A.THANGAMANI RAMALINGAM B.P.T., M.Sc.PSYCHOLOGY, Cspss(ADVANCED),PGDRM

LECTURER IN PHYSIOTHERAPY,SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF PHYSIOTHERAPY,

MOB: 94264 39169 EMAIL: ATRAMALINGAM@GMAIL.COM

GOLDBELL_76@YAHOO.CO.IN

METHODOLOGY IN RESEARCH

Research process

Research problem Review of the related

literatureFormulating

hypothesesResearch designData collectionData analysisInterpretationSolution and

conclusion

STRATEGY

STRUCTURE OF METHODOLOGY

Validity Vs research methodology

Research design

ExplorativeDescriptiveCausal research

Qualitative Vs Quantitative

Comparison of designs

Sampling

Probability samplingNon probability

sampling

Probability Sampling

Simple random sampling

Systematic random sampling

Stratified random sampling

cluster random sampling

Sampling

Observational design

Reliability of tools

Test-retest reliability(ICC/Pearson r/spearman rho)

Inter and intra rater reliability

Internal consistency(cronbach’s alpha)

Validity of tools

STATISTICAL DESIGN

STATISTICAL DESIGN

Depends onStudy designScale of

measurement/Type of data(nominal,ordinal &scale or numerical)

Sample size

Tests to address the question: Is there a difference between groups – unpaired (parallel and independent groups) situation?

Tests to address the question: Is there a difference between groups – paired situation?

Tests to address the question: Is there an association between variables?

Tests to address the question: Is there an agreement between assessment (screening / rating / diagnostic) techniques?

COMMON SIGNS OF DUBIOUS DATASlippery decimal point(eg:4%-1990,7%-2000)Botched translations(25% increase in risk)Misleading graphsCareless calculationBig round numbers(bird window deaths)Hyperbole(using superlatives)Broad definitionsOdd units of analysisConvenient time frame ,selective comparisions,

misleading samples &statistical adjustmentsShort term benefits are converted to longterm

benefits

Bad SamplesSmall SamplesMisleading GraphsPictographsDistorted PercentagesLoaded QuestionsOrder of Questions

RefusalsCorrelation & CausalitySelf Interest StudyPrecise NumbersPartial PicturesDeliberate Distortions

Misuses of Statistics