Mexican RevolutionMexican Revolution19111911

Porifirio Diaz- Maintained a firm Porifirio Diaz- Maintained a firm grasp over power in Mexico grasp over power in Mexico

between 1877-1880 & 1884-1911between 1877-1880 & 1884-1911

The PorfiriatoThe Porfiriato

Diaz was a captain of the revolutionary forces in Diaz was a captain of the revolutionary forces in the War of Reform in which Mexican forces the War of Reform in which Mexican forces overthrew the government of Emperor overthrew the government of Emperor Maximilian.Maximilian.Diaz went on to become a mayor of the small Diaz went on to become a mayor of the small provincial capital city of Oaxaca before being provincial capital city of Oaxaca before being appointed President of Mexico before being appointed President of Mexico before being elected in 1877.elected in 1877.The death of Benito Juarez in 1872 prompted his The death of Benito Juarez in 1872 prompted his ambition.ambition.

The PorfiriatoThe PorfiriatoDiaz leadership of Mexico was characterized by:Diaz leadership of Mexico was characterized by:Using a state police unit known as the Using a state police unit known as the RuralesRurales to to intimidate voters and scare Mexicans into intimidate voters and scare Mexicans into submission.submission.Diaz lived by the motto: “Order followed by Diaz lived by the motto: “Order followed by Progress”Progress”Diaz helped a few members of the Diaz helped a few members of the criollocriollo class class consolidate their power and actually took land consolidate their power and actually took land from peasants and redistributed to the wealthy from peasants and redistributed to the wealthy by demanding that all landowners demonstrate by demanding that all landowners demonstrate their legal title to the land. their legal title to the land.

The PorfiriatoThe Porfiriato

Diaz consolidated power in Mexico redistributed Diaz consolidated power in Mexico redistributed it from the provinces to the central government.it from the provinces to the central government.With the stability he brought by ruling Mexico With the stability he brought by ruling Mexico with a stiff hand came foreign investment with a stiff hand came foreign investment primarily from the USprimarily from the USRailroads were constructed, the oil industry was Railroads were constructed, the oil industry was developed, even Hollywood invested in Mexicodeveloped, even Hollywood invested in MexicoHowever, wealth was not shared by the masses However, wealth was not shared by the masses and much discontent existed.and much discontent existed.

The PorfiratoThe PorfiratoDiaz was supported by school of thought in Diaz was supported by school of thought in Mexico known as the Mexico known as the cientificoscientificos. They generally . They generally called for “order and progress.”called for “order and progress.”Regionally the philosophy came to be known as Regionally the philosophy came to be known as Positivism and usually could be characterized by Positivism and usually could be characterized by the following qualities:the following qualities:Ensured order above rule of lawEnsured order above rule of lawSaw progress through a Western and European Saw progress through a Western and European perspective- that meant industrialization, perspective- that meant industrialization, urbanization and free-market capitalismurbanization and free-market capitalismGenerally emphasized the exportation of a single Generally emphasized the exportation of a single crop or raw material productcrop or raw material product

The Porfiriato and PositivismThe Porfiriato and Positivism

Positivist leaders viewed the world through Positivist leaders viewed the world through what we would consider to be racist ideaswhat we would consider to be racist ideasLarge Indigenous and African-Latino Large Indigenous and African-Latino populations were seen as barbarouspopulations were seen as barbarousAs a result they often encouraged As a result they often encouraged European immigration and miscegenation European immigration and miscegenation (mixing of the races).(mixing of the races).

Porfirato and Positivism Porfirato and Positivism

Often was based on other dubious sciences like: Often was based on other dubious sciences like: Social-Darwinism and EugenicsSocial-Darwinism and EugenicsSierra Justo, education minister under Porfirio Sierra Justo, education minister under Porfirio Diaz- Diaz- “We still need to revitalize the earth by way of “We still need to revitalize the earth by way of irrigation. We need to attract immigrants from irrigation. We need to attract immigrants from Europe so as to obtain cross with indigenous Europe so as to obtain cross with indigenous race, for only European blood can keep the level race, for only European blood can keep the level of civilization that has produced our nationality of civilization that has produced our nationality from sinking, which would mean regression, not from sinking, which would mean regression, not evolution.”evolution.”

Porfirato and PositivismPorfirato and PositivismPositivism had much in common with the theories of Manifest Positivism had much in common with the theories of Manifest DestinyDestiny““Positivism offered the social hierarchies a new justification. Positivism offered the social hierarchies a new justification. Inequalities were now explained, not by race or inheritance or Inequalities were now explained, not by race or inheritance or religion, but by science.” - Octavio Paz, a Nobel prize winning religion, but by science.” - Octavio Paz, a Nobel prize winning Mexican author.Mexican author.““Before 1810, two distinct, rival, and incompatible forms of society, Before 1810, two distinct, rival, and incompatible forms of society, two differing kinds of civilization existed in the Argentine Republic: two differing kinds of civilization existed in the Argentine Republic: one being Spanish, European and cultivated, the other barbarous, one being Spanish, European and cultivated, the other barbarous, American, and almost wholly of native growth… the Revolution of American, and almost wholly of native growth… the Revolution of 1810… gave cause for a contest between them, to be ended, after 1810… gave cause for a contest between them, to be ended, after lasting many years, by the absorption of one into the other.” – lasting many years, by the absorption of one into the other.” – Domingo F. Sarmiento “Civilization and Barbarism”- a liberal Domingo F. Sarmiento “Civilization and Barbarism”- a liberal opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas- Argentine Caudillo opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas- Argentine Caudillo

Positivism Legacy in Other Parts of Positivism Legacy in Other Parts of Latin AmericaLatin America

Argentina’s campaign to promote Argentina’s campaign to promote European Immigration and Destroy European Immigration and Destroy

Its Indigenous PopulationIts Indigenous PopulationAfter the downfall of the Federalist caudillo, After the downfall of the Federalist caudillo,

Juan Manuel de Rosas, the Unitarists (belief in Juan Manuel de Rosas, the Unitarists (belief in strong central power) came to power. In 1879, strong central power) came to power. In 1879, General Julio Roca (President 1880-1886 and General Julio Roca (President 1880-1886 and 1898-1904) associated with the party executed a 1898-1904) associated with the party executed a campaign to capture Native American land in the campaign to capture Native American land in the south near Chile that resulted in the slaughter of south near Chile that resulted in the slaughter of thousands of Native Americans. At the same thousands of Native Americans. At the same time he encouraged massive European time he encouraged massive European immigration and the industrialization of Latin immigration and the industrialization of Latin America.America.

General Julio RocaGeneral Julio Roca

Back to MexicoBack to Mexico

While the Mexican aristocracy mimicked While the Mexican aristocracy mimicked European ways and open Mexico to foreign European ways and open Mexico to foreign investment most Mexicans lived with alarming investment most Mexicans lived with alarming poverty.poverty.In 1900 29 % of male children died within one In 1900 29 % of male children died within one year and 25% of the population was literate.year and 25% of the population was literate.Some estimate that the average purchasing Some estimate that the average purchasing power of Mexicans in 1910 was quarter that of power of Mexicans in 1910 was quarter that of what it had been in 1810.what it had been in 1810.

Sparks of the Mexican RevolutionSparks of the Mexican Revolution

Diaz decide that Mexico was ready to Diaz decide that Mexico was ready to return to democracy and called for return to democracy and called for elections in 1910. elections in 1910. Francisco Madero, the owner of a large Francisco Madero, the owner of a large estancia and a US educated aristocrat estancia and a US educated aristocrat who openly supported a new constitution who openly supported a new constitution and democratic change challenged Diaz.and democratic change challenged Diaz.Diaz had Madero imprisoned in Monterrey Diaz had Madero imprisoned in Monterrey for the electionfor the election

Plan de San Luis PotosiPlan de San Luis PotosiAfter being released from prison Madero went After being released from prison Madero went into exile in the United States where he wrote into exile in the United States where he wrote the Plan de San Luisthe Plan de San LuisThe Plan basically claimed that Diaz was not the The Plan basically claimed that Diaz was not the legitimate leader of Mexico and that the election legitimate leader of Mexico and that the election had been a fraud.had been a fraud.Upon returning to Mexico Madero claimed he Upon returning to Mexico Madero claimed he was the President Pro-Temp until new elections was the President Pro-Temp until new elections could be held.could be held.As President Pro-Temp Madero claimed that he As President Pro-Temp Madero claimed that he would return all confiscated land to peasants would return all confiscated land to peasants and ensure universal male suffrage.and ensure universal male suffrage.

Francisco MaderoFrancisco Madero

The Revolution BeginsThe Revolution Begins

Madero enlisted Pancho Villa and Pascual Madero enlisted Pancho Villa and Pascual Orzoco to join the revolution. Orzoco to join the revolution. Soon all hell broke loose and different groups Soon all hell broke loose and different groups throughout Mexico joined the revolution by throughout Mexico joined the revolution by overthrowing local leadersoverthrowing local leadersOne prominent revolutionary leader, Emiliano One prominent revolutionary leader, Emiliano Zapata, led peasants in Morelos with the Zapata, led peasants in Morelos with the promise to return to them land and water rights.promise to return to them land and water rights.Within 6 month the Diaz regime fell and Diaz Within 6 month the Diaz regime fell and Diaz exiled himself to Franceexiled himself to France

Photos of the Revolution- Peasant Photos of the Revolution- Peasant soldiers on the left and Pancho soldiers on the left and Pancho

Villa on the rightVilla on the right

Pancho Villa’s MilitiaPancho Villa’s Militia

Depictions of the RevolutionDepictions of the Revolution

Emiliano Zapata led the Revolution Emiliano Zapata led the Revolution in the Southin the South

Madero’s MistakesMadero’s MistakesUpon assuming the Presidency of Mexico Madero allowed Diaz’s Upon assuming the Presidency of Mexico Madero allowed Diaz’s military forces to remain in the military with the assumption that they military forces to remain in the military with the assumption that they had learned their lesson.had learned their lesson.He told Emiliano Zapata that lands taken from Indian villages by He told Emiliano Zapata that lands taken from Indian villages by hacendados could not be returned by force.hacendados could not be returned by force.Madero did increase funding on education, openly supported a plan Madero did increase funding on education, openly supported a plan to return lands to Indians and supported trade unionismto return lands to Indians and supported trade unionismLarge oil companies (American owned), large land owners and Large oil companies (American owned), large land owners and others in the economic elite waged a war of words against Madero others in the economic elite waged a war of words against Madero in the Mexican press which inspired rebellionin the Mexican press which inspired rebellionOne former general under Diaz tried to over throw Diaz, another One former general under Diaz tried to over throw Diaz, another cattle rancher upset with a law that limited land possession to 20 cattle rancher upset with a law that limited land possession to 20 square miles, Pascual Orozco also tried to overthrow him bu was square miles, Pascual Orozco also tried to overthrow him bu was defeated by Pancho Villa’s forces who remained loyal to Maderodefeated by Pancho Villa’s forces who remained loyal to Madero

Zapata and the Plan de AyalaZapata and the Plan de AyalaDisillusioned with the slow pace of change under Disillusioned with the slow pace of change under Madero’s leadership, Zapata continued the revolution by Madero’s leadership, Zapata continued the revolution by advancing his own plan, the Plan de Ayala.advancing his own plan, the Plan de Ayala.In the Plan de Ayala Zapata writes that Madero had “no In the Plan de Ayala Zapata writes that Madero had “no intentions other than to satisfy his personal ambitions, intentions other than to satisfy his personal ambitions, boundless instincts as a tyrant, and his profound boundless instincts as a tyrant, and his profound disrespect” for the constitution of 1857.disrespect” for the constitution of 1857.Zapata went onto promise small largely indigenous land Zapata went onto promise small largely indigenous land holders that they would be returned their properties holders that they would be returned their properties taken by their “oppressors.”taken by their “oppressors.”It should be noted that Madero was the owner of an It should be noted that Madero was the owner of an enormous estancia and had appointed many members enormous estancia and had appointed many members of his family to his governmentof his family to his government

A Mural depicting Zapata with his A Mural depicting Zapata with his Plan de AyalaPlan de Ayala

1212

General Huerta Succeeds MaderoGeneral Huerta Succeeds Madero

In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta overthrew the In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta overthrew the Madero government by assassinating him.Madero government by assassinating him.Huerta, a general under Madero in the Mexican Huerta, a general under Madero in the Mexican army, rose to power with Madero’s death and army, rose to power with Madero’s death and with the hope of restoring the Porfirato.with the hope of restoring the Porfirato.Huerta rise to power initiated the truly Huerta rise to power initiated the truly revolutionary phase of the Mexican revolution.revolutionary phase of the Mexican revolution.

General Huerta next to the US General Huerta next to the US General PershingGeneral Pershing

Villa in the North and Zapata in the Villa in the North and Zapata in the SouthSouth

Villa organized small landholders, Villa organized small landholders, cowboys and the unemployed in the north cowboys and the unemployed in the north join the revolution and Zapata organized join the revolution and Zapata organized the small largely indigenous landholders of the small largely indigenous landholders of the south as the government was forced to the south as the government was forced to deal with a two fronted revolution for deal with a two fronted revolution for radical social change that called for radical social change that called for widespread land redistribution.widespread land redistribution.

Aguascalientes - 13Baja California - 1Baja California Sur - 2Campeche - 30Coahuila - 5Colima - 18Chiapas - 28Chihuahua - 4Mexico City - 21Durango - 9Estado de Mexico - 20Guanajuato - 15Guerrero - 22Hidalgo - 17Jalisco - 14Michoacan - 19

Morelos - 23Nayarit - 12Nuevo Leon - 6Oaxaca - 27Puebla - 25Queretaro - 16Quintana Roo - 32San Luis Potosi - 11Sinaloa - 8Sonora - 3Tabasco - 29Tamaulipas - 7Tlaxcala - 24Veracruz - 26Yucatan - 31Zacatecas - 10

Venustiano Carranza joins the Venustiano Carranza joins the RevolutionRevolution

Carranza, a wealthy landholder like Carranza, a wealthy landholder like Madero organized a third army, mostly of Madero organized a third army, mostly of Mexico’s elite to contest Huerta’s Mexico’s elite to contest Huerta’s presidency. In his Plan de Guadalupe presidency. In his Plan de Guadalupe (March 1913) Carranza declared himself (March 1913) Carranza declared himself the “First Chief of the Constitutional Army,” the “First Chief of the Constitutional Army,” but said nothing about socio-economic but said nothing about socio-economic conditions that propelled Villa and conditions that propelled Villa and especially Zapata.especially Zapata.

Carranza and ObregonCarranza and Obregon

Alvaro Obregon Joins CarranzaAlvaro Obregon Joins Carranza

Huerta resigned as President in 1914 after Huerta resigned as President in 1914 after the US refused to recognized him as a the US refused to recognized him as a President and sent troops to Veracruz.President and sent troops to Veracruz.Obregon joined Carranza as a military Obregon joined Carranza as a military strategist. Together they defeated Villa’s strategist. Together they defeated Villa’s forces in the North and ultimately forces in the North and ultimately assassinated Zapata in the South.assassinated Zapata in the South.

The Mexican Constitution on 1917 The Mexican Constitution on 1917 institutionalizes the Revolutioninstitutionalizes the Revolution

The Mexican constitution of 1917 empowered The Mexican constitution of 1917 empowered the government to redistribute land, recognized the government to redistribute land, recognized labors right to organize, subjected the church to labors right to organize, subjected the church to new restrictions. new restrictions. Carranza assumed to the presidency in 1917, Carranza assumed to the presidency in 1917, but resigned after trying to rig the first election but resigned after trying to rig the first election under the new constitution.under the new constitution.Obregon succeeded Carranza and organized Obregon succeeded Carranza and organized the Partido Nacional Revolucionario now known the Partido Nacional Revolucionario now known as the Partido Revolucionario Institucionalas the Partido Revolucionario Institucional

The Mexican Revolution The Mexican Revolution Accomplished the Following:Accomplished the Following:

Nationalization of the oil industryNationalization of the oil industryTransfer of more than 45 million acres of Transfer of more than 45 million acres of land to the powerland to the powerThe near monopoly of political power by The near monopoly of political power by the PRIthe PRIA socialist orientation by the politicians A socialist orientation by the politicians that followedthat followed

Mexican Revolution WebsiteMexican Revolution Website

Check out these websites to explore different Check out these websites to explore different aspects of the revolution:aspects of the revolution:

http://runyon.lib.utexas.edu/conflict.htmlhttp://runyon.lib.utexas.edu/conflict.html http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-revolutiohttp://www.latinamericanstudies.org/mex-revolution.htmn.htm

http://www.wfu.edu/history/StudentWork/fysprojecthttp://www.wfu.edu/history/StudentWork/fysprojects/kmason/second.htms/kmason/second.htm

http://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=Shttp://www.corridos.org/Default.asp?Language=S