Date post: | 28-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | madeline-vivian-lynch |
View: | 214 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Metric Topology
http://cis.k.hosei.ac.jp/~yukita/
2
Neighborhood of a point x in 1
.on centered radius
positive of intervalopen an contains if number
real theof odneighborho a called is subset A 1
1
x
Nx
N
・x-r x x+r
N
1
3
Any subset containing a neighborhood is another neighborhood.
xNNN
xN
number real theof odneighborho a also is then , If
.number real theof odneighborho a be Let
11
11
・x-r x x+r
N1
N
1
4
Accumulation Points
.0at accumulatenot does },4,3,2,1,0{
.0at accumulatenot does },4,3,2,1{
.0at saccumulate }0,,5
1,
4
1,
3
1,
2
1,
1
1{
.0at saccumulate },5
1,
4
1,
3
1,
2
1,
1
1{
}.{ of
point oneleast at contains of odneighborhoeach if
at saccumulate subset A
14
13
12
11
11
A
A
A
A
xA
x
xA
5
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b ・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
The open interval (a,b) accumulates at each a<x<b.
whatever is the case
6
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b ・x-r x x+r
Mm
a b
The closed interval [a,b] accumulates at each axb.
whatever is the case
・x-r x=a x+r
Mm
b ・x-r x=b x+r
Mm
a
7
Derived Set
,
}0{}0,,4
1,
3
1,
2
1,
1
1{},
4
1,
3
1,
2
1,
1
1{
],[],[),[],(),(
. of thecalled is set The
. of pointson accumulati all ofset thedenote
.Let
1
1
bababababa
AA
AA
A
set derived
8
Limits of Sequences
sequence. theof any tail includenot does themof None
. of odneighborho a is ),0(or ),2
1,
2
1( ),0,(Either
sequence. theoflimit anot is that show We.Let
follows. asit provecan Wediverges. ),1,1,1,1())1((
. tosaid is converge tofails that sequenceA
}.|{ tailsome contains of odneighborhoeach if
, hasor , toin )( sequenceA
1
1
x
xx
kmaAx
xxa
k
km
k
diverge
limitconverges
9
Limits of Sequences (Ex12,p.45)
}.1|)1(
{ tail thecontainswhich
)1
,1
( interval some contains 0 of odneighborhoEvery
0. toconverges ),4
1,
3
1,
2
1,
1
1()
)1((
klk
ll
k
k
k
10
1.1 Prop. A convergent sequence in 1 has a unique limit.
( () )
Suppose we have two limits x and y. We can separate them by some of their neighbors as shown below.
ion.contradict a shows which , have we
therefore time,same at the and have We
sequence. same theof taila also is
. ilanother ta and tailsomeThen
21
21
JIT
JTIT
TTT
JTIT
x y
I J
11
1.2 Monotonic Limits Theorem
numbers. real ofset theof
feature theis boundlower greatest or boundupper least of existence The
limit. a as }1|glb{ has )( sequence decreasing boundedA (b)
limit. a as }1|lub{ has )( sequence increasing boundedA (a)
kaxa
kaxa
kk
kk
.3222
1
22
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
432
1
32
1
!2
1
!1
1
!0
1
because converges !
1
0
e
ne
n
12
Cauchy sequence
Why?
sequence.Cauchy a isit then ,convergent is )( If
.length of intervalan in contained is
sequence theof tailsome ,0number realeach for
if, in sequenceCauchy a is )( sequenceA 1
k
k
a
r
r
a
Remark.
13
1.3 Convergence Characterization
.in limit no hasit However, .in sequence
Cauchy a is )( sequence The .10
210Let
.in sequenceCauchy isit
ifonly and if in sequence convergent a is sequnceA 1
1
kk
k
k aa
Remark.
14
Accumulation and Convergence
points.on accumulati no hasbut ,convergent
clearly isconstant eventually is that )( sequenceA 15 Ex.
.1 and 1 pointson accumulati twohasIt
diverges. )1
1()1( sequence The Ex.14
k
k
a
k
15
1.4 Limit-Accumulation Properties
To be filled in the future.
16
・x ・x ・xr
rr
Open n-ball about x with radius r
17
・x ・x ・xr
rr
Closed n-ball about x with radius r
18
・x ・x ・xr
rrN
N N
Neighborhood in n of a point x
19
2.1 Neighborhood property
points. its ofeach
of odneighborho a is ball- closed a of complement the(b)
and points, its ofeach of odneighborho a is ball-open an (a)
, space-Euclidean In
n
n
n n
20
Open set
.),( ball-open an is there
,point each for if, in open is subset A n
nn
rxBn
UxU
21
Closed set
. ofpoint on accumulatian is says
condition theOtherwise satisfied. iscondition the, if fact,In
.in contained is
intersects of nbhdevery such that any if
in closed is say that can wely,Equivalent
points.on accumulati its all contains if
in closed is EFsubset A n
Fx
Fx
F
Fxx
F
F
n
nn
n
Remark.
22
Propositions
1. A subset is open in n if and only if its complement is closed in n.
2. Any union of open sets is open.
3. Any intersection of closed sets is closed.
23
A subset is open in n if and only if its complement is closed in n.
.in is intersects of nbhdevery whosepoint Any
. intersectsnot does that nbhd a has point Any
nbhd a has point Any
. and Let
FFxx
FFx
UUx
UFFU
n
n
nn
UF
24
Any union of open sets is open.
rxU
UrxB
UrxBrU
UxT
UxU
T
T
TT
)llRadius(getInnerBa.
.),( have weThus
.),( have we0 somefor open, is Since
.such that be Let
. and setsopen ofunion a be Let
Remark.
25
Any intersection of closed sets is closed.The dual of the previous proposition
. means This
closed. is since have weany for thusand
,any for on with intersecti has nbhd theClearly,
.on with intersecti has of nbhdevery such that Let
sets. closed ofon intersecti a be Let
.closedness of definitionour fromdirectly edemonstrat usLet
Fx
FFxT
TF
Fxx
FF
n
T
26
An open set is a union of open balls.
.),( have weClearly,
.),(
ballopen an is there,any For set.open an be Let
UrxB
UrxB
UxU
Uxx
x
27
Metric subspaces
).,(in close is where
,),(in closed is (b)
).,(in open is where
,),(in open is (a)
:Then ).,( of subspace metric a be ),(Let
dYYF
FXGdXXG
dYYU
UXVdXXV
dYdX
28
Theorem 3.5
. and such that setsopen disjoint exist There
.in sets closeddisjoint be and Let )(Normality (b)
.in odsneighborho
disjoint have and pointsDistinct property) (Hausdorff (a)
:properties twohas ),( space metricEvery
VBUA
XBA
X
yx
dX
Notice that (a) is a special case of (b).
29
Proof of Th. 3.5(b)
. and
of choice the theocontrary t ),2
,(or )2
,(either So,
).,max(22
),(),(),( have weThen,
., somefor )2
,()2
,(
is e that thersuppose we, see To
., have weandopen are and Clearly,
.)2
,( and )2
,( Take
. and closed is since ),(;
. and closed is since ),(;
ba
ab
baba
ba
Bb
b
Aa
a
b
a
rr
raBb
rbBa
rrrr
xbdxadbad
BbAar
bBr
aBx
VU
VBUAVU
rbBV
raBU
AbAAXrbBAb
BaBBXraBAa
30
Closure
• Omitted
31
Continuity
)).((CLS)( implies )(CLS
,point each and
,each for that,provided continuous is :function A
spaces. metric ofpair any be ),( and ),(Let
AfxfAx
Xx
XAYXf
dYdX
YX
YX
fA f(A)x
f(x)
This kind of situation violates the condition.
32
Pinching is continuous.
・
・
2:p
33
Gluing is continuous
34
4.1 Continuity Characterization
).()(limlim);( (g)
.))(),((),( s.t. 0;0; (f)
open. )(;open (e)
closed. )(; closed (d)
)).((CLS))((CLS; (c)
)).((CLS))(CLS(; (b)
.continuous is function The (a)
:),( and ),( spaces metricsbetween
:function afor conditions equivalent are following The
1
1
11
xfafxaa
szfxfdrzxdrsXx
XVfYV
XFfYF
BfBfYB
AfAfXA
f
dYdX
YXf
kk
kk
k
YX
YX
YX
YX