UNIT 5 IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OF MANAGEMENT Structure Objectives ~ntroduction" Fundamental Principles of Management 5.2.1 Concept of management 5.2.2 Evolution of management thought 5.2.3 Managerial levels and skills Importance of Plantation Management 5.3.1 Plantation management - A unique profebsion 5.3.2 Role of management principles in plantations 5.3.3 Importance of plantation management principles Functions of Management 5.4.1 Planning 5.4.2 Organising 5.4.3 Staffing 5.4.4 Leading 5.4.5 Controlling Plantation Management in the Global Perspective Let Us Sum Up Glossary Check Your Progress: Possible Answers Suggested Readings 5.0 OBJECTIVES After studyi~lgth is unit, you should be able to: define the concepts in plantation management; describe the qualities and skills required for managers at different levels; identify the management principles and their importance in plantation management; identify the functions of a manager; and apply professionalism in managing plantation activities with suitable principles of management. 5.1 INTRODUCTION In the previous block, comprising an overview of plantation sector, you have ,learned the fundamentals of plantation industry. Do you know what
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UNIT 5 IMPORTANCE AND ROLE OFMANAGEMENTStructureObjectives~ntroduction"Fundamental Principles of Management5.2.1 Concept of management5.2.2 Evolution of management thought5.2.3 Managerial levels and skillsImportance of Plantation Management5.3.1 Plantation management - A unique profebsion5.3.2 Role of management principles in plantations5.3.3 Importance of plantation management principlesFunctions of Management5.4.1 Planning5.4.2 Organising5.4.3 Staffing5.4.4 Leading5.4.5 ControllingPlantation Management in the Global PerspectiveLet Us Sum UpGlossaryCheck Your Progress: Possible AnswersSuggested Readings
5.0 OBJECTIVESAfter studyi~lgth is unit, you should be able to:define the concepts in plantation management;describe the qualities and skills required for managers at different levels;identify the management principles and their importance in plantationmanagement;identify the functions of a manager; andapply professionalism in managing plantation activities with suitableprinciples of management.
5.1 INTRODUCTIONIn the previous block, comprising an overview of plantation sector, you have,learned the fundamentals of plantation industry. Do you know whatmanagement is? Why and how a separate discipline called Management didevolve? And why does the present plantation industry require sound knowledgeon the concepts of management? This unit will introduce you with the conceptof management, the evolution of management thought, the levels ofmanagement and skills required for managers at different levels. It also tellsPrinciples of PlantationManagement
you about the role and importance of plantation principles, the functions of amanager and the challenges for managers in the plantation sector.*
Activity 01Before reading this unit, please visit a nearby plantation office andobserve the activities of the plantation managers related tomanagement of estate or garden.
5.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OFMANAGEMENTThe word 'management' you would have heard and used very frequently;haven't you? Then what does it mean? Different authors define managementin different ways. Some say it is nothing but decision making. Another authordefined it as the art of getting things done through others. Koontz definedmanagement as "the process of defining and maintaining an environment inwhich individuals, working together in groups, efficiently accomplish selectedaims". F.W.Taylor defined management as knowing exactly what you wantrnen to do and then seeing that they do it in the best and cheapest w:.~y. "Tomanage is to forecast, to plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate andcontrol" is the definition given by Henry Fayol.+6
In this section, you will study meaning and definition of management andclualities a& skills required for managers and the evolution of managementthought.5.2.6 Concept of managementWe may define the meaning of management in a simple way. "Management isa problem solving process of effectively achieving the organizational goalthrough the efficient use of scarce resources in a changing environment". Ifyou look at the definition, you will find some key words and characteristicsthat require further explanation and the concept of management will be clearto you. 4
Firstly, management is a 'problem solving process' : Problem here refersto any issues that need to be sorted out with correct decisions. Every daymanager wili face many problems. The problems may be related tolabours, customers, suppliers, legal, andor social etc.Secondly, 'achieving organizational goal effectivelly' : Every organizationwill have goals or targets both long term and short term. It could be onprofit, sales, customer satisfaction, recruitment, labour turnover, etc.Achieving these goals effectively is not easy. Do you know why? If youhave 100 people working under you, all of them will also have theirgoals and these goals differ from person to person. Therefore, it is themanagers' job to integrate the individual goals with the organization'sgoal and ensure that tne ultimate goal of the organization is achieved.o Thirdly, 'efficient use of scarce resources': The resources for managerincludes, people, money, equipment, material, time, etc. These resourcesare very limited. Using these limited resources as inputs oae sl~ouldk nowhow to achieve the maximum output.Finally, an important point you need to remember is that for better management,you should consider the environment under which your organization functions.Environment includes labour, customers, technology, government, economicaland political. This environment keeps on changing. An approach you haveadopted to satisfy your customer today may not be accepted by the samecustomer tomorrow. Therefore, manager needs to keep the same pace of speedas that of the environment.Importance andRole of Management
If you try to relate these concepts to plantation activities, you can understandthe meaning of plantation management. In a simple way, decision making on
activities related to plantation can be defined as plantation management. Youmay not have common views on what plantation management precisely is,and what are managerial functions in plantation management. But in general,we can defjni. plantation managemeni as s unique continuous process (groupof inter-related and integrated activities) involving plant growth, pest, diseaseand nutrient management, irrigation, weeding, pre and post harvest activities,labour management, office administration, collection and marketing ofplantation produce etc., by utilizing the limited available resources through aset of managerial functions in order to accomplish set plantation goals orobjectives, e.g. increasing the productivity of plantation employee; customersatisfaction performed with and through people in an ever changing and distinctplantation environment.You can understand from the above definition that plantation management hasthe following characteristics:It has a set of activities,It is a continuous process throughout the year,It is unique process or activity and has specific goals,Co-ordination of people and scarce resource is the central point ofplantation management,It is an art of getting things done through people and plantation resourcesi.e. it is a socio-economic process,It follows planning-action-control-feedback system of operations,Plantation management role is performed by the managers or executivesor supervisors, andPlantation manageme~~ist a special field of study having a professionalcharacter.Having understood the concept of management, now let us see how thediscipline management has emerged.5.2.2 Evolution of management ,thoughtThe concept of management is originated as a result of World War I and WorldWar 11. The result of these wars was destruction of lot of resources in generaland military materials in particular. So resources were made very scarce. Peoplestarted thinking of making optimum use of available resources. This led to theneed for professional thinking in resource allocation and utilization. Thescientific and technological developments, industrial revolutions, competitionsPrinciples of Plantation etc., has added the need for management discipline and made it more complex.Plantation sector is not an exception to the application of managementdiscipline. Therefore, you need to know the early contribution to the field ofmanagement in the form of principles and theories by different authors.The management thought in the current economic situation can best beunderstood in the light of its historical growth particularly since 1900. Therewere different phases for the evolution of management thought. These can beclassified into three: as Classical Theory, Neo-Classical Theory and ModernTheory. For understanding of these theories and principles it is more appropriate .to divide it as per the different schools of thought. They are a) scientificapproach, b) administrative approach, and c) behavioural approach.a) Scientific Approach
F.W.Taylor, Frank Gilbreth, Lillian Gilbreth, Gantt and others launched whatthey called scientific management. According to these experts it was not properto just find a way of doing something. A manager had to find the one rightway. They used time and motion study for developing a right way. Among all,F.W.Taylor (1856 - 1915) eventually acclaimed as the 'Father of ScientificManagement'. Some of the basic features of Taylor's contribution to scientificmanagement are:Separation of planning function from doing function. He said planningfunction to be given to managers and doing to the workers,Scientific selection and training of workers,Time and motion studies to determine standard of work,Differential piece wage rate system. That is wage based on output by alabour,Functional foremanship. That is labours should be allotted to thesupervisor based on his specialization, andStandardization of methods, procedures, tools and equipment.The five basic principles contributed by F.W.Taylor are:Replacing the rule of thumb with science. For instance, if you want toput fertilizer to your crops, the scientific method should be soil testing,and deciding about the type of fertilizer, quantity and time. It is not basedon trial and error method.Harmony in group action rather than discord.Cooperation rather than chaotic individualism.Working for maximum output rather than restricted output.The development of each individual to his greatest efficiency andprosperity.b) Administrative ApproachHenri Fayol, a French industrialist is considered as the father of modern theoryof general and industrial management. He divided the industrial managementImportance andRole of Management
activities into six groups and contributed fourteen principles to management.Following are the six activities:Technical activities - method of doing work.Commercial activities - buying and selling.Financial activities - use of capital.Security - protection for property and persons.Accounting activities - statistics and records.Managerial activities -planning, organizing, command, coordination andcontrol.These six functions had to be performed to operate successfully any kind oforganization. There is no doubt that Fayol established the pattern upon whichour modern concepts of management are built.In 19 16, Henri Fayol in his book described 14 management principles. Theseprinciples constitute the theory of management or administration of businessenterprises. They are enumerated below briefly.i) Division of work: Specialization alone can give maximum productivityand efficiency.ii) Authority and responsibility: Authority is the power in the position andthe right to give orders, responsibility is the obligation to perfom. He
said there should be parity between authority and responsibility.iii) Discipline: The objectives, rules and regulations, the policies andprocedures must be honoured by each member of the organization.iv) Unity of command: In order to avoid any possible confusion and conflict,each member of an organization must receive orders and instruction onlyfrom one superior or boss.v) Unity of direction: All members of an organization must work togetherto accomplish common goals.vi) Subordination of individual interest to general interest: Common interestof the organization is given priority and not the individual interest.vii) Remuneration: Fair pay to the labours is the best motivator.viii) Centralization: Power to take decision must be decentralized. Extremedecentralization or centralization must be avoided.ix) Scalar chain: Hierarchy of command linking all members from top tobottom.x) Order: Proper system alone can create a sound organization. Disorderleads to chaos and confusion.xi) Equity: Justice and kindness must be given to everyone.xii) Stability of tenure: Employees must be given job security and sufficienttime to adjust with new work.xiii) Initiative: Creative thinking and capacity to take initiative can give assound managerial planning.xiv) Esprit de corps: It means unity is strength.9Principles of PlantationManagement
c) Behavoiural ApproachBehavioural or human relations approach is built on the base of classical theory.It pointed out the role of psychology and sociology in the understanding ofindividual as well as group behaviour. It advocates the importance of humanvalues in business. Among those who contributed to behavioural approach,the contribution made by Elton Mayo and his associates found to be moreappropriate and interesting. Mayo and his associates conducted a famous studyin General Electric Company at Hawthorne between 1927 and 1932. Based ontheir study to find out the reasons for low productivity, they formulatedfollowing principles.To meet the socio-psychological need workers form informal groups.This influence their group conduct and behaviour.Mental attitudes and emotions influence considerably employees'behaviour.Freedom at work to take decision will develop sense of belongingness.Human and social motivation can play even a greater role than monitoryincentives.5.2.3 Managerial levels and skillsThe management of a large organization may have different levels. Thefunctions, skills and qualities required by the managers vary with the levels ofmanagement. First let us discuss about the levels of management.Levels of ManagementThe levels of management can be broadly divided into three. They are toplevelmanagement, middle-level management and low-level management such
as supervisors.a) Top-level management- Require an extensive knowledge of management roles and skills.- They have to be very aware of external factors such as markets.- Their decisions are generally of a long-term nature.- Their decisions are made using analytic, directive, conceptual and,or behavioraYparticipative processes.- They are responsible for strategic decisions.- They have to chalk out the plan and see that plan may be effective inthe future.- They are executive in nature.b) Middle-level management- Mid-level managers have a specialized understanding of certainmanagerial tasks.- They are responsible for carrying out the decisions made by toplevelmanagement.c) Lower-level management Importance andRole of Management
- This level of management ensures that the decisions and plans takenby the other two are carried out.- Lower-level managers' decisions are generally short-term ones.Managerial SkillsTo be an effective manager, it is necessary to possess many skills. Differentlevels of management in the organizational structure also require differenttypes of management skills. Generally, managers need to have communicationskills, human skills, computer skills, time-management skills, and technicalskills.Communication Skills: Communication skills fall into the broad categories oforal and written skills, both of which managers use in many different ways. Itis necessary for a manager to orally explain processes and give direction toworkers. It is also necessary for managers to give verbal praise to workers.Managers are also expected to conduct meetings and give talks to groups ofpeople. They should be good listeners also. Managers are expected to listen totheir supervisors and to their workers. A manager who doesn't listen is not agood communicator. Managers are also expected to write reports, letters,memos, and policy statements. Managers must write clearly and concisely.Good writing requires good grammar and composition skills.Human Skills: Relating to other people is vital in order to be a good manager.Workers come in about every temperament that can be imagined. It takes amanager with the right human skills to manage this variety of workerseffectively. Diversity in the workplace is commonplace. The manager mustunderstand different personality types and cultures to be able to supervise theseworkers.Computer Skills: It is necessary for managers to have computer skills in orderto keep up with the rapid changes. Many of the processes that occur in offices,manufacturing plants, warehouses, and other work environments depend oncomputers and thus necessitate managers and workers who can skillfully usethe technology.Time-Management Skills: Because the typical manager is a very busy person,
it is important that time be managed effectively. This requires an understandingof how to allocate time to different projects and activities. Good timemanagementskills can be learned, but managers must be willing to prioritizeactivities, delegate, deal with interruptions, organize work, and perform otheracts that will make them better managers.Technical Skills: Different from computer skills, technical skills are moreclosely related to the tasks that are performed by workers. A manager mustknow, what the workers who are being supervised are doing on their jobs orassistance cannot be provided to them. For example, a manager who issupervising accountant's needs to know the accounting processes; a managerwho is supervising a marketing of agricultural commodities must know themarketing practices and a manager who supervises the estate must be familiarwith the activities related to plantation.11'rinciples of Plantation
danagernent Q) Check Your Progress 1Note: a) Use the space below for writing your answers.b) Compare your answers with those given at the end of the unit.1) Define plantation management.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2) Give at least two principles of F.W. Taylor and Henry Fayol.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. #
..5.3 IMPORTANCE OF PLANTATIONMANAGEMENTPlantation management principles are the vital part of plantation management.Success of plantation organization depends on effective management ofplantation workers and other plantation resources. Gradual increase in overall
productivity in plantation operations is the key to the development andprosperity of plantation business in the competitive commodity trade. Onlyeffective application of plantation management principles can provide gradualgrowth in productivity of all plantation resources. The quality of plantationmanagement will depend on the utilization of its principles in practice.Plantation industry is a unique profession which requires application ofmanagement principles. The role of management principles and theirimportance in~lantationm anagement are discussed in this section.
5.3.1 Plantation management - A unique professionPlantation manage&ent mostly has the character of social science, which reflectsthe main charactedstics of a body of knowledge on plantation management.Plantation manager is a creative personality in-charge of preparing the blendof resources, processing plantation activities and achieving the plantation goalsand objectives which was set by top management. It also requires a professionalcharacter demanding specialized knowledge, experience and competence inplantation.12Modem plantation management proposes system based contingency approach Importance and
to plantation organizations due to fundamental changes in the plantation Role of Management
business environment. This business environment can be classified into twoseparate entities which are called as Internal Business Environment and ExternalBusiness Environment. Organization structure, plantation processes andtechnology adopted in the estate or garden are considered in the internalenvironmental forces. Social, economic, technological, legal and politicalfactors are considered in the external environment. Principles, theories andconcepts of plantation management are highly influenced by internal andexternal environment of the plantation organisation. Situation circumstancesand environmental factors determine appropriate techniques of plantationmanagement. Hence, there are no universal principles for plantationmanagement. You must be open and adaptive to the managerial requirementof plantation sector.5.3.2 Role of management principles in plantationsIf you are a manager of a plantation field, your role and key responsibility willbe to prepare and implement the plantation organisation's plan to achieve theset objectives and goals. Before and during the managerial process, you willneed to ensure that there is a supportive environment for completing the requiredwork. To create this kind of supportive environment, you need a scientific,systematic and professional plantation skills. The professional managerial skillis acquired while you learn the fundamentals, principles and theories ofplantation management. It requires the following qualities in you:a firm commitment to the work assigned,a concern for the human element of subordinates,a focus on problem solving to improve the works in the plantation field,respect for staff and their abilities, anda willingness to improve plantation processes.*
You will also need to develop strategies for the organization, continually .motivate people to support managerial process and market change.The plantation management principles play a vital role in accomplishing the
above set goals, acquiring the required managerial skills and qualities forplantation field. The management principles also help you to manage yourauthority which enables you to specify and allow you to access the resourcesthat are required to accomplish your assigned tasks.5.3.3 Importance of plantation management principlesAt all levels of plantation organization teamwork is required for the sustainablegrowth of the estate or garden.Following characteristics tell you the importance of management principles inplantation:Plantation management principles are the essential input for creating andsustaining such good teams.Plantation Management principles will help you to raise standards ofliving to the plantation community. 13Principles of Plantation It can offer value added life style to plantation labours and executives.It helps the plantation managers for the smooth running of estate.It is a source of powerful innovative thoughts.It is the guide for our effective governance of plantation administration.It can strengthen our viability of our plantation operations.Experts of plantation development have pointed out that even the most modernplantation technology, best input materials, plantation resources and plantationfacilities, liberal and cheap finance may not be able to achieve stated plantationobjectives (plantation productivity and quality of plantation working life)without effective and efficient application of plantation management principles.The greatest hurdle and the limiting factor for the plantation sector is the qualityof plantation management. Professional and Competent managerial personnel,who are really required for the development and recovery of plantation sector,are molded with these fundamental plantation management principles.It may be argued that plantation management represents a relatively smallsegment of specialized study in management education. But India's plantationsector plays a key role in the national economy. It employs nearly two millionpeople. India is the largest producer of tea in the world. We are the fourthlargest producer of natural rubber, and the sixth largest in coffee.Notwithstanding to the above unpleasant fact that the average cost of productionof a kilogram of tea is the highest in India compared to those in other countrieshas to be addressed. The case of faulty, improper or inadequate soil managementleading to poor productivity in coconut plantations is perhaps similar. Suchissues can be resolved with these plantation management principles also.Widening of the global market and the simultaneous enhancement of productionand cost efficiency have to be systematically planned and implemented in viewof the potential for generating high income. Plantation operations have to belinked to marketing possibilities. It needs modernization of the plantation sectorthrough professional plantation management education. The plantationmanagement principles will provide new techniques for effective handling ofmanagerial and operational issues in the plantation sector. It also optimizesthe full range of environmental, economic and social benefits to the plantationcommunity. The plantation sector in our region has experienced substantialgrowth in the recent times. But it requires professional plantation managerswith substantial knowledge and skill in plantation management principles.
@ Check Your Progress 2Note: a) Use the space below for writing your answers.
b) Compare your answers with those given at the end of the unit.1) Mention at least two important roles of plantation management.
........---_____-_---_--_---------Write two factors which make plantation management important to
managers. 15.4 FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENTThe functions of management provide a useful structure for organizingplantation management activities. The functions of management can beclassified as planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling. Eachfundamental function of management is influenced by innovation, decisionmakingand co-ordination.Functions of managementI
Planning Organizing Staff~ng Leading ControllingLet us discuss briefly all the functions of management in detail.5.4.1 PlanningPlanning involves selecting goals and objectives of your activity and settingthe action plans to achieve them which require decision making. The planningbridges the gap from where you are to where you want to reach. Before thecommencement of the work, you should have a proper plan as to, What is to bedone?, where, when and how it has to be done. Following are some of thespecific characteristics of planning:Planning function acts as the foundation for all other functions. Forinstance when you want to recruit labours, you should first plan as tohow many and what kind of labours you require.Planning exists in all levels of management. It is not only the function oftop-level management, but also people at the bottom level.The type of planning may vary according to the time span. It may be longterm, medium term or short term planning. Top-level managers normallydo long term planning.Planning and controlling functions are inseparable. If you want to controlyour plantation activities, you should first plan the activities.The different types of plans are, purpose, objectives, strategies, policies,procedures, rules, budgets, etc.Importance andRole of Management
Failing to plan is as good as planning to fail.
Principles of Plantation Planning process undergoes various steps. The step by step process of planningManagement is listed below:
I Being aware of opportunities: in light of technology, market, labour etc.I
I Setting objectives or goals: where we want to be and when.Considering planning premises: the environment in which our plansoperate.Identifying alternatives to accomplish our objectives.Comparing alternatives in light of goals sought.Choosing of best alternative.Formulating supporting plans.Numberizing plans by making budgets.The planning function is performed by the manager in the plantation fieldalso. He has to plan about number and kind of labour required, wage plan,harvesting methods and post harvesting methods, etc. It also deals with settingof goals or objectives for commodity profit realization, prescribing action planfor it; on the basis of your past and present knowledge, policies, programmes,schedules, procedures, budgets etc., of all planned work. Modify your plans inthe light of results and changes in the plantation business environment.5.4.2 OrganisingOrganising is identifying the various activities required for the attainment ofgoals, and grouping of these activities, delegation of power to various positionsto carry out the work and making provision for coordination and control. Themain features of the organising function are:It helps in bringing out clear organisation structureThe reporting relationship among the members of organisation is madeclear,The duties and responsibilities of every individual in the organisation areclarified, andThe grouping of activities results in to departmentation.Plantation is the sector which has high number of human employment. That ismost of the plantation activities are accomplished by human resource. Hence,the harmony of human efforts towards the achievement of plantation activityis the key for successful plantation management. This functional part of themanagement is called as Organising. This function defines the roles of peoplein the plantation organisation and connects them in a systematic way to producemaximum results. This organising process channelises and structures humanefforts to make sure that people contribute in a specific way to group effort.The concept of a "role" implies what people do in the plantation.This can be understood in a simple example of rubber sheet making. Everyonecould do anything one wanted to do but it would be more effective if peopledivide the work among them as one person for collecting the milk, another formixing formic acid, another to look after coagulation, another for rolling ofsheets, another for washing and so on.So, organising in plantation involves structuring of roles for people for making Importance and
sure that all the tasks necessary to accomplish goals are assigned to people Role of Management
who can do those best. The purpose of an organisation structure is to help increating an environment for human performance and motivations of the peoplein the plantation activity. It is a management tool in plantation functions. Inother words, it answers the questions like who is to do what? What is theauthority and under what conditions?5.4.3 StaffingStaffing involves identifying the right people in order to fill the positions inthe organization structure which was created in the process of organisingfunction as discussed above. This is done by identifying the places from wherewe can hire people, selecting them, deciding wage structure, giving propertraining, promoting, and appraising. Today identifying the right people forrubber, tea or coffee plantations has become a major challenge.5.4.4 LeadingLeading is the ability of the leaderlmanager to influence work force so thatthey will contribute willingly and enthusiastically for the achievement of theorganizational goal. So, effective plantation managers also need to be effectiveleaders. Always people tend to follow those who are satisfying their own needs,wishes, and desires.The Process of motivation of plantation work force depends on workers morale,willingness to co-operative and the level of team spirit to achieve goals. Workforce participation in plantation management, proper communication to workforce, suitable plantation managerial style, financial and non-financial incentiveoffered to the work force are some of the tools for best leadership andmotivation. It has to be seen in the light of control results.As you are aware, plantation sector is highly people oriented. The success ofplantation management depends mainly on the ability of utilization of the humanresource. Hence, you need high level of leadership quality in order to attainyour plantation goal. Let us understand the concepts in leadership pertainingto plantation. It is the ability to influence the people in connection withplantation work relationship in which one person (the leader) influences others(the led) in a given situation to work together on related plantation tasks toachieve plantation goals as the leader desires.5.4.5 ControllingIn controlling, you have to follow-up the assigned work to the worker andmeasure the performance of the work force. You also have to check that theplanned work is being properly carried out.'If not you have to apply propercontrol measures in order to bring the desired results. For the effectivecontrolling function, you have to set performance standards against the plansand measure the actual work performed in the planning period. Then, youcompare the performance standard and work performed. If you find anydeviation in it, then you take corrective actions in order to ensure that the workis performed as per the plan. Effective controlling makes the realization ofyour plans and maximum efficiency.
Q) Check Your Progress 3Note: a) Use the space below for writing your answers.b) . Compare your answers with those given at the end of the unit.1) Name any three functions of plantation management.
......2) Discuss the steps in controlling process...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................Activity 02Please visit near by plantation office and collect what are the methodsused for effective management of plantation operations.Inflation is stressing and straining the operation of plantation activity,Investment in Research and Development will be necessary for thesurvival of plantation sector,
1 Growth of service economy and knowledge society, and I Greater concern for human and social values.Importance andRole of Management
Principles of Plantation EfficiencyManagement
EthicsFeedbackOrganisingPlanningPrinciples: Achievement of the ends with the least amountof resources or accomplishment of objectivesat the least cost or other unsought consequences.: A system of moral principles or values dealingwith moral judgment duty, and obligation; thediscipline concerned with what is good or bad,
right or wrong.: An informational input in a system transmittingmessages of system operation to indicate whetherthe system is operating as planned; informationconcerning any type of planned operation relayedto the responsible person for evaluation.Management : The process of designing and maintaining anenvironment in which individuals work togetherin groups to accomplish efficiently selected aims.Objectives or Goals : The ends toward which activity is aimed- theend points of planning.Operations Research : The application of scientific method in aproblem situation with a view to providing aquantitative basis for arriving at an optimumsolution in terms of the goals sought.Organisation : A concept used in a way such as system of anyset of relationships in any kind of undertaking,cooperation of two or more persons, or a group,and the intentional structure of roles in aformally organised enterprise.: Establishing an intentional structure of roles forpeople to fill in an organisation.: Selecting missi'ons and objectives and thestrategies, policies, programmes and proceduresfor achieving them; decision making; the selectionof a course of action from among alternatives.: Fundainental truths, or what are believed to betruths at given time, explaining relationshipsbetween two or more sets of variables, usuallyan independent variable and a dependent variable;may be descriptive, expl&ning what will happen,or prescriptive (or normative), indicating what aperson should do: in the latter case, principlesreflect some scale of values, such as efficiency,and therefor<, imply value judgments.Productivity : The output-input ratio within a time period withdue consideration for quality.Social Responsiveness : . The ability of an enterprise to relate policies andoperations to the environment that is beneficialto both the organisation and the society.Strategy : The determination of the purpose (or mission) andthe basic long-term objectives of an enterprise, and .the adoption of courses of action and allocation of!O resources necessary to achieve these aims.
I CHECK YOUR PROGRESS: POSSIBLE ANSWERS .
Importance andRole of Management
1 Check Your Progress 1
1) Definition: Plantation Management is a unique continuous process (groupof inter-related and integrated activities) involving plant growth, pest, 1
disease and nutrient maintenance, irrigation, weeding, pre and post harvestactivities, labour management, office administration, assembling andmarketing of plantation produce etc., by utilizing the available resourcesthrough a set of managerial functions in order to accomplish set plantationgoals or objectives.2) F.W.Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management:Dividing the planning function and doing functionScientific selection and training of workersHenry Fayol's Principles of ManagementEquityEsprit de corpsCheck Your Progress 21) The Plantation management principles play a vital role in accomplishingthe set goals of the organisation, acquiring the required managerial skillsand qualities for plantation field.The Plantation management principles also help you to manage theauthorization of work, which enables you to specify and allow you toaccess the resources that are required to accomplish your assigned tasks.2) Plantation Management will raise standards of living to the plantationcommunity and can offer value added life style to plantation labours andexecutives.It helps the plantation managers for the smooth running of estate or garden.It is a source of powerful innovative thoughts.Check Your Progress 3I) Planning, Organising, Staffing, etc.2) Set performance standards, plans and measures the actual work performedand compare the performance standard and work performed.
SUGGESTED READINGSBurton, Gene and Manab Thakur, (2007) "Mamgement Today - Principlesand Practice ", 1" Edition, Tata McGraw Hill.Govindarajan, M. and S. Natarajan, (2007) "Principles of Management",lstEdition, Prentice-Hall of India.Tripathy, P.C. and P.N. Reddy, (2006) "Principles of Management", 31dEdition, Tata Mc Graw Hill.Koontz, Harold and Beizz Weihrich, (2007) "Essentials of Management, 7&Edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill.
Weihrich, Heinz and Harold Koontz, (2004) "Management - A GlobalPerspective ", 1 1 th Edition, McGraw- hill.2
