1

METU/SFL

DBE

WHO 1 October 2017

REPEAT GROUP

(Student’s Copy)

DEFINITION/DESCRIPTION, CLASSIFICATION, EXEMPLIFICATION

Study the exam question below and try to answer it. Brainstorm ideas and make notes, and think about

how you can write an answer to this question.

Question: Define ‘psychology’. Classify it into branches. Explain ‘cognitive psychology’.

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Now, read the sample answer. Does it answer the question in full? Is there any irrelevant information? Is

it an effectively-organized text? Is the meaning clear?

Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour. It can

be classified into five major branches: cognitive, clinical, developmental, educational, and

social psychology. Cognitive psychology refers to the scientific study of mental processes such

as reasoning, problem solving, and learning. How people think, perceive, communicate,

remember and learn are the major areas of research in cognitive psychology. Cognitive

psychology is closely related to other disciplines such as neuroscience, philosophy and

linguistics. Cognitive psychologists conduct research to solve many problems. For example,

they work on how to improve memory, how to set up educational programs to boost learning, or

how to increase the accuracy of decision-making.

The text answers the question in full. There is no irrelevant information and no focus shift. It is

effectively-organized. First, psychology has been defined and classified into branches, and then ‘cognitive

psychology’ has been explained. The meaning is clear. The language patterns used for making definitions,

making classifications, and giving examples have been used appropriately.

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DEFINITION

A definition explains what a word means. If it is necessary to explain what a term means in a text, the

writer makes a definition to explain what the term means in that specific context.

Study the sample answer on page 1. Which sentence is used to make a definition of psychology?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________.

PATTERNS TO MAKE DEFINITIONS

The following sentence patterns are useful in writing ‘definition’ sentences.

Neuroscience can be defined as the study of the development, structure, and function of

refers to

is known as

the nervous system.

Neuroscience is a branch of biology which studies the development, structure, and function

of the nervous system.

The branch of biology which studies the development, structure, and function of the nervous

system is called neuroscience.

Practice 1. Make definitions of the following terms by arranging the information given.

1. the nature and properties of matter and energy / is concerned with / which / is / a branch of science

Physics__________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

2. the period of human growth /occurs between childhood and adulthood / refers to / that

Adolescence______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

3. the period of life / a child develops into an adult / when / is known as

Adolescence______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

4. the core branches / are called

The basic and oldest branches of engineering _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________ .

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Practice 2. Rewrite the following definitions using the words given.

1. In marketing, consumer behavior means the study of how and why people make purchase decisions. (is

known)

In marketing, ______________________________________________________________________.

2. According to the United Nations (UN), sustainability means “meeting the needs of the present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” (is defined)

According to the United Nations (UN), __________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Biochemistry refers to the branch of science that explores the chemical processes within living

organisms. (is called)

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Biomimicry is defined in Janine Benyus’s 1997 book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature as a

"new science that studies nature's models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and

processes to solve human problems". (refers to)

In Janine Benyus’s 1997 book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature, ______________

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

5. Velocity can be defined as the vector measurement of the rate and direction of the change in the

position of an object. (means)

__________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________.

CLASSIFICATION

Classification means a systematic arrangement of shared characteristics in groups or categories.

Study the sample answer on page 1. Which sentence is used to list the branches of psychology?

_____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________.

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PATTERNS TO MAKE CLASSIFICATIONS

The following sentence patterns are useful in writing ‘classification’ sentences.

Neuroscience can be categorised into five branches : developmental, cognitive,

classified categories

divided groups

grouped types

kinds

molecular and cellular, behavioral, and clinical neuroscience.

Neuroscience can be categorised into five branches , namely developmental,

classified categories which are

divided groups

grouped types

kinds

cognitive, molecular and cellular, behavioral, and clinical neuroscience.

There are five branches of neuroscience: developmental, cognitive, molecular and cellular,

categories

groups

types

kinds

behavioral, and clinical neuroscience.

There are five branches of neuroscience, namely developmental, cognitive, molecular

categories which are

groups

types

kinds

and cellular, behavioral, and clinical neuroscience.

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Practice 3. Make classifications by arranging the information given.

1. Physics / five branches / can be / classical physics, modern physics, nuclear physics, atomic

physics, and geophysics / classified into

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

2. in engineering / three core branches / there are / mechanical, civil, and electrical engineering.

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

3. can be / dry steam, flash steam, and binary cycle / three groups / geothermal power plants /

categorised into / namely

________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

Practice 4. Make classifications using the words given.

1. three stages in adolescence: early adolescence (11-14), middle adolescence (15-18), late

adolescence (18-21). (divided into / namely)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

2. types of renewable energy sources: biomass, solar power, wind power, tidal power, and geothermal

power. (there are / which)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

3. groups of lipids: simple lipids, compound lipids, and derived lipids. (classified into)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

4. kinds of consumer products: convenience products, shopping products, speciality products, and

unsought products. (there are /namely)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

5. recyclable material: paper and cardboard, plastic, metal, glass, wood, and textiles. (categorised into)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

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EXEMPLIFICATION

The term exemplification refers to giving examples. In order to explain ideas clearly and show a clear

relationship between them, examples are given. Examples provide detail and support the writer’s ideas.

Study the sample answer on page 1. Which sentence is used to give an example about the areas of

research in cognitive psychology?

________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

PATTERNS TO GIVE EXAMPLES

The following are useful in exemplification.

Neuroscientists work in collaboration with scientists from other fields.

For example,

For instance,

To illustrate,

they

collaborate with chemists, mathematicians, and linguists.

Neuroscientists work in collaboration with scientists from other fields, such as chemists,

mathematicians, and linguists.

There is very little difference between ‘For example’, and ‘For instance’ and ‘To illustrate’. They have

nearly the same meaning, and they are used in the same way. However, ‘For example’ is used much

more frequently than ‘For instance’ and ‘To illustrate’, especially in formal contexts.

‘Such as’ is followed by a noun or a list of nouns.

Note: Sometimes there is a need to explain the example given. Then, more sentences are used to provide

details. In other words, more than one sentence can be used for exemplification.

e.g. Cognitive scientists research mental processes. For example, they study how people learn

languages. They conduct research on the strategies that can be implemented in order to improve

how foreign language is taught. Through the findings of their research, they are able to suggest

ways of making students more fluent in a second language at a faster pace.

Practice 5. Write examples by arranging the information given.

1. Physics has many subdivisions so that the research of different areas of the universe is more

manageable._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________ .

Astrophysicists / to try to understand the origin of stars, plants, and galaxies / apply their

knowledge of principles of physics / for example

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2. Quantum physicists study a world that is hidden from our everyday experience. __________

_______________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________.

They /in order to create exotic states of matter / for instance / cool down atoms to a fraction of a

degree above absolute zero

3. Biochemists study the structure and function of biological molecules _______________________

______________________________________________________________________________ .

proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids / such as

Practice 6. Rewrite the following examples using the words given.

1. Cognitive psychologists help individuals who have problems with learning and memory such as

children who have learning disabilities. (for example / work with)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

2. Cultural factors such as the role of the family and the positions of men and women in society can

influence consumer behavior. (for example / significant cultural factors)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

3. Adolescence is commonly associated with some issues. Some of these issues are rebellious behaviour

and school performance problems. (such as)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

4. Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere. Two of these gases are carbon dioxide (CO2) and

methane (CH4). (such as)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

5. Geothermal hot water is used in industrial processes. For example, it is used for pasteurising milk.

(such as)

_________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________.

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Practice 7. Complete the following answer to the question:

“What is ‘neuroscience’? Explain. What are its branches?”

Use the words given.

They It can be categorised into can be defined such as

Neuroscience (1)____________________ as the study of how the nervous system develops, its structure,

and what it does. Neuroscientists focus on the brain and its impact on behavior and cognitive functions.

(2)_____________ also focus on what happens to the nervous system when people have neurological,

psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. Neuroscience is an interdisciplinary science.

(3)___________ is closely related to other disciplines (4)______________ chemistry, mathematics, and

linguistics. Neuroscience (5)____________________ five branches, which are developmental, cognitive,

molecular and cellular, behavioral, and clinical neuroscience.

Practice 8. Complete the following answer to the question:

“Define ‘psychology’. Classify it into branches. Explain ‘social psychology’.”

Use the words given.

is a discipline is known as which are aimed at

such as namely For example

Psychology can be defined as the scientific study of the human mind and behaviour. It can be divided into

five major branches, (1)________________ cognitive, clinical, developmental, educational, and social

psychology. Of these branches, social psychology (2)__________________ the study of how each

individual’s behavior is influenced by social environment. According to psychologist Gordon Allport,

social psychology (3)________________________ that uses scientific methods to understand and explain

how the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of individuals are influenced by the presence of other human

beings. Social psychology studies a wide range of social topics, (4)_________________ group behavior,

social perception and aggression. The research that social psychologists conduct has a powerful influence

on the understanding of various aspects of mental health and wellbeing. (5)___________________,

research on conformity has contributed to the understanding of why teenagers sometimes go to great

lengths to fit in with their social group. As a result of their research, social psychologists have been able

to develop public health programs (6)___________________ helping teenagers resist potentialy harmful

behaviors such as smoking, drinking, and substance use.

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TASK 1

In Q Skills for Success, Listening and Speaking Unit 1, you listened to Hannah Smith talk about Malcolm

Gladwell’s book, Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking and the decision-making process in our

minds. Read the characteristics of the two types of decisions and write them in the right category.

enormously

quick

slow and

careful

also known

as “thin-

slicing”; they

rely on the

thinnest slice

of experience

conscious work best

when people

have to

handle

complicated

situations

e.g. buying a

mobile phone

involve

rational

analysis

may be

wrong

work best for

easy choices

unconscious

and

instinctive

may be

influenced by

biases

e.g. hiring an

employee

Snap judgements Conscious decisions

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*

*

*

*

*

Now, answer the following question using your notes.

Question: Classify ‘decisions’. What are ‘snap judgements’? Explain.

Write 5-6 sentences. Use only the relevant information. Decide about the order of information before you

start writing. Make sure you include the language used for making definitions, classifying, and giving

examples.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

When you finish writing, please refer to the checklist at the end of the handout.

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TASK 2

Answer the following question using the information given.

Question: Classify ‘job interviews’. What are ‘group interviews’? Explain.

Write 5-6 sentences. Use only the relevant information. Decide about the order of information before you

start writing. Make sure you include the language used for making definitions, classifying, and giving

examples.

Types of Job Interviews

Phone interviews AIM:

CONTENT:

DURATION:

to screen applicants on the phone before inviting them for a

face-to- face meeting

general questions to determine if the candidate has the required

skills

about half an hour

Screening

interviews

AIM:

CONTENT:

DURATION:

to determine whether the applicant’s qualifications match the

employer’s needs and vice-versa in a face-to-face meeting

killer questions; questions that require unrehearsed and

spontaneous answers

30 to 60 minutes

Group

interviews

AIM:

CONTENT:

DURATION:

to allow the interviewer to meet with multiple applicants at one

time

to allow the interviewer to see how the applicants interact with

each other

the interviewer gives the applicants a task

e.g. the interviewer asks the applicants to discuss how they

would deal with a very upset customer or team member

about an hour

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

When you finish writing, please refer to the checklist at the end of the handout.

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TASK 3

Answer the following question using the information given.

Question: Define a ‘team’. Categorise teams. What is a ‘cross-functional team’? Explain.

Write 5-6 sentences. Use only the relevant information. Decide about the order of information before you

start writing. Make sure you include the language used for making definitions, classifying, and giving

examples.

A team any group of people

who work together

interdependently and cooperatively

accomplish a goal

Types of teams

A functional /

departmental team

MEMBERS:

group of people from the same department

JOB

DESCRIPTION:

*meet on a regular basis

*solve problems

*share information

*provide members with support,

*promote continuous improvement

A cross-functional

team

MEMBERS: group of people from different departments

JOB

DESCRIPTION:

*each team member with a different

responsibility

*work in collaboration

*deal with a specific issue, product, or customer

problem

*often have a specific goal with an end date

e.g. plan a promotional campaign

A self-managing

team

MEMBERS:

group of people gradually taking responsibility

for self-direction

JOB

DESCRIPTION:

*often report their findings to a team leader

*team leader does not necessarily participate

actively in the team

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

When you finish writing, please refer to the checklist at the end of the handout.

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CHECKLIST

Content and Organisation

1. The text answers the question in full.

2. There is no irrelevant information in the text.

3. There is no focus shift.

4. The text follows the organisational pattern that the question requires.

5. The pieces of information in the text are linked logically.

6. The meaning is clear.

Language Use and Mechanics

1. The text includes the language patterns used for making definitions, making classifications, and

giving examples.

2. The language patterns used for making definitions, making classifications, and giving examples

are used accurately.

3. Spelling, punctuation, and capitalisation are correct.

Sources:

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/154874.php

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/248680.php

https://www.thebalance.com/why-blink-matters-the-power-of-first-impressions-1919374

https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-team-1919226

https://www.indstate.edu/sites/default/files/media/Documents/PDF/career-center-interview_preparation.pdf

https://www.verywell.com/social-psychology-4013821