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ed. Jurgen Schmandt, Frederick Williams, Robert H. Wilson, and Sharon Strover (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1990), 61.
26Salazar, “Expansión y reconversion económica,” 169.
27María Elena Gutiérrez Rentería, “Mexican Telecommunication Industry: Challenges and Opportunities in the Digital Age,” Journa l o f Spanish Language and Media 4, (2011): 60–61.
28David M. Walker, “Gentrification Moves to The Global South: An Analysis of the Programa de Rescate , a Neoliberal Urban Policy in México City’s Centro Histórico” (PhD diss., University of Kentucky, 2008), 116–125.
29Ibid., 29.
30Veronica Crossa, “Resisting the Entrepreneurial City: Street Vendors’ Struggle in Mexico City’s Historic Center,” In ternat iona l Journa l o f Urban and Regional Research 33, no. 1 (2009): 43.
31Nicolas Berggruen, “Return of the PRI in Mexico,” Nonprof i t Quar ter ly (Winter 2013): 56–58.
32“Mexico City’s Urban Sprawl,” CNN Bus iness 360 Future C i t ies , CNN.com, 27 January 2011, http://
business.blogs.cnn.com/2011/01/27/mexico-citys-urban-sprawl.
33Ibid.
34Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transportes Dirección General de Transporte Ferroviario y Multimodal, “Sistema 3 del Tren Suburbano Chalco-Santa Martha-Constitución de 1917. Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México,” Secretar ía de Comunicac iones y Transpor tes , http://www.sct.gob.mx/filead-min/_migrated/content_uploads/LB_Sistema_3_del_Tren_Suburbano_de_la_Zona_Metropolitana_del_Valle_de_Mexico__Ruta_Chalco-Santa_M_01.pdf, and Noah Cruz Serrano, “Alista STC ruta del Tren Suburbano DF-Chalco,” El Universa l , 24 October 2012, http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/ciu-dad/113920.html.
35The Robbins Company, “Mexico City Metro Line 12,” Robbins , http://www.therob-binscompany.com/case-study/mx12.
36US Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration, “Mexico’s Infrastructure Opportunities 2013–2018,” Expor t .gov : He lp ing U.S . Companies Expor t .
37Nicole Robinson, “Spending Heads South,” Tunnels & Tunnel ing In ternat iona l (November 2012): 19.
Gustavo Lipkau and Fabiola Torres Pacheco
Mexico City 1994-2014: Political Eco- nomy and InfrastructureThis project examines the political economic conditions of Mexico City over the last two decades—the years of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)—as a frame for understanding the infrastructural developments of the city. The chart traces political events (both federal and municipal), spatialized demographic growth (geo-statistical basic area), the nation’s economic growth (GDP), and the history of the emerging private social housing monopoly. Contrary to expectations, the city has lost density, resulting in a more disconnected and under-equipped city. This can be primarily explained by the de-regulation of the private social housing sector witnessed over the past decade.
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Vialidad / Roads
Corriente de Agua / Watercourse
Cuerpo de Agua / Waterbody
Limite Municipal / Municipality
Area Verde / Green area
Tasa de crecimiento promedio anual /
Growth rate 1990 a 2010
Tasa Negativa / Negative
Baja 0.01–8.00 % / Low
Media 8.01–16.00 % / Medium
Alta 16.01–70.00 % / High
En Proceso / Processing
0 3.5 7 14 21Kms.
Fuente:Elaboración propia con base en cartografia y datos de población de 1990 y 2010 (INEGI)
Source:Based on cartography and population data from 1990 to 2010 (INEGI, National Institute for Statistics and Geography)
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1Censos de Población y Vivienda INEGI 1980, 1990, 2000, y 2010. Y, proyecciones 2020, CONAPO. / Population and Hous-ing Census, INEGI (National Institute for Statistics and Geography) 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010; CONAPO’s (National Population’s Council) 2020 Projections.
2 INEGI, Área urbana 1980, 1990 y 2000 Estudio “Estructura Urbana de la Ciudad de México” / INEGI’s Urban Area Studies from 1980, 1990, and 2000 “Mexico City’s Urban Structure Study” ( http://www-cpsv.upc.es/documents/structur-aUrbanadelaCiudad-deMexico.pdf)
3En base a AGEBS (Áreas Geo Estadísti-cas Básicas), INEGI 2010 / Based on an AGEBS (Basic Geo-Statistic Areas), INEGI 2010
4La Evaluación del PIB / The evaluation of the GDP, http://www.economia.com.mx/crecimiento_del_pib_de_mexico.htm
5Indicador de crecimiento del sector vivienda: Tabla Ilustrativa de inversions privadas / Indicator of growth of the housing sector: illustrative table of private investing
5“Emisiones de Infonavita componente privado”
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PRE-
PRE-
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
NAFTA / TLCAN Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Y11 Y12 Y13 Y14 Y15 Y16 Y17 Y18 Y19 Y20 Y21 Y22 Y23 Y24 Y25 Y26 Y27
Zedec Santa Fe ServiMet: Santa Fe Master Plan / Plan Maestro Bando Dos Citizen Participation Law / Ley de Participacion Ciudadana
TRANSPORTE COLECTIVO
1967 Initated / Se instituye Ibero Universidad Santa Fe Fonda Garufa, La Condesa 1st E. $ P2nd E. $ P3rd E. $ P
METRO / PESEROS 1970 Service begins / Comienza a dar servicio Light Rail / Tren Ligero Metro Linea A Metro Linea 8 Metro Linea B Metro Linea 12
1975 Delfines MetroBus (L1)
R-100 Initiated / Se instituye R-100 Stops / Se detiene R-100 Bankruptcy / Quiebra
THOROUGHFARES / EJES VIALES
1979 Construction / Construccion First "Segundo Piso" Urban Highways / Autopistas Urbanas
Vial Distributor Heberto Castillo
Zócalo Competition / Concurso Ecobici, EcoParq
Programa PRO Aire FARO de Oriente
Environmental monitoring network / Red de monitorao ambiental Ferroc. Cuernavaca Bike Road / Ciclovia ferroc. Cuernavaca
Centro Historico Trust + Found. / Fid. Y Fund Pedestrianization / Se peatonalizan Regina y Av. Madero
LERMA SYSTEM / SISTEMA LERMA
1950 Sistema Lerma Cutzamala System is modernized / Moderniz de Sistema Cutzamala
Programa Recarga de Acuíferos / Aquifer Recharge Program
TEXCOCO PROJECT 1969 Publication / Publicación Perinorte Water Recycling Plants are constructed / Construcción de Plantas Potabilizadora
Lago Nabor Carrillo Neza 86 Stadium / Estadio OHL Mexico, Aeropuerto Toluca Atotonilco Water Treatment Plant / PTAR
DEEP DRAINAGE / DRENAJE PROFUNDO
1975 Inauguration / inauguración Emisor Oriente Wastewater Tunnel / T.E.O.
Emisor Central maintenance
Bordo Poiniente Landfill Río de la Compañía Tunnel Bordo Poiniente closes / Se detiene
Autopista Del Sol Water Pumping Plants / Plantas de Bombeo de Agua Res
Outsourcing of La Venta-Chamapa Highway (Stage 0 of Circuito Mexiquense) / Arranca concesión Mexibus Viaducto Bicentenario (Norte)
Valle de Chalco Solidaridad Suburban Train is announced Bicentennial Cities Huehuetoca, Zumpango and Tecamac
AIRPORT / AEROPUERTO
SAHOP studies alternative airport Aeropuertos y Servicios Auxiliares manifestaba: "Costo Economico de la saturacion del AICM
ASA NAICM cancelled T2 Competition announc. T2 Inauguration / Inauguracion
2000 - 2005 Los Héroes de Tecamac Ciudad Jardín, Neza
Inicia labores el T. C. M. Las Americas, Ecatepec
001 Landsat photo MX City 002 Landsat photo MX City 003 Landsat photo MX City
Warnings of risk of massive pollution of the aquifer / Avisos sobre el riesgo de contaminacion masiva del acuifero
Publication of / Publicación de 'Programa de ordenación de la zona metropolitana Del Valle de México (POZMVM)'
E Ezcurra. La Cuenca Chinampas - MegalOpolis Environmental Sustainability Agenda / Agenda de Sustenabilidad ZMVM
Eruviel Ávila
A. M. López Obrador /A. Encinas.
M. Ebrard Casaubón M. A. Mancera
A. Montiel Rojas E. Peña Nieto
C. Cárdenas / R. Róbles
GOVERNOR OF THE STATE OF MEXICO / GOBERNADOR DE MEXICO
M. Camacho Solís M. Aguilera Gómez
O. Espinoza Villareal
M. Ramón Beteta I. Pichardo Pagaza E. Chuayffet C. Camacho Quiróz
MAYOR, MEXICO D.F. / JEFE DE GOBIERNO DE LA CIUDAD DE MEXICO
194 Scapegoat 6 Mexico DF / NAFTA
Glossary
27 Artículo Constitucional sobre la propiedad de las tierras y las aguas / National Constitution Article on water and land ownership
AICM Aeropuerto Internacional Ciudad de México / Mexico City’s International Airport
Bordo Poniente Relleno Sanitario / Landfill
Casas GEO Private housing company
CARSO Construction company (Carlos Slim Global Conglomerate)
CONAVI Comisión Nacional de Vivienda / National Housing Commission
D.F. Distrito Federal / Federal District
Eco Bici Public bicycle company (municipal government)
Eco Parq Parking meter company (municipal government)
EZLN Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional / Zapatista National Liberation Army
FARO Fábrica de Artes y Oficios / Public arts and crafts training and community centre
FOVI Fondo de Operación y Financiamiento Bancario de la Vivienda / Housing Bank Operation and Financing Fund
Homex Private housing company
ICA I ngenieros Civiles Asociados / Construction company INFONAVIT Instituto del Fondo Nacional de la Vivienda para
los Trabajadores / Workers’ Housing Fund National Institute
Metro Municipal subway system
Metro Bus Municipal bus system
Mexi Bus State of Mexico bus system
NAICM Nuevo Aeropuerto Internacional Ciudad de México / Mexico City’s New International Airport
Neza Abbreviation for Nezahualcóyotli, a large municipality in the east of the city
OHL Obrascon-Huarte-Lain, Spanish global construction conglomerate
PIB Producto Interno Bruto / Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
PROCEDE Programa de Certificación de Derechos Ejidales y Titulación de Solares / Social Land Certification Program
PTAR Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales / Residual Water Treatment Plant
R-100 Urban Bus Goverment Company
Rotoplast Mexican industrial water tank company
SAHOP Secretaria de Asentamientos Humanos y Obras Públicas / Human Settlements and Public Works Administration
SARE Private housing company
SEDESOL Secretaría de Desarrollo Social / Ministry of Social Development
SEDATU Secretaría de Desarrollo Agrario, Territorial y Urbano / Ministry of Agrarian Development and Urban Planning
SERVIMET Servicios Metropolitanos S.A. / Metropolitan Services Goverment Company
SHF Sociedad Hipotecaria Federal / Federal Mortgage Society
TCM Taller Ciudad de México (Facultad de arquitectura, UNAM) / Mexico City Workshop (Architecture Faculty, National University)
TEO Tunel Emisor Oriente / Eastern Output Tunnel
T2 Terminal 2 / Terminal 2, (City Airport)
UAM Universidad Autonome Metropolitana / Metropolitan Autonomous University
URBI Private housing company
Zedec Zona de Desarrollo Especial / Special Development Zone
ZMVM Zona Metropolitana del Valle de México / Mexico Metropolitan Zone
Silvia Ribeiro
The Agro- industrial Food Chain: Global Warming, Food Crisis and Trans-genic CornLike a serpent biting its own tail, the industrial food system—arguably the main cause of global climate change—was shaken by an incredibly poor harvest in the Summer of 2012, after an intense drought in the United States. Although harvesting was possible in some regions, many crops were unusable because the lack of water meant plants were unable to process synthetic fertilizers and thus became toxic and inedible. In the case of corn, food shortages were exacerbated because 40 percent of the corn produced in the United States is destined for ethanol production, feeding cars instead of people. Overall, the US is one of the largest corn, soy, and wheat exporters in the world, and 80 percent of global distribution of cereals is in the hands of four multinationals that monopolize supply in order to maximize profit. In Mexico, low production in 2012 contributed to an increase in food prices on the global market. The price of poultry, pork, and beef also increased because more than 40 percent
of cereal production in the world is used for the factory farming of confined animals. This is another of the absurdities of the agroindustry; it would be much more efficient to use cereals for human consumption, consume less meat, reduce the scale of animal farming, and feed animals through foraging. The confined industrial breeding of animals is the source of both food shortages and price increases, as well as epidemics such as avian and swine flu; these factors often exacerbate one another, as we have seen in Mexico, where a recent avian flu outbreak led to a spike in the cost of eggs. These are just a few symptoms of the transnational corporate food industry, which is also characterized by a lack of biodiversity, the heavy use of pesticides and synthetic fertilizers, and a dependency on fossil fuels.
Thus the two most significant planetary crises, the food crisis and the climate crisis, have the agro-industrial food production system as their main cause: from seeds and agriculture to livestock production and supermarkets, industry forms a chain that oppresses people and exploits countries—with Monsanto pulling firmly from one end and Walmart from the other.
The role that the industrial food chain plays in causing climate chaos is fundamental, but this reality is very different from the “facts” that corporate propaganda bombards us with. Most official studies, from the Stern Report in the UK to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), place industrial agriculture, with its monocultural plantations and synthetic inputs (pesticides, fertilizers, hybrid or transgenic seeds) as the cause of between 11–15 percent of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), third or fourth on the list of factors causing climate change.
This, however, does not account for the entire problem, as the agro-industrial food system is directly tied to important percentages of other primary causes of climate change, such as transportation, energy production, and deforestation. As the non-profit organization GRAIN has demonstrated, summing up these different factors, the agro-industrial food
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