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“We hate numbers, we don’t like
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Phenomenology
• deals with individuals’ (maybe 10-
15) lived experience on a
phenomenon or a problem in term
called ‘encounters’ !or example"you might interview 15 widows and
as# them to describe their
experiences o$ the deaths o$ their
husbands %ou might interview
students who have experiences and
encounters with ‘bullies’• $oundational &uestion' hat is the
meaning" structure and essence o$
the lived experience o$ this
phenomenon by an individual or by
many individuals
• search $or commonalities across
individuals (rather than only
$ocusing on what is uni&ue to a
single individual) !or example" what
are the essences o$ peoples*
experience o$ the death o$ a lovedone
Experiences with the‘unknown power’?
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+thnography
• $ocuses on describing the culture o$a group o$ people ,ote that a cultureis the shared attitudes" values"
norms" practices" language" ritualsand material things o$ a group o$people !or example" you mightdecide to go and live in angyancommunities and study their cultureand health practices %ou may livewith people who belonged to the
‘third sex’ to understand their lives"problems" coping mechanisms andali#e
• $oundational &uestion' hat are thecultural characteristics o$ this groupo$ people or o$ this cultural scene
• +thnology" the comparative studyo$ cultural groups
• +thnohistory" the study o$ thecultural past o$ a group o$ people
• +thnocentrism" .udging others
based on your cultural standards
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/ase study research
• $ocus on providing a detailed
account on one or more cases !oran example" you might study caseso$ drop out students and $ind out thereason why r you might study theli$e o$ the people in the garbagedumpsite area who later on becomesuccess$ul businessmen
• $oundational &uestion' hat are thecharacteristics o$ this single case ora comparison o$ many cases
• applies multiple methods o$ datacollection that are o$ten used in case
study research (eg" interviews"observation" ethnography" oralhistory" &uestionnaires" etc)
• $inal report is rich (eg" vivid anddetailed) and holistic (eg" describesthe whole and its parts) descriptiono$ the case and its context
Is it povert in our ownmakin?
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rounded theory
• done to generate and develop a
theory $rom data that the researcher
collects !or example" you might
collect data $rom 20-30 parents andwho have pulled their children out o$
public schools and develop a theory
explaining how and why this
phenomenon occurs" ultimately
developing a theory o$ school pull-
out r you might develop a theory
on how and why the people o$
arindu&ue are selling their votes to
the traditional and clan politicians
• $oundational &uestion' hat theory
or explanation emerges $rom an
analysis o$ the data collected about
this phenomenon
• $inal report should include a
detailed and clear description o$ thegrounded theory
"ulled out #romschool!
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Dimension Approach or Subtype
Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study Grounded Theory
Research
purpose
To describe one
or moreindividual’s
experiences o a
phenomenon
To describe the
culturalcharacteristics o
a group o people
or their culturalpractices !changes
To describe one
or more cases in"depth and
address the
research#uestions orissues
To inductively
generate atheory describing
and explaining a
phenomenon
Primary datacollection
$n"depthintervie%s %ith&'"&( people
Participant"observation)P*A+ %ith agroup o people
over an extended
period o time
,se o multiplemethods)intervie%s-document
analysis- P*A-
etc.+
$n"depthintervie%s %ith/'"0' people andobservation %ith
them
Data analysisapproach
1rite theirnarratives- getthe 2meanings’ otheir narratives
and identiy theessence o the
phenomenon
3olisticallydescribe themand loo4 orcultural themes
3olisticdescription )%ithcombination onarratives-
statistics-documents- etc+
and loo4 orcultural themes
5egin %ith opencoding o theresult ointervie%s and
observations-then axial coding
and end %ithselective coding
6arrative reportocus
Rich descriptiono thecharacteristicsand essences othe people’s
experiences
Rich descriptiono context andcultural themes
Rich descriptiono the cases’context- themes-issues and theirimplications
Description othe topic andpeople studiesand end %ith thepresentation o
the theory. 7ist
o propositionsmay also be
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4istoriography• about events that occurred in the past
!or example" you might study the use o$
corporeal punishment in schools in the
1th century %ou might study how
political clientilism becomes a culture inarindu&ue or how 6slamic extremism
occurred in 7ulu• not a mere accumulation o$ $acts and
dates or even a description o$ past
events•+thnohistory" the study o$ the culturalpast o$ a group o$ people" their past
indigenous" $ol#loric" rural" etc
#nowledges• Prosopography" the techni&ues are
more a#in to profiling o$ biographical
details ($amily bac#ground" childhood
events" educational bac#ground"
religion" etc) that are $ound in common
or in the aggregate among a group of
people—e.g. heads o$ states" political
leaders" generals" pro$essors" terroristsand8or elites in society
Wh a rise on extremism in the"hilippines?
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4ermeneutics• considered as both philosophy and a
speci$ic mode o$ analysis" provides
the philosophical grounding $or
interpretivism 9s a mode o$ analysis"
it suggests a way o$ understandingtextual data• primarily concerned with the
meaning of a text or text-analogue"
wherein its meaning can be cultural"
political" economic" geographical"
technological" social relationship"oppression" migration" etc :he basic
&uestion in hermeneutics is' What is
the meaning of this text? • +xample o$ hermeneutic analysis is
the case o$ ‘rurality’ 4ow ‘rurality’ as
a text-analogue is de$ined by both the
‘outsider’ and the ‘insider’ :he aim is
to dig out how the people ma#e sense
o$ ‘rurality’ as a whole and the
relationship between people and the
organisation among them;social"
political" economic" ecological" etc
$ow it is to be‘rural’?
What is ‘ruralit’?
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,arrative analysis • 9 narrative is a
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Participatory 9ction ?esearch• involves individuals and groups
researching their own personal
beings" socio-cultural settings and
experiences :hey re$lect on their
values" shared realities" collectivemeanings" needs and goals
@nowledge is generated and power is
regained through deliberate actions
that nurture" empower and liberate
persons and groups :he researcher
wor#s in partnership with participantsthroughout the research process• example o$ P9? study involved
researchers wor#ing with parents o$
children with physical disabilities to
discover environmental situations
which presented substantial
challenges to their children :hrough
$ocus groups and individual interviews
with number o$ $amilies" participants
identi$ied the environmental $actors
which supported or hindered the daily
activities o$ their children (Aaw" 12)
"'( involves roups o#
individuals researchin about acertain problem and later onre)ect and shared theirexperiences in eneratinknowlede*
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7econdary 9nalysis• the re-analysis o$ data that was
originally compiled by another
researcher $or other purposes than
the one the present researcher
intends to use it $or • example are compiled criminal
reports" which can be analysed to
understand the rise and $all o$
certain actor• o$ten" secondary analysis involve
adding an additional variable to anexisting dataset :his variable will be
something that the researcher
collects on their own" $rom another
dataset or $rom another source o$
in$ormation• related techni&ue is the meta-
analysis o$ several di$$erent studies
dealing with the same research
&uestion 6t is decidedly &uantitative"
but involves some o$ the same
sorting and coding techni&ues$ound in &ualitative research
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