Methods -> Information Sources -> Information Resources...

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MAP-TELE

Methods ->

Information Sources ->

Information ResourcesInformation Resources

Ana Azevedo FEUP [email protected]

January 18th

1. Theoretical approach:1. Contextual Information: Scientific Knowledge and Innovation2. Information Research Cycle and Research Cycle3. Literature Review4. Ethics 5. Scientometrics

Practical work :1. Resources Integrator2. References database

� Compendex e Inspec� Scopus� Dissertations and Thesis

3. Library Catalog

Janeiro de 08 Ana Azevedo - FEUP 2

3. Library Catalog � Scientometrics

� Citation analysis� Impact factor

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January 25th

1. Theoretical approach:Scientific Information Validation1. Scientific Information Validation

2. Information Management

2. Practical work :� Patents� Standards


� Standards� Technical Reports� EndNote

Scientific Method

http://youtube.com/watch?v=3Iv70Fzxxjw


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The purpose of Science

http://youtube.com/watch?v=UyZCR2bp_Dw


The motivation

� “SCIENCE, like many other topics, is much more � “SCIENCE, like many other topics, is much more interesting if it makes sense to you. I wrote this book because science is extraordinarily interesting to me, and I want to share that interest with other people.

Derry, Gregory – What Science is & How it works.


Derry, Gregory – What Science is & How it works. Ewing, NJ : Princeton University Press, 1999, p. vii. E-book available at the site da Ebrary

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Research versus intelligence gathering

Phillips and Pug (2000):... More than answering the what questions.

Research goes beyond description and requires analysis. It looks for explanations, relationships, comparasions, predictions, generalizations and theories.


generalizations and theories.

The backgroung

In order to acquire discernment we should exercise our � “In order to acquire discernment we should exercise our native intelligence by investigating what others have already discovered, and methodologically survey even the most insignificant products of human skill, especially those which display or presuppose order”. (Rule 10th from Descartes)

Achinstein, Peter, ed.lit. – Science Rules : A Historical


Achinstein, Peter, ed.lit. – Science Rules : A Historical Introduction to Scientific Methods. Baltimore, Maryland : JHU Press, 2004, p. 60. Partly available at http://books.google.com/

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State of Art

� “Scientists discover the world that exists; engineers create the world � “Scientists discover the world that exists; engineers create the world that never was.“

Theodore von Karman

https://publicaffairs.llnl.gov/com/super_science_newsletter/2004/

“It has therefore been thought desirable to gather under one cover the


“most important papers... In the present state of the art this is all that In the present state of the art this is all that can be donecan be done “

1910 H. H. SUPLEE Gas Turbine 6, cited by1955 Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LIX. 471/1

Innovation

� “Discovery is a “success word”. When we say we � “Discovery is a “success word”. When we say we have discovered something, it means, for example, that the product of discovery is useful, that it solves a problem, explains some phenomena or that it is the lost object we have been looking for… From the epistemological point of view, discovery is a major vehicle for the growth of knowledge.”


vehicle for the growth of knowledge.”Kantorovich, Aharon – Scientific Discovery: Logic and

Thinkering. New York : Suny, 1993, p. 11, 12. Partly available at http://books.google.com/

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The Myths of Innovation

http://youtube.com/watch?v=m6gaj6huCp0



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Open Innovation

The central idea behind open innovation is that in a world The central idea behind open innovation is that in a world of widely distributed knowledge, companies cannot afford to rely entirely on their own research, but should instead buy or license processes or inventions (i.e. patents) from other companies. In addition, internal inventions not being used in a firm's business should be taken outside the company (e.g., through licensing, joint


taken outside the company (e.g., through licensing, joint ventures, spin-offs).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Innovation

Open Innovation


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Open Innovation

http://www.innovationtools.com/pdf/Innovation-2007-by-OVO.pdf


What is a literature review?A literature review is an evaluative report of information found

in the literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarise, evaluate and clarify in the literature related to your selected area of study. The review should describe, summarise, evaluate and clarify this literature.

It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the author) determine the nature of your research. Works which are irrelevant should be discarded and those which are peripheral should be looked at critically.

A literature review is more than the search for information, and goes beyond being a descriptive annotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be read,


and goes beyond being a descriptive annotated bibliography. All works included in the review must be read, evaluated and analysed (which you would do for an annotated bibliography), but relationships between the literature must also be identified and articulated, in relation to your field of research.

http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/tutorials/litreviewpages/

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Why do a literature review?� While the form of the literature review may vary with different types of

studies, the basic purposes remain constant. In general, the literature review should: review should:

� provide a context for the research � justify the research � ensure the research hasn't been done before (or if it is repeated, that it is

marked as a "replication study") � show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge � enable the researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject � illustrate how the subject has been studied previously

highlight flaws in previous research


� highlight flaws in previous research � outline gaps in previous research � show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field � help refine, refocus or even change the topic


9 stages in developing a literature review

� Selecting the topic� Setting the topic in context� Setting the topic in context� Looking at information sources� Using information sources� Getting the information� Organising information (information management)� Positioning the literature review


� Positioning the literature review� Writing the literature review


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Writing a Literature Review

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Pir8Req--Q&feature=related


Literature Review: web resources

http://www.library.cqu.edu.au/tutorials/litreviewpages/ages/

http://library.ucsc.edu/ref/howto/literaturereview.html

http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/litrev.html


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Ethical issues

� Respect your data� Be careful with confidentiality� Don’t publish the same thing twice� Don’t publish the same thing twice� Acknowledge your errors� Support an ethical workplace� Respect the time of the others� Watch out for conflicts of interest� Be fair with your time and effort

Avoid the sin of omission


� Avoid the sin of omission� Observe Intellectual Property

Davis, Martha – Scientific papers and presentations. London: Academic Press, 1997

Bibliografia

� Quivy, R. ; Campenhoudt, L. – Manual de investigação em ciências sociais. Lisboa: investigação em ciências sociais. Lisboa: Gradiva, 1998.

� Orna, E. ; Stevens, G. – Managing information for research. Buckingham: Open University Press, 1997.


University Press, 1997.

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Bibliografia

� Phillips,E. ; Pugh, D. – How to get a PhD: a handbook for students and their supervisors. 3rd ed. handbook for students and their supervisors. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Open University Press, 2000.

� Bell, J. – Doing your research project. Buckingham: Open University Press, 2000.

� Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy – On being a scientist. Washington DC:


Policy – On being a scientist. Washington DC: National Academy, 1998

Engineering activity’s Information behaviourversusScientific activity’s Information behaviour

� Scientists use information to produce informationinformation

input verbal � output verbal

� Engineers use information to develop a product that contains information embedded


product that contains information embeddedinput verbal � output objectivado

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Engineer Information behavior

� Scientific activity looks for theories

� Technological activities looks for solutions


Engineering activity’s Information behaviourversusScientific activity’s Information behaviour

Users Needs Channels Users Needs Channels Engineering activity

Quick ansewer Oriented for a goal Problem solution Limited information

Gatekeepers Network Non-published documents Comercial information Informal Channels

Scientific UpToDate Scientific Journals


Scientific activity

UpToDate Full coverage Universality Knowledge Boundaries

Scientific Journals Invisible Academy Confrences Published documents Informal and Formal Channels

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Primary Information Sources

� Scientific Journal� Theses� Books� Technical Reports� Conference Papers

Patents


� Patents

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Scientific Journal

� Full paper� Short paper� Preliminary� Reviews� Book reviews

Comments


� Comments� Announcements

Journals

� Academic

� Professional

� Commercial


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Conferences

� Updated information� Devoted to a peculiar area.� Proceedings can publish all papers or only a

selection


Conferências

Onde pesquisar?� Conference Papers Index� Directory of Published Proceedings� Index to Scientific & Technical Proceedings


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Thesis and Dissertations

� Provide original and validates research outputs

� Contain a literature review


Contain a literature review

Technical Reports

� Contain information related to experimental research.research.

� Are crucial documents for technological transfer.

� Written according to BS4811


� Written according to BS4811

� Identified trough an alphanumeric code

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Standards

� Specifications approved by standardization organizationsorganizations

� Identified through an alphanumeric code


Standards

� ISOIEC International Electrotechnical � IEC International Electrotechnical Commission

� ISO/IEC� CEN - European Committee for

Standardization inclui EFTA (European Free Trade Association) e a CENELEC (European


Trade Association) e a CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standards)

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Normas

� ANSI - American Standards Institute� ASTM / ASME

� BSI - British Standards Institut� AFNOR - Association Française de

Normalization� DIN - Deutsches Institut fur Normung


� DIN - Deutsches Institut fur Normung� IPQ – Portuguese Standards Organization

Patents

� Invention outputs that have industrial applicationapplication

� Description includes important technical information


� Important sources for tracking iechnologial innovation

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Reviews

� Advances in Applied Mechanics� Advances in Chemical Engineering� Advances in Computer� Annual Review of Fluids Mechanics� Annual Review of Materials Science

Progress in Construction Science


� Progress in Construction Science� Recent Advances in Engineering Science

Reference material

� Guides - Guide to Materials Engineering Data InformationInformation

� Encyclopedias - The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology / Encyclopedia of Materials Science and Engineering


Engineering� Dictionaries - Industrial Engineering

Terminology

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Reference material

� Handbooks - Bolz and Tuve / Kutz / Perry’s� Directories - Dawson top 3000 Directories /

European Sources of Scientific and Technical Information /Directory of EEC information sources

� Biographic information - Who’s Who in


� Biographic information - Who’s Who in Science and Engineering

Bibliographic Information database searching

� Record Structure� Indexing processes

� Word / Phrase

� Commands� Operators


� Operators� Sintax

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Estrutura do registo

� Base de referência� Base de texto integral� Directório� Base de dados numéricos


Operadores

� Logical: AND / OR / NOT� Adjacency: Near� Inclusion: With� Limit: IN� Stem: $

Wild card: ?


� Wild card: ?

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Commands

� Find / SearchShow� Show

� Mark � Print / Download / email� Sort� Change database


� Save history� SDI� Exit

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