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8/17/2019 Methods of Measuring Oral Diseases
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Methods of Measuring Oral
Diseases
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Counts
Number of cases of disease occurrence.
Most useful with unusual condition of lowprevalence.
Less useful as prevalence increases.
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Proportions
By adding a denominator to count
!ample "
Prevalence # count of caries of population grp.
divided by the total group pop$n
e.g. %& cases of aged %& to '&
%&& total age group
# (& or (& )
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*ates
+ proportion using standardi,ed denominator and includesa time dimension.
-e.g. infant mortality rate crude birth rate /
Little use in oral disease measure "
0 in caries incidence over a period of time
in clinical trials 0 annual rate of loss of periodontal attachment in
longitudinal studies
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1ndices
+ graduated numerical scale having upper and lower limits with scoreson the scale corresponding to speci2c criteria.
(. Ordinal scale 3 lists of conditions in some order of severity without
attempting to de2ne any mathematical relation between categories.
4. Nominal scale 3 simply gives names to di5erent conditions.
6. Interval or ratio scale 3 one in which the number used in themeasuring
scale have a mathematical relation to each other.
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1ndices
!ample " 1f ( is used to describe a degree of gingivitis
7hen 4 is twice as bad
6 is three times as bad
8ntil the upper limit of the scale is reached.
Note " Di5erence between 1nterval and *atio 9cales
*atio 3 has true ,ero point -e.g. height and weight /
1nterval 3 no ,ero point -e.g. :ahrenheit Celsius /
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Properties of 1ndices
Clarity 3 simplicity and ob;ectivity for ease of
application and memori,ation.
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Properties of 1ndices
=uanti2ability 3 must be amenable to statisticalanalysis so that the status of the group can be
e!pressed by a distribution - e.g. mean median orother statistical measures.
9ensitivity 3 should be able to detect reasonablysmall shifts in either direction in the condition.
+cceptability
*eversible > 1rreversible
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Measuring Dental Caries
DMF 3 D decayed
M missing due to caries
F 2lled
def 0 d0 decayed
e0 indicated for e!traction
f 0 2lled
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Measuring PeriodontalDiseases
Gingivitis
0 PM+ - Papillary Marginal +ttached /
0 ?1 - ?ingival 1nde!/
0 9B1 - 9ulcus 3 Bleeding inde!/
0 1B1 - astman 1nterdental Bleeding1nde!/
0 M?1 - Modi2ed ?ingival 1nde! /
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Periodontitis
0 P1 - Periodontal 1nde! / described by
*ussell - (@%'/ scored both gingivitis
and periodontitis
0 PD1 - Periodontal Disease 1nde! /
suggested by *amf;ord - (@%@/ an indirect
method of measuring loss of periodontal
attatchment.
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GPI 3 ?ingival Periodontal 1nde! an adaptation of PD1- O$Leary / both gingivitis and pocAet depth .
The Periodontal Treatment Need System (PTNS)
0 gave rise to CP17N presently being used by
O - (@4/ surveys.
0 categori,ed patients into levels of treatment need
and assigned times for type of treatment reEuired.
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PlaEue and Calculus
OHIS - 9impli2ed Oral ygiene 1nde!/ scorescalculus and plaEue together both supra andsubgingivally .
PHPI - Patient ygiene Performance 1nde! / isintended for monitoring of oral health performanceby patients . 1t reEuires a disclosing stain.
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PlaEue and Calculus
PlI -PlaEue 1nde!/ suggested by 9ilness and Loe-(@'F/ is designed to be used along with ?1.
!MI -