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Collins English Dictionary & Thesaurushttp://www.merriam-webster.com
http://dictionary.reference.com
http://www.thefreedictionary.com
. -
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(shortening) (blending)
)+(. () ) ( ) ) (+(
)
) demos (democracy) demokratia ( )
kratos
./
.
.
.
.
.
(word classes /parts of speech)
. .
. .
.
( )
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()
.
/
/ .
0
) 0 0
meow, moo, bow-wow, vroom, etc.
0 )
0 lump, bump, hump, clump
0 (alliteration)
flick, flash, flip, flop, etc.
0 (Ejaculation) ) ho-ho, ha-ha, pish, pshaw, etc. (Jackson and Amvela 51.)
.
(( ( ( ()
.
.
(.00( /
.
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0
.
. -
(-) . -
.
.
. .
(t
ed d)
left eft leave .
written wrote write
. (past participle) )) . read, cut, put, rid
0 es"
s
benches, axes, bookse a women men
.
data (
). data datum
criterion . phenomena . ( ) criteria
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. phenomenon
. . means
. scissors,shoes, trousers 0
.
- - -
-
-- 0- . - -.
(Wher8 & 140) 0 / .
/
.
0
. 0 0
.
() ,executive - executrix, gander - goose, fox- vixen () 0
(-). mediator- mediatress/mediatrix
. (inflectional morpheme)
.
(Jackson and Amvela 82) .
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est
er
tallest
taller )) tall bad
() good . worst worse (Warriner 14-16 and Thomson36-37) . best
better
.
/ .
. . .
.
() ( - ( .
.
.
.
- .
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0 / 0
/
. Ulama/Ulema
.
.
.
.) (
.
.
( )
(
) ( )
.
. 0
liberticide, liberalizing, liberalizor, liberalize , liberalism, liberal , liberalization, liberalist, liberty , liberality, liberate, liberator,
(liber) .
0
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(free morpheme) - : (bound morpheme)
state (verb)
stated, stating
( ) state
ing stating edstated
. inflections
0 (state) -
stateable, statement, misstate, restate, understate.
( )
resign
ure depart ation (Jackson and Amvela 82) . departureresignation
0
(Wehr 462
)
.
0 Noun:
Base form Stem+plural Stem+possessive Stem+plural+possessive
boy boys boys boys
Adjective:
Base form Stem+comperative Stem+superlativecold colder coldest
Verb:
Base form Stem+3rd person singular Stem+ past
eat eats ate
Stem+participle Stem+present participle
eaten eating
.
.
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0 )
.
0 (word class changing) resign (verb)+ ation(derivational affix)= resignation (noun)leak (verb)+age(derivational affix)= leakage (noun)
accurate (adjective)+y(derivational affix)= accuracy (noun)
free (adjective)+dom(derivational affix)= freedom (noun)
fright (noun)+en(derivational affix)= frighten (verb)
glory (noun)+fy(derivational affix)= glorify (verb)
(Jackson and Amvela 88-89).
)
0 Nouns:
noun + affix= noun
malaria + anti= anti-malaria
scholar + ship= scholarship
Verbs:
verb + affix = verb
join +ad = adjoin
agree + dis = disagree judge +pre = prejudgeAdjectives:
adjective + affix = adjective
social + anti = anti-social
kind + ly = kindly
possible + im = impossible .
(Jackson and Amvela 90-91) .
0
.
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0
. all & all,leaps &bounds ,bread & butter
.
.
/ (/
)
/ ( / )
( )
( ) . 0 /
. ((
(.0 . 0)
. 0
/
0
0
. high-level high-ranking . . .
/
.
/ .
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. /
.
.
.
.
.
. / .
(-)
..)
.)
( /)
. .
(+) .
0
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. . from
/ /
.
/ (+)
) .. (.
0
0
0
/ / . +/+
.
. !
.
.
.
.
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.
.
( )(
( .
canvass ( ) canvas0 ( born )
)
(borne) ( .) borne ( (born)
bear
.
. .
.
.
.
(neologism)
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
.
.
(website)
. / .
.
.
.
.
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.
.
. (antenna) /
. .
.
.
(
)
- . .
. .
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.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
))
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- .
.
.
(Jackson) (Clinton) (Paul) (Mc Chrystal)
(Stephen)
. (Caroline) (Catherine) (Paddy Ashdon)
. (Charles)
(Pretty) (Vicky)
(Victoria)
.
.
0
.
.
!
//
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. !
.
/ . / / (coat)
() () /
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
.
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.
.
.
.
. . .
. .
(
)
.
.
.
.
.
Chambers 21stCentury Dictionary
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.
(Portmanteau/Portmantean)
0
breakfast+lunch: brunch
channel+tunnel: chunnel
dove+hawk: dawk
motor+hotel: motel
sheep+goat: shoat
slang+language: slanguage(Jackson and Amvela 101).
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
(Homonyms) -
() ) ) )
)(
) ( )
( ) .
.
(homonymy)
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0
(Homophones) )
(
) () (
) ( ( ( )
) )( ) ( ) / /( / ) / ( /
)
0
(/) heir/air( /) bare/bear
) / ) bank/bank
(// ) to/two/too
/) ) no/know
(//) write/right/rite(Jackson and Amvela 72.)
.
(Homographs) (
(
) ( )() ( ) ( ( )) ) ) /
(/ ) / (// ) / (/) / (/ )
/
(/ )/ (/ ) / (/ ) / (/
) / ( /
/) )/ ) /
/) ) / (/
) / (/ ) / ( /
) (0 )
/ (/
)
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/ (/ ) / (/
.)
( fair (
) Bark () bark
( fair ) (
) fair )
.
.
0 ( ) ((
( ) (
( ) bank ( ) bank (
( piece ( ) peace ) /
) bark () bark
) ) strike () strike ) ( )May
()may
) )Pole
( )
pole
() bear ( )... bear ) ) tear () tear(
).
( /
)(
) ) ( / (( ) .(..
( )( ) ( )
(
) () (
) (
)
) digest )) digest)
) digest
.
) (polysemous)
(homonymous)
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(..0.
0 ./
. ( ( () 0 .
. ((/ 0 . . coat .(
.)
0 . - ( ) -
0
-()
-()
-()
. (=) .
0
The routewas very long.
The rootwas very long.
. 0
Helen didnt see thebat) animal).Helen didnt see the bat(wooden implement).
(// ) bat
/ .
. (word class)
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(Jackson and Amvela 72-73.)
. (sound) (COD9)
.
mite mite (Old English)
.
. mite
(...) . (graze)
/ . grasian
. graze
.
. skin (LDEL 1991)
.
(buffet)
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(buffet) ( .
)
.
)Chambers 21st Century Dictionary .0.)
. (homonymous)
-
.
.
. -
0
() .
.
.
(.0 ( .
.
. .
0 0
. .
(
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(( (
-
.
.
. /
.
( ) . .
(( .
.
.
.
( )
. ( ) .
/ .
()
.
(
) (
)
0 . .
/
.
.
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.
.
.
(Jackson and Amvela22)
- 0
Regular Polysemy, Semantic Polysemy, Semantic Transfer, Regular Meaning Shift,
Semi-Productive Polysemy and Lexical Implication rules.
0 Put the canin the recycling bin.[ can]Did he eat the whole can? [
can]
He dropped the glassand broke it. [ glass]She drank six glassesthat evening.[
glass]
(Atkinsand Rundell139)
.
(Hypernyms) (Hyponyms)
.
(hyponymy)
(hypernyms) (hyponyms) . (superordinates)
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. .
.
.
airplane, chariot,train ,automobile vehicle
.
dogsled
( .
.(
( ) -
)
)
.
(Co-hyponyms) ( )
.
. (genus expression)
.
0 ))
strange:1unusual, peculiar, surprising, eccentric, novel, unfamiliar, alien, foreign,unaccustomed(Atkins and Rundell 135).
. (Hyponymy and Meronymy)
(hierarchy) .
/
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/
/ .
(Jackson and Amvela 117-118) . . ( )
.
. (hyponymy)
(meronymy)
.
.
.
() ()
.
.
. 0
(bag) ) /
(tin) )
)box) ( /
(barrel) /( (pot) (
0
(sack) )
/
(detachable pocket) )
(purse) )
0 (crate) )
(case) ) 0
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(briefcase) )
(suitcase) (
0 / (keg) )
(cask) )
. .
.
.
. (spokes) )) /
(nave)
.
(nave) (Atkins and Rundell 135 .).
(Quasi-meronymy)
.
0
.
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.
(Collocation)
.
()
(kettle)
. (boil) 0
subject+ verb =(kettle+boil)verb + object =(boil+kettle)
adjective + noun =(red+wine). (Jackson and Amvela 131)
(pairs) (+
+)(+)(+)(+)(+
+)() (+))+))+)
. (+))+/) .
0 refer to, fond of, fear of, rely on, etc.
.
.
/
. /
.
(litotes)
.
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.
(rhetoric devices)
.
.
. . . //0
(metonymy)
(sowrd) (crown) (metonyms)
.
.
(
)
( )
( )
(
) (
. )
/
(synecdoche) .
(Combination of Antonyms)
/ .
0 0
(Jackson and Amvela114) .
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I love a good bookmore than a meal.(Contradictory or Complement Antonyms) -
0
. false trueoffondeadaliveawakeasleep
. .
.
.
(Converse Antonyms) -
0
. buy sell before after above below0
Lydin boughtthe car from Kristen.
Kristen soldthe car to Lydin. (Jackson and Amvela 116)0
(Complementary Antonymy)
)
( )
. 0 . (rather dead)
(slightly alive)
. - . - -
.
. - -
.
(Atkins and Rundell 142) -
.
)Polar Antonymy) (
0
- .
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. - . - . - . - . - . - - . . - . -
(Directional Antonymy) (
.
(Atkins and Rundell 143) .
.
.
.
.
.
-
.
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( (. -..
(
) .
.
)0 ) ( ) .
.
.
- ( ) .
.
. .
. -
)(..).
-
.
.0..
A Dictionary of the Pakkhtoo Idiom
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(.)
(Idiom)
(.)
.
( a wet blanket 0 (Idioms)
( ) Pyrrhic victory (
) to eat a humble pie ( ) under wire(
) . Crocodile tears )
0
.
.
.
. (LDEL, 1991, xiv)
.
. .
( ) .
(Jackson and Amvela 209) .
(phrasalverb)
0 .( . ) give away
( .) give in
.) .) give off
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(. ..) give on /give into.(... ) give out
. ) ). giveover
) . give up
(Thomson & Martinet 315; Robinson 566-67) .)
(Phrasal Verbs)
(headword) (Jackson and Amvela 209) .
.
.
. .
/.(-.. )
.
.
Pyrrhic victory
. Crocodile Crocodile tears Pyrrhic
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wordspeak , louder , actions Actions speak louder than word
)Simpson 1, 140, 209, 250 ..(
-
.
.
.
.
0
(base) )
0(+) (+)(+) (complex word)(+)
(+) (+) (+)
,impossibility(im-, possibil,-ity) (+ )
) Unlikely(Un-,like, -ly(, vitality(vit-,-al,-ity) (derivational elements) )
. (
() (++ ((+))+)
(+) (+) (+)
blackboard (black+board),blackbird(black+bird), teapot(tea+pot).
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.
.
((corpus
(Idiomatic Compounds)
(Non-Idiomatic Compounds)
.
0
black board 0 -
black-board .
hard cover . . hardcover
.
0 -
(intruptibility)
(inflectibility) (modification)
(word order)
dare-devil .
. dare the devil
+
+ . sea-sick
)
verb + preposition (. splashdown
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. .
air-sick (hot) air-very sick hot air-sick
John was seriously air-sick
. 0
seriously (air).
(inflectibility)0 -
bottle-neck necksbottles- .
bottle-necks .finger-prints, ash-trays, dish-washers .(Jackson and Amvela 93-94)
-
0
(Idioms) .
dustbin .
(blackboard)
. .
(Jackson and Amvela 94)
.
0(++) (+ +) (+ ) (++ )
.
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0
-
.
.
() ()
. .
.
- .
. .
(+
)
. sign, signature,autograph .
(
. (
(+)
(+)(+) ( +)
(+
+)
(++) .
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.
0 / / /
/ .
.
.
.
.
.
()
0 / .
(archaic)
.
. -
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0
.
(. ..)
.
.
- ( )
.
-
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. ( - )
.
(....00)
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0
(
)
-
(-) (
( .
(..
.) )-)
. -
.
.
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( - . (
0
! (
)
- (- ) 0
0 !
- (
( -0
(
.)
0
(
.)
-
(/( )/
)
0
.)
(.
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. 0
. .
0 ...
0 / .( ) (
) ( ) .
.
/ .
( ( )() ( )
) .
( ) /( )
) ) /(( ) /(
( )( )( )(
)/(
) ( )( )( )
/ ( )(
) ( )( ) ( ) (
) ( / )(
)(
)( )/(
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(
)( )(
) (
)(
) (((( )
) (
) ( )( )(
)
)
)( ((
)(
)( (( )/(
)
. .
.
.
.
-
(//)
) ) 0 ( )
( )
( .)
/ .
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( (.
.
.
.
.
.
/ .
(
)
() .
. .
.- .
.
0 .(
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0) .
.
(
)
.
.
. -
(/
(/
.
.
.
( --.)
.
.
/.
.
( --).
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.
.
(
. (
.
.
. ((
-
(//)
0
-
. -
.
-
0
. .
(.-- ( ()
.
(. (
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-
.
..0 .
(The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval India(
. 0..
)Historical and political gazetteer of Afghanistanedited by Ludwig W, Adamec, 6Vol.(Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u.Verlagsanstalt, 1972-1985).
.
.
.
(Whos Who?)
.
.. (
)
.0.. Historical and Political Whos Who of Afghanistan
and its First Supplement to the
Whos Who of Afghanistan: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan by Ludwig W.Adamec.(Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck-u.Verlagsanstalt, 1979.
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. /
) )()
.
.
.
.
) ) /Mingawra /
) ) . /Mingor/
.
. . -
( ) (0)
. .
.
.
!
.
.
.
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.
/
( - (-)
. -
)
/
.
.
()
. ()
). (
.
(.
) (
) (
)
.
.
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.
.
.
.
( )
(
) .
.
.
.
- .
.
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.
.
.
/
.
.
.
.
.
/
.
-
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.
.
.
.
. .
.
0
0 (Alphabetism)
)
0
. I.M.F.,E.U., B.B.C., A.M., P.M.
.
...(
)....(
. ( 0 (Acronyms) )
. NATO, SEATO, UNESCO, ECO, UNO 0
. ) ) 0( ) ( )
)
).
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0(Contraction) (
0
)Atkins and Rundell 165) . dont, wouldnt, cant
0
:(Clipping) )
lab laboratory phoneplane telephoneaeroplane
bus bra . flu influenza mobile vulgus motorcar omnibus brassire mobcar
(Jackson and Amvela 102) .
:(Back Formation) )
televisepeddle
televisionpeddler ioner(Jackson and Amvela 102) .
(Initialism) (Alphabetism)
(Vice President)VP 0 (Acronyms) (Abbreviations)
(Jackson and Amvela 103) . veep 0(Aphetic Form) (
0 because cause
excuse me scuse me
.
(Jackson and Amvela 102-103) .
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) ())() () () ((0 ()( ) ( ) ( )( )() () ()
(
) () (+) (+) .
.
.
.
/ .
.
.
febygreek
.
0 /
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. (A picture is worth a thousand words)(One picture is worth ten thousand words) 0
.
(graphic illustrations)
.
(Atkins and Rundell 192) .
.
..)
).
.
.
.
.
0 . . .
. . 0 - .
.
0 .
.
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. . ... 0
. . 0 . . 0 .
.
. - ..
. 0.
.
0 . .
. .. 0 .
. . .. 0 .
. )
( . . . Or4490 .
.
. )
(. . . Or4491 . .
. . 0 .
0 . . 0 . .
. . . 0 .
. . . . 0 .
.
. . . 0 .
. . . 0 .
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. - . . 0 . .
. . . 0
. . . - )( 0- .
. 0. ..
.
. .)(0 - .
. - )(0- .
. .)( 0- .
. - )( 0- .
.
. .)(0- .
. . 0 .
. )
(. . . Or.4229-Foll.511 . .
0
0 . . .0.
.. . 0.
.
. . 0 .
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. . .0 .
.)
( . . . or 4493 . .
. 0. .
0 .
. . .
. . . 0 .
. 0
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