53. Navicula confervacea.

54. Navicula radiosa.

55. Navicula cuspidate.

56. Navicula pupula.

57. Navicula ambigua.

58. Navicula salinarum.

59. Navicula forcipata.

60. Navicula lanceolata.

129


49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

130


61. Nitzschia palea.

62. Nitzschia Closterium.

63. Nitzschia sigma.

64. Nitzschia hybrida.

65. Nitzschia frustulum.

66. Nitzschia tubicola.

67. Odontella sp.

68. Pinnularia viridis.

69. Pleurosigma angulatum.

70. Pleurosigma elongatum.

71. Pleurosigma directum.

72. Rhizosolenia sp.

131


61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

132


73. Sphaerocystis sp.

74. Stauroneis sp.

75. Synedra ulna.

76. Skeletonema costatum

77. Skeletonema sp.

78. Surirella capronii.

79. Surirella elegans.

80 Surirella gemma.

81. Eunotia sp.

82. Thallasiosira sp.

83. Thallasiosira sp.

84. Thallasionema sp.

85. Tabellaria fenestrate

86 Tabellaria floculosa.

Cyanophyceae.

87. Anabaena affinis.

88. Anabaena spherica.

89. Anabaena plactonica.

133


73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

134


89. Anabaena plactonica

90. Anabaena flos-aquae.

91. Lyngbya sp.

92. Lyngbya sp.

93. Microcystis aerugenosa.

94. Merismopodia sp.

95. Oscillatoria princes.

96. Oscillatoria brevis.

97. Oscillatoria formosa.

98. Oscillatoria annae.

99. Spirulina maxima.

100. Spirulina platensis.

101. Nostoc sp.

Green algae.

102. Microspora sp.

103. Ankistrodesmus falcatus.

104. Ankistrodesmus fusiformis.

135


89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

136


105. Chlorella vulgaris

106. Hydrodictyon sp.

107. Oedogonium sp.

108. Pandorina moram.

109. Pediastrum boryanum

110. Pediastrum duplex.

111. Pediastrum simplex.

112. Scenedesmus quadricauda.

113. Scenedesmus obliqus.

114. Scenedesmus armatus.

115. Spirogyra sp.

116. Ulothrix zonata.

137


105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

138


117. Ulothrix monaliformis.

118. Volvox aureus.

119. Volvox globerator

Euglenophyceae.

120. Euglena sp.

Desmids.

121. Cosmarium depressum.

122. Cosmarium portianum.

123. Closterium attenuatum.

124. Closterium malmei.

139


117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

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