mg401_2

Chapter 7

Multiple Choice Questions

31.(p. 200)

The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions is called _____.

A. trust

B. morality

C. consensus

D. justice

E. proximity

Trust is defined as the willingness to be vulnerable to a trustee based on positive expectations about the trustee's actions and intentions. Trust reflects the willingness to take that risk.

AACSB: Analytic

Blooms: RememberDifficulty: 1 Easy

Learning Objective: 07-01 What is trust; and how does it relate to justice and ethics?Topic: Trust, Justice, and Ethics

32.(p. 201)

Which of the following reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making?

A. Ethics

B. Justice

C. Morality

D. Corporate social responsibility

E. Trust

Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making. When employees perceive high levels of justice, they believe that decision outcomes are fair and that decision-making processes are designed and implemented in a fair manner.

AACSB: Analytic

Blooms: RememberDifficulty: 2 Medium


33.(p. 201)

When employees perceive high levels of _____, they believe that decision outcomes are fair and that decision-making processes are designed and implemented in a fair manner.

A. risk

B. profit-centered motives

C. social responsibility

D. justice

E. economic exchange

Justice reflects the perceived fairness of an authority's decision making. When employees perceive high levels of justice, they believe that decision outcomes are fair and that decision-making processes are designed and implemented in a fair manner.

AACSB: Analytic

Blooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 2 Medium


34.(p. 201)

_____ reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms.

A. Ethics

B. Justice

C. Competence

D. Trust

E. Morality

Ethics reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally accepted moral norms. When employees perceive high levels of ethics, they believe that things are being done the way they "should be" or "ought to be" done.

AACSB: Analytic



35.(p. 201)

Which of the following statements is true with regard to trust, justice, and ethics?

A. Justice reflects the actual degree of fairness of an authority's decision making.

B. Reputation of a company is independent of how trustworthy and ethical its practices are.

C. Trust in authorities like the management in a firm depends on two factors: justice and ethics.

D. Ethics reflects the degree to which the behaviors of an authority are in accordance with generally mandated legal requirements; morals and norms are not a part of ethics.

E. Relationships based on trust are completely free from risks and uncertainties.

Trust in authorities depends on two related concepts: justice and ethics.

AACSB: Analytic



36.(p. 202)

When trust is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness, it is called:

A. disposition-based trust.

B. affect-based trust.

C. cognition-based trust.

D. power-based trust.

E. feeling-based trust.

When trust is disposition-based, it means that your personality traits include a general propensity to trust others. When trust is cognition-based, it means that it is rooted in a rational assessment of the authority's trustworthiness. When trust is affect-based, it means that it depends on feelings toward the authority that go beyond any rational assessment.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 07-02 In what three sources can trust be rooted?Topic: Why Are Some Authorities More Trusted Than Others?

37.(p. 203)

_____ refers to a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon.

A. Trust propensity

B. Moral judgment

C. Moral awareness

D. Moral intensity

E. Propriety

Trust propensity refers to a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. The importance of trust propensity is most obvious in interactions with strangers, in which any acceptance of vulnerability would amount to "blind trust."

AACSB: Analytic



38.(p. 203)

It is argued that _____ represents a sort of "faith in human nature."

A. cognition-based trust

B. trust propensity

C. competence

D. ability

E. rational assessment

Some have argued that trust propensity represents a sort of "faith in human nature," in that trusting people view others in more favorable terms than do suspicious people. The importance of trust propensity is most obvious in interactions with strangers, in which any acceptance of vulnerability would amount to "blind trust."

AACSB: Analytic



39.(p. 203)

Ron recently moved into a flat in the Oak Wood apartments. As Ron is at work all day, he has requested his neighbor to collect his mails. He receives confidential letters and documents regarding work and his estate. When the mails are given to him, Ron believes that he is the first one to open them. Ron has a high degree of _____.

A. power-based trust

B. informational justice

C. cognition-based trust

D. moral awareness

E. trust propensity

Some trustors are high in trust propensity— a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. Some have argued that trust propensity represents a sort of "faith in human nature," in that trusting people view others in more favorable terms than do suspicious people. Ron clearly has a degree of high trust propensity.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Blooms: ApplyDifficulty: 2 Medium


40.(p. 203)

Which of the following is true with regard to trust propensity?

A. The importance of trust propensity is seen interactions with family and friends.

B. Trust propensity is most likely to be seen in people who display cognition-based trust.

C. Trust propensity is a product of both nature and nurture.

D. Trust propensity refers to the use of track records and rational assessments in making decisions.

E. Low trust propensity is ideal as it prevents us from trusting others who are not trustworthy.

Trust propensity is a product of both nature and nurture.

AACSB: Analytic



41.(p. 203)

Just a week into the job at the marketing and advertising division of a company, Alex, Neil, and John were given the task of creating an advertisement campaign for the company's new product. Alex and Neil had much trouble with the task and when John volunteered to take it up on their behalf, they readily agreed. Though they had no idea of John's skills in this area, they felt that John could be trusted to do a good job. John, who had done a paper on marketing while in college, reviewed numerous articles, studied the new product thoroughly, and came up with a campaign that received good reviews from his team leaders.

Which of the following is true with regard to Alex and Neil?

A. Alex and Neil had a high degree of trustworthiness to execute the job they were given.

B. Alex and Neil had high degree of disposition-based trust.

C. Alex and Neil had used a rational assessment to arrive at the conclusion that John would do a good job with their assignment.

D. Alex and Neil had a high degree of the abilities required for their job at present.

E. Alex and Neil share a mentor-protégé relationship with John at present.

Disposition-based trust has less to do with a particular authority and more to do with the trustor. Some trustors are high in trust propensity— a general expectation that the words, promises, and statements of individuals and groups can be relied upon. Some have argued that trust propensity represents a sort of "faith in human nature," in that trusting people view others in more favorable terms than do suspicious people.


Blooms: ApplyDifficulty: 3 Hard


42.(p. 205)

Just a week into the job at the marketing and advertising division of a company, Alex, Neil, and John were given the task of creating an advertisement campaign for the company's new product. Alex and Neil had much trouble with the task and when John volunteered to take it up on their behalf, they readily agreed. Though they had no idea of John's skills in this area, they felt that John could be trusted to do a good job. John, who had done a paper on marketing while in college, reviewed numerous articles, studied the new product thoroughly, and came up with a campaign that received good reviews from his team leaders.

John's success in creating a good campaign for the new product completely on his own reflects his _____.

A. social consensus

B. ability

C. proximity

D. trust propensity

E. morality

Ability is defined as the skills, competencies, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area.



Learning Objective: 07-03 What dimensions can be used to describe the trustworthiness of an authority?Topic: Why Are Some Authorities More Trusted Than Others?

43.(p. 204)

The characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust are defined as his _____.

A. moral intensity

B. trust propensity

C. propriety

D. trustworthiness

E. ability

Trustworthiness, defined as the characteristics or attributes of a trustee that inspire trust.

AACSB: Analytic



44.(p. 205)

Cognition-based trust is driven by the:

A. authority's track record.

B. trustor's trust propensity.

C. trustor's intuitive feelings.

D. trustor's affect-based trust.

E. trustor's disposition.

Cognition-based trust is driven by the authority's "track record." If that track record has shown the authority to be trustworthy, then vulnerability to the authority can be accepted. If that track record is spotty, then trust may not be warranted.

AACSB: Analytic



45.(p. 205)

_____ is a dimension of trustworthiness, that is defined as the skills, abilities, and the areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific context.

A. Character

B. Benevolence

C. Personality

D. Ability

E. Affect

The first dimension of trustworthiness is ability, defined as the skills, competencies, and areas of expertise that enable an authority to be successful in some specific area. The ability of business authorities may be considered on a number of levels.

AACSB: Analytic



46.(p. 205)

Which of the following dimensions of trustworthiness is defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives?

A. Affect

B. Competence

C. Benevolence

D. Trust propensity

E. Ability

One of the dimensions of trustworthiness is benevolence, defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives. When authorities are perceived as benevolent, it means that they care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them.

AACSB: Analytic



47.(p. 205)

When authorities are perceived as benevolent, it means that:

A. they care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them.

B. they display hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact.

C. they reward employees for exposing illegal or immoral actions by their organization.

D. they lack a general expectation that the words and promises of employees can be relied upon.

E. they hinder the employees ability to focus which reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work.

One of the dimensions of trustworthiness is benevolence, defined as the belief that the authority wants to do good for the trustor, apart from any selfish or profit-centered motives. When authorities are perceived as benevolent, it means that they care for employees, are concerned about their well-being, and feel a sense of loyalty to them.

AACSB: Analytic



48.(p. 205)

_____ defined as the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable.

A. Abuse supervision

B. Competence

C. Ability

D. Integrity

E. Benevolence

One of the dimensions of trustworthiness is integrity, defined as the perception that the authority adheres to a set of values and principles that the trustor finds acceptable.

AACSB: Analytic



49.(p. 205)

In the case of _____ trust, we rationally evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of an authority along the dimensions of ability, integrity, and benevolence.

A. cognition-based

B. mentor-based

C. affect-based

D. emotion-based

E. disposition-based

Cognition-based trust is driven by the authority's "track record." If that track record has shown the authority to be trustworthy, then vulnerability to the authority can be accepted. If that track record is spotty however, then trust may not be warranted. The track record of an authority can be gauged along three dimensions: ability, benevolence, and integrity.

AACSB: Analytic



50.(p. 206)

In the case of _____ trust, our trust arises mostly from the emotional feelings we have for the authority.

A. cognition-based

B. mentor-based

C. affect-based

D. character-based

E. disposition-based

Affect-based trust is more emotional than rational. With affect-based trust, we trust because we have feelings for the person in question; we really like them and have a fondness for them. Those feelings are what prompt us to accept vulnerability to another person. Put simply, we trust them because we like them.

AACSB: Analytic



51.(p. 206)

Affect-based trust is driven by the _____.

A. authority's track record

B. authority's strengths and weakness

C. trustor's disposition

D. trustor's feelings for the trustee

E. trustor's rational assessment of the trustee





52.(p. 206)

Which of the following is true with regard to affect-based trust?

A. Affect-based trust depends completely on the trustor's propensity to trust.

B. Affect-based trust is more rational than emotional.

C. Affect-based trust is independent of any features of the trustee.

D. Affect-based trust is rooted in reason and analysis.

E. Affect-based trust is seen the most commonly seen type of trust.


AACSB: Analytic



53.(p. 208)

_____ is defined as the dimension of justice that reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes.

A. Procedural justice

B. Interpersonal justice

C. Informational justice

D. Distributive justice

E. Restorative justice

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes. Employees gauge distributive justice by asking whether decision outcomes, such as pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments, are allocated using proper norms.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 07-04 What dimensions can be used to describe the fairness of an authority's decision making?Topic: Why Are Some Authorities More Trusted Than Others?

54.(p. 208)

When employees evaluate outcomes such as pay, rewards, and promotions to determine whether they are allocated using proper norms, they are applying the _____ type of justice

A. informational

B. procedural

C. distributive

D. interpersonal

E. retributive

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes. Employees gauge distributive justice by asking whether decision outcomes, such as pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments, are allocated using proper norms.

AACSB: Analytic



55.(p. 208)

Danny Locker recently put down his papers after his managers failed to give him a pay rise that he felt would rightly compensate for his increasing work load. Danny, who had faced this kind of pay discrimination in the company earlier, finally decided to quit and has begun looking for another job. Danny's resentment related to his pay reflects the specific lack of _____ in the company that he worked for.

A. informational justice

B. distributive justice

C. retributive justice

D. procedural justice

E. interpersonal justice

Distributive justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making outcomes. Employees gauge distributive justice by asking whether decision outcomes, such as pay, rewards, evaluations, promotions, and work assignments, are allocated using proper norms. Danny had always been concerned about how much he was getting paid for the kind of work load he handled and his resentment shows that his company lacks in the area of distributive justice.




56.(p. 208)

The _____ norm is typically judged to be the fairest choice in situations in which the goal is to maximize the productivity of individual employees.

A. equity

B. equality

C. need

D. standard

E. prescriptive

The equity norm is typically judged to be the fairest choice in situations in which the goal is to maximize the productivity of individual employees.

AACSB: Analytic



57.(p. 208)

The managers at Pulse, an HR firm, have noticed that the employees are not team players; they are focused on achieving individual goals and the management seeks to change this attitude of its employees. The company wants to create a reward system in which all group members would receive exactly the same grade regardless of their individual productivity levels to promote their ability to work effectively in groups. Which of the following allocation norms would you recommend for this purpose?

A. Standard norm

B. Consensus norm

C. Equity norm

D. Equality norm

E. Propensity norm

An equality norm may be judged fairer, such that all team members receive the same amount of relevant reward.




58.(p. 208)

Which of the following is an allocation norm under which all group members receive exactly the same grade on a project regardless of their individual productivity levels?

A. Propensity norm

B. Need norm

C. Equity norm

D. Reciprocity norm

E. Equality norm

In cases where team-based work is required, an equality norm may be judged fairer, such that all team members receive the same amount of relevant rewards. The equality norm is typically used in student project groups, in which all group members receive exactly the same grade on a project, regardless of their individual productivity levels.

AACSB: Analytic



59.(p. 208)

When organizations protect new employees from committee assignments and other extra activities, so that they can get their careers off to a productive start, they are using the _____ type of allocation norms.

A. propensity norm

B. need norm

C. reciprocity norm

D. equity norm

E. equality norm

In cases in which the welfare of a particular employee is the critical concern, a need norm may be judged fairer. For example, some organizations protect new employees from committee assignments and other extra activities, so that they can get their careers off to a productive start.

AACSB: Analytic



60.(p. 208)

Leo Motors has an HR policy that does not allow its newly hired employees to work on committee projects or get involved in the union meetings. This is done to ensure that the new employees can concentrate on their work and do not get distracted with other minor issues. Which of the following allocation norms has Leo Motors adopted?

A. Standard norm

B. Equity norm

C. Reciprocity norm

D. Need norm

E. Equality norm

In cases in which the welfare of a particular employee is the critical concern, a need norm may be judged fairer. For example, some organizations protect new employees from committee assignments and other extra activities, so that they can get their careers off to a productive start.

AACSB: Analytic



61.(p. 208)

Which of the following is a rule under the dimension of distributive justice?

A. Justification

B. Bias suppression

C. Equity

D. Respect

E. Voice

Equity is a type of distributive justice rule that focuses on whether rewards are allocated according to the proper norms.

AACSB: Analytic



62.(p. 208)

_____ is defined as a dimension of justice that reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes.

A. Procedural justice

B. Interpersonal justice

C. Informational v


E. Utilitarian justice

Procedural justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is fostered when authorities adhere to rules of fair process.

AACSB: Analytic



63.(p. 208-209)

Safe Heaven Laboratories has a very liberal atmosphere where all employees are welcome to participate in the decision making process. The company values the feedback and suggestions given by the employees who in turn are pleased that they are able to express their opinions freely. Which of the following dimensions of justice is the company promoting by giving its employees voice?

A. Informational justice

B. Procedural justice

C. Distributive justice

D. Interpersonal justice

E. Retributive justice

Procedural justice reflects the perceived fairness of decision-making processes. Procedural justice is fostered when authorities adhere to rules of fair process.




64.(p. 209)

Which of the following is a procedural justice rule?

A. Voice

B. Justification

C. Equality

D. Respect

E. Propriety

Voice is a procedural justice rule. It involves giving employees a chance to express their opinions and views during the course of decision making.Refer To: Table 7-4

AACSB: Analytic



65.(p. 210)

_____ justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities.

A. Procedural

B. Interpersonal

C. Informational

D. Distributive

E. Utilitarian

Interpersonal justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities. Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules: the respect rule and the propriety rule.

AACSB: Analytic



66.(p. 210)

Which of the following is an interpersonal justice rule?

A. Truthfulness

B. Consistency

C. Equity

D. Accuracy

E. Propriety

Propriety is a form of interpersonal justice rule. The propriety rule reflects whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks.

AACSB: Ethics



67.(p. 210)

Bryan McPhelps, a first-line supervisor at Little Toys, regularly uses abusive and derogatory words when dealing with his subordinates. Many employees have also heard Bryan refer to specific employees with inappropriate labels ridiculing their ethnicity, names, or weaknesses. From the scenario, it can be concluded that workers at Little Toys are suffering from _____.

A. distributive injustice

B. informational injustice

C. procedural injustice

D. interpersonal injustice

E. restorative injustice

Interpersonal justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities. From this perspective, interpersonal injustice occurs when authorities are rude or disrespectful to employees, or when they refer to them with inappropriate labels.




68.(p. 210)

Which of the following represent the two interpersonal justice rules?

A. Voice and accuracy

B. Justification and truthfulness

C. Equity and equality

D. Consistency and accuracy

E. Respect and propriety

Interpersonal justice reflects the perceived fairness of the treatment received by employees from authorities. Interpersonal justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules. The respect rule pertains to whether authorities treat employees in a dignified and sincere manner, and the propriety rule reflects whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks.

AACSB: Analytic



69.(p. 210)

The _____ rule reflects whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks.

A. propriety

B. justification

C. truthfulness

D. accuracy

E. voice

The propriety rule reflects whether authorities refrain from making improper or offensive remarks. From this perspective, interpersonal injustice occurs when authorities are rude or disrespectful to employees, or when they refer to them with inappropriate labels.

AACSB: Analytic



70.(p. 210)

_____ is defined as the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact.

A. Trust propensity

B. Bias suppression

C. Justification

D. Whistle-blowing

E. Abusive supervision

When taken to the extremes, interpersonally unjust actions create abusive supervision, defined as the sustained display of hostile verbal and nonverbal behaviors, excluding physical contact.

AACSB: Analytic



71.(p. 211)

_____ justice reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from the authorities.

A. Interpersonal

B. Informational

C. Procedural

D. Distributive

E. Redistributive

Informational justice reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities. Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules: the justification rule and the truthfulness rule.

AACSB: Analytic



72.(p. 211)

Which of the following is an informational justice rule?

A. Truthfulness

B. Consistency

C. Equity

D. Bias suppression

E. Propriety

Truthfulness is a form of information justice rule. It requires that the communications provided to employees from authorities is honest and candid.

AACSB: Analytic



73.(p. 211)

Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to the rules of:

A. voice and accuracy.

B. justification and truthfulness.

C. equity and equality.

D. consistency and accuracy.

E. respect and propriety.

Informational justice reflects the perceived fairness of the communications provided to employees from authorities. Informational justice is fostered when authorities adhere to two particular rules. The justification rule mandates that authorities explain decision making procedures and outcomes in a comprehensive and reasonable manner, and the truthfulness rule requires that those communications be honest and candid.

AACSB: Analytic



74.(p. 211)

The _____ rule requires that the decision-making procedures and outcomes that the authorities explain to employees are honest and candid.

A. propriety

B. respect

C. consistency

D. equity

E. truthfulness

The truthfulness rule requires that communication from the authorities to the employees be honest and candid.

AACSB: Analytic

Blooms: UnderstandDifficulty: 1 Easy


75.(p. 213)

Which of the following is an example of especially ethical behaviors?

A. Moral awareness

B. Economic exchange

C. Abuse supervision

D. Legal compliance

E. Whistle-blowing

Whistle-blowing occurs when former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization. Whistle blowing can be viewed as especially ethical because whistle-blowers risk potential retaliation by other members of the organization, especially when whistle-blowers lack status and power.

AACSB: Ethics



76.(p. 213)

_____ is defined as the process by which employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their employer.

A. Social exchange

B. Whistle-blowing

C. Abuse supervision


E. Economic exchange

Whistle-blowing occurs when former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions by their organization. Whistle blowing can be viewed as especially ethical because whistle-blowers risk potential retaliation by other members of the organization, especially when whistle-blowers lack status and power.

AACSB: Ethics



77.(p. 213)

Paul McEnroe became a household name after he reported the rampant use of sweatshop labor by a famous clothes and accessories company that he worked for. Following his allegations, the company had to pay several million dollars as penalty along with funding rehabilitation programs for the same group of laborers it was exploiting a few months back. This scenario reflects McEnroe's act of _____.

A. preconventional moral reasoning

B. whistle blowing

C. bias suppression

D. trust propensity

E. abusive supervision

Whistle-blowing, occurs when former or current employees expose illegal or immoral actions of the colleagues, superiors and the organization. Whistle-blowing can be viewed as especially ethical because whistle-blowers risk potential retaliation by other members of the organization, especially when whistle-blowers lack status and power. Ironically, the company often winds up benefitting from that risk taking, as whistle-blowing can bring significant improvements to the ethical culture in an organization over the long term.




78.(p. 213)

The first step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is _____.

A. moral intent

B. moral judgment

C. ethical behavior

D. moral awareness

E. moral identity

The first step needed to explain why an authority acts ethically is moral awareness, which occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance.

AACSB: Ethics


Learning Objective: 07-05 What is the four-component model of ethical decision making?Topic: Why Are Some Authorities More Trusted Than Others?

79.(p. 213)

The last step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is _____.

A. ethical behavior

B. moral awareness

C. moral identity

D. moral intent

E. trust propensity

The four-component model of ethical decision making argues that ethical behaviors result from a multistage sequence beginning with moral awareness, continuing on to moral judgment, then to moral intent, and ultimately to ethical behavior.

AACSB: Ethics



80.(p. 213)

_____ is defined as the authority's act of recognizing that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical standard or principle is relevant to the circumstance.

A. Ethical behavior

B. Moral judgment

C. Moral intent

D. Trust propensity

E. Moral awareness

The first step needed to explain why an authority acts ethically is moral awareness, which occurs when an authority recognizes that a moral issue exists in a situation or that an ethical code or principle is relevant to the circumstance.

AACSB: Ethics



81.(p. 214)

_____ is defined as the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency.

A. Trust propensity

B. Abuse supervision

C. Moral identity

D. Moral intensity

E. Moral ability

Moral intensity captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency. Moral intensity is driven by two general concerns, both of which have more specific facets. First and foremost, a particular issue is high in moral intensity if the potential for harm is perceived to be high. Second, a particular issue is high in moral intensity if there is social pressure surrounding it.

AACSB: Ethics



82.(p. 214-215)

Which of the following statements differentiates between moral intensity and moral attentiveness?

A. Moral intensity is an exclusive function of employees, while moral attentiveness must be maintained by all employees.

B. Moral intensity reflects the degree to which one perceives oneself as being a moral person, while moral attentiveness reflects to the organization's perception of the moral behavior of its employees.

C. Moral intensity captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency, while moral attentiveness captures the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences.

D. Moral intensity is measured by its consequences and effect, while moral attentiveness is measured by the previous ethical actions and behaviors.

E. Moral intensity is constant across people of different nations, while moral attentiveness changes from one society to another.

Moral intensity captures the degree to which an issue has ethical urgency, while moral attentiveness captures the degree to which people chronically perceive and consider issues of morality during their experiences.

AACSB: Ethics



83.(p. 217)

The second step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is _____.

A. ethical behavior

B. moral identity

C. moral intent

D. moral awareness

E. moral judgment

The second step in the four-component model of ethical decision making is moral judgment, which reflects the process people use to determine whether a particular course of action is ethical or unethical.

AACSB: Ethics



84.(p. 218)

Which of the following is a feature of moral development at the pre-conventional stage?

A. Right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society.

B. Concepts such as doing one's duty and maintaining the social order come to be valued for their own sakes.

C. People come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society.

D. Right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles.

E. Morality is practiced to avoid punishment regardless of any concern about moral order.

According to Kohlberg, people begin their moral development at the preconventional stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is viewed in terms of the consequences of various actions for the individual. For example, children seek to avoid punishment for its own sake, regardless of any concern about moral order. Similarly, children obey adults for its own sake, regardless of the respect or wisdom shown by those adults.

AACSB: Ethics



85.(p. 218)

Moral development at the conventional stage is characterized by:

A. an emphasis on laws, rules, and orders that govern society.

B. self-interest and a lack of loyalty, gratitude, or fairness.

C. a set of defined, established moral principles.

D. specific principles like utilitarianism and egoism.

E. the desire to obtain pleasure and avoid pain regardless of any concern about moral order.

As people mature, their moral judgment reaches the conventional stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is referenced to the expectations of one's family and one's society and people come to emphasize the laws, rules, and orders that govern society.

AACSB: Ethics



86.(p. 218)

At the postconventional stage of moral development, right versus wrong is established on the basis of:

A. consequences of various actions for the individual himself.

B. expectations of one's family and one's society.

C. stereotypes about what is considered right.

D. laws, rules, and orders that govern society.

E. a set of defined, established moral principles.

The most sophisticated moral thinkers reach the principled (or postconventional) stage. At this stage, right versus wrong is referenced to a set of defined, established moral principles.

AACSB: Ethics



87.(p. 218)

An act is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people according to the principle of _____.

A. egoism

B. ethics of rights

C. ethics of duties

D. virtue of ethics

E. utilitarianism

An act is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people—sometimes termed the "greatest happiness principle" under the specific principle of utilitarianism.Refer To: Table 7-5

AACSB: Ethics



88.(p. 218)

Which of the following specific principles considers an act to be morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests?

A. egoism

B. ethics of rites

C. ethics of rights

D. ethics of duties

E. virtue of ethics

Under the specific principle of egoism, an act is morally right if the decision maker freely decides to pursue either short-term or long-term interests. Markets are purported to limit the degree to which one egoist's interests harm the interests of another.Refer To: Table 7-5

AACSB: Ethics



89.(p. 218)

According to the specific principle of _____, an act is considered to be morally right if it allows the decision maker to lead a "good life" by adhering to virtues like wisdom, honesty, courage, friendship, mercy, loyalty, modesty, and patience.

A. ethics of rights

B. ethics of duties

C. egoism

D. virtue of ethics

E. utilitarianism

According to the specific principle of virtue of ethics, an act is morally right if it allows the decision maker to lead a "good life" by adhering to virtues like wisdom, honesty, courage, friendship, mercy, loyalty, modesty, and patience.Refer To: Table 7-5

AACSB: Ethics



90.(p. 219)

_____ is third step in the four-component model of ethical decision making which reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action.

A. Moral attentiveness

B. Moral awareness

C. Moral intensity

D. Moral judgment

E. Moral intent

Moral intent reflects an authority's degree of commitment to the moral course of action. The distinction among awareness, judgment, and intent is important, because many unethical people know and understand that what they're doing is wrong—they just choose to do it anyway.

AACSB: Ethics



91.(p. 220)

_____ is defined as the degree to which a person sees himself as a "moral person."

A. Moral judgment

B. Moral identity

C. Trust propensity

D. Moral awareness

E. Moral intensity

Moral identity is the degree to which a person self-identifies as a moral person.

AACSB: Ethics



92.(p. 221)

_____ is defined as the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to perpetrating or being victimized by office politics.

A. Moral intensity

B. Ability to focus

C. Moral awareness

D. Moral judgment

E. Trust propensity

Ability to focus reflects the degree to which employees can devote their attention to work, as opposed to "covering their backside," "playing politics," and "keeping an eye on the boss." The ability to focus is clearly vital to task performance in many jobs, particularly when job duties become more complex.

AACSB: Ethics


Learning Objective: 07-06 How does trust affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: How Important Is Trust?

93.(p. 222)

Which of the following has been proven in research studying the impact of stress on performance and commitment?

A. Trust has a strong positive effect on performance.

B. Trust has no effect on citizenship behavior.

C. Trust makes employees less likely to engage in counterproductive behaviors.

D. Trust has a strong positive relationship with continuance commitment.

E. Trust has a weak positive correlation with affective and normative commitment.

Trust has a moderate positive effect on performance. Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of task performance. They are also more likely to engage in citizenship behavior and less likely to engage in counterproductive behavior. Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment. Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of affective commitment and higher levels of normative commitment. Trust has no effect on continuance commitment.

AACSB: Ethics

Blooms: RememberDifficulty: 3 Hard


94.(p. 222)

Research has shown that trust does NOT share a positive correlation with _____.

A. job performance

B. affective commitment

C. normative commitment

D. continuance commitment

E. task performance

Trust has a moderate positive effect on performance. Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of task performance. They are also more likely to engage in citizenship behavior and less likely to engage in counterproductive behavior. Trust has a strong positive effect on commitment. Employees who are willing to be vulnerable to authorities tend to have higher levels of affective commitment and higher levels of normative commitment. However, trust has no effect on continuance commitment.Refer To: Fig 7-8

AACSB: Ethics



95.(p. 222)

Employees who do not trust their authorities have _____ relationships that are based on narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations.

A. emotional

B. social exchange

C. affect-based trust

D. mutually committed

E. economic exchange

Employees who don't trust their authorities have economic exchange relationships that are based on narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations that are specified in advance and have an explicit repayment schedule.

AACSB: Ethics



96.(p. 222)

Which of the following is a feature of economic exchange relationships between organizations and employees?

A. Explicit repayment schedule

B. Open-ended job demands

C. Affective and normative organizational commitment

D. Vaguely defined obligations

E. Mutual investment

Employees who don't trust their authorities have economic exchange relationships that are based on narrowly defined, quid pro quo obligations that are specified in advance and have an explicit repayment schedule.

AACSB: Ethics



97.(p. 222)

As trust increases between employees and their authorities, _____ relationships develop that are based on vaguely defined obligations that are open-ended and long-term in their repayment schedule.

A. cognition-based trust

B. social exchange

C. disposition-based trust

D. economic exchange

E. contractual

Social exchange relationships are based on vaguely defined obligations that are open-ended and long term in their repayment schedule. Social exchanges are characterized by mutual investment, such that employees agree to go above and beyond their duties in exchange for fair and proper treatment by authorities.

AACSB: Ethics



98.(p. 222)

Which of the following is a feature of social exchange relationships between organizations and employees?

A. Narrow definition of work demands

B. Explicit repayment schedule

C. Advance knowledge of occupational obligations

D. Impersonal and contractual

E. Mutual investment

Social exchange relationships are based on vaguely defined obligations that are open-ended and long term in their repayment schedule. Social exchanges are characterized by mutual investment, such that employees agree to go above and beyond their duties in exchange for fair and proper treatment by authorities.

AACSB: Ethics



99.(p. 223)

_____ is a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibility of a business encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.

A. Corporate social responsibility

B. Social exchange theory

C. Rational choice and responsibility

D. Consequentialist egosim

E. Predicted outcome value theory

One strategy to make an organization more trustworthy is to focus the organization's attention on corporate social responsibility, a perspective that acknowledges that the responsibilities of a business encompass the economic, legal, ethical, and citizenship expectations of society.

AACSB: Ethics


Learning Objective: 07-07 What steps can organizations take to become more trustworthy?Topic: Application: Social Responsibility

100.(p. 223)

Fulfilling the legal component of corporate social responsibility suggests that the organization has reached the _____ of moral development.

A. pre-conventional level

B. principled level

C. post-conventional level

D. conventional level

E. pre-operational level

The legal component of corporate social responsibility argues that the law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must therefore be followed. Fulfilling this component speaks of the integrity of the organization and suggests that it has reached the conventional level of moral development.

AACSB: Ethics



101.(p. 224)

While fulfilling the ethical component of corporate social responsibility, an organization does what is right, just, and fair. This suggests that the organization has reached the _____ of moral development.

A. pre-conventional level

B. principled level

C. pre-operational level

D. conventional level

E. post-conventional level

The ethical component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations have an obligation to do what is right, just, and fair and to avoid harm. Fulfilling this component is relevant to the benevolence and integrity of the organization and suggests that it has reached the principled level of moral development.

AACSB: Ethics



102.(p. 224)

Which of the following is a unique feature of the citizenship component of corporate social responsibility?

A. It demands that organizations follow the prescribed ethical codes for their business.

B. It proposes that law represents society's codification of right and wrong and must therefore be followed.

C. It ensures legal compliance so that a company's reputation is protected against allegations like violation of intellectual property rights or labor laws.

D. It argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.

E. It represents the conventional level of moral development.

The citizenship component of corporate social responsibility argues that organizations should contribute resources to improve the quality of life in the communities in which they work.


31.(p. 238)

Which of these reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience?

A. Perception

B. Learning

C. Intuition

D. Consensus

E. Heuristic

Learning reflects relatively permanent changes in an employee's knowledge or skill that result from experience. The more employees learn, the more they bring to the table when they come to work.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-01 What is learning; and how does it affect decision making?Topic: Learning and Decision Making

32.(p. 238)

_____ refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.

A. Decision making

B. Learning

C. Intuition

D. Reinforcement

E. Conditioning

Decision making, refers to the process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem. The more knowledge and skills employees possess, the more likely they are to make accurate and sound decisions.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-01 What is learning; and how does it affect decision making?Topic: Learning and Decision Making

33.(p. 239)

The knowledge and skills that distinguish specialists from novices is referred to as:

A. motivation.

B. expertise.

C. heuristic.

D. inspiration.

E. rationale.

Expertise refers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced people. Research shows that the differences between experts and novices is almost always a function of learning as opposed to the more popular view that intelligence or other innate differences make the difference.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-01 What is learning; and how does it affect decision making?Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

34.(p. 239)

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices are almost always a function of:

A. intelligence.

B. consensus.

C. heuristic.

D. personality.

E. learning.

Research shows that the differences between experts and novices is almost always a function of learning as opposed to the more popular view that intelligence or other innate differences make the difference.

AACSB: Analytic



35.(p. 239)

True learning only occurs when:

A. employees avoid mimicking the behaviors of experts.

B. experts also pretend to be novices.

C. changes in behavior become relatively permanent.

D. employees are assigned larger responsibilities.

E. learned behaviors are not repeated over time.

True learning only occurs when changes in behavior become relatively permanent and are repeated over time. Understanding why some employees prove better at this than others requires understanding what exactly employees learn and how they do it.

AACSB: Analytic



36.(p. 239)

Information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach during training sessions is known as _____ knowledge.

A. inherent

B. inferred

C. implied

D. tacit

E. explicit

Explicit knowledge is the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-02 What types of knowledge can employees gain as they learn and build expertise?Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

37.(p. 239)

Lucy just moved to New York on a job assignment. Lucy got herself a map of the city and various other guides on restaurants, fitness centers, libraries, and theaters. Lucy learns about New York by studying these materials. Lucy acquires _____ knowledge by learning this way.

A. consensus-based

B. tacit

C. explicit

D. intuition-based

E. inherent

Explicit knowledge is the kind of information you are likely to think about when you picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn. Lucy is acquiring explicit knowledge as she is learning from written materials.




38.(p. 239)

The knowledge that employees can typically learn only through experience is called _____ knowledge.

A. consensus-based

B. tacit

C. explicit

D. direct

E. open

Tacit knowledge is what employees can typically learn only through experience. It's not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations.

AACSB: Analytic



39.(p. 239)

_____ knowledge is not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations.

A. Book-based

B. Direct

C. Explicit

D. Tacit

E. Documented

Tacit knowledge is what employees can typically learn only through experience. It's not easily communicated but could very well be the most important aspect of what we learn in organizations.

AACSB: Analytic



40.(p. 240)

Which of the following is a characteristic of implicit knowledge?

A. Transferability through written communication

B. Existence as general information

C. Ability to be learned through books

D. High personal nature

E. Existence as conscious and accessible information

Tacit knowledge is highly personal in nature.Refer To: Table 8-1

AACSB: Analytic



41.(p. 240)

Tacit knowledge _____.

A. is based on experience

B. involves conscious and accessible information

C. can be learned through books

D. exists as general information

E. is easily transferred through written communication

Tacit knowledge is highly personal and is based on experience.Refer To: Table 8.1

AACSB: Analytic



42.(p. 240)

Explicit knowledge _____.

A. is highly personal in nature

B. cannot be articulated to others

C. is job and situation-specific

D. contains conscious and accessible information

E. is based on employees' experience

Explicit knowledge contains conscious and accessible information.Refer To: Table 8.1

AACSB: Analytic



43.(p. 240)

_____ refers to the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.

A. Explicit learning

B. Operant conditioning

C. Social identification

D. Heuristics

E. Experimental conditioning

Originally known as operant conditioning, B.F. Skinner was the first to pioneer the notion that we learn by observing the link between our voluntary behavior and the consequences that follow it.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-03 What are the methods by which employees learn in organizations?Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

44.(p. 241)

Organizations use four specific consequences to modify employee behavior. They are known as the:

A. attribution biases.

B. communities of practice.

C. contingencies of reinforcement.

D. climates of transfer.

E. heuristics.

There are four specific consequences typically used by organizations to modify employee behavior, known as the contingencies of reinforcement.

AACSB: Analytic



45.(p. 241)

_____ occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior.

A. Reverse discrimination

B. Retribution

C. Extinction

D. Punishment

E. Negative reinforcement

Negative reinforcement occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. There are some tasks that a job requires that employees don't enjoy. If the manager removes these responsibilities specifically because the concerned employees perform well at another aspect of your job, then this could also be seen as negative reinforcement. It is important to remember that even though the word "negative" has a sour connotation to it; it is designed to increase desired behaviors.

AACSB: Analytic



46.(p. 241)

Which of these occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior?

A. Reverse discrimination

B. neutral reinforcement

C. Punishment

D. Extinction

E. Positive reinforcement

Punishment occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior.

AACSB: Analytic



47.(p. 241)

A manager suspends one of his subordinates for showing up to work late. This is an example of:

A. negative feedback.

B. punishment.

C. negative reinforcement.

D. extinction.

E. neutral reinforcement.

Punishment occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. The employee is given something he or she doesn't like as a result of performing a behavior that the organization doesn't like. Suspending an employee for showing up to work late is an example of punishment.




48.(p. 241)

Which two contingencies of reinforcement are designed to decrease undesired behaviors?

A. Punishment and extinction

B. Positive reinforcement and punishment

C. Punishment and negative reinforcement

D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

The two contingencies of reinforcement used to decrease undesired behaviors are punishment and extinction. Punishment occurs when an unwanted outcome follows an unwanted behavior. Extinction occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior.

AACSB: Analytic



49.(p. 241)

_____ occurs when there is the removal of consequences following an unwanted behavior.

A. Negative feedback

B. Negative reinforcement

C. Punishment

D. Extinction


Extinction occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior. The use of extinction to reinforce behavior can be purposeful or accidental. Perhaps an employee receives attention from coworkers when he or she acts in ways that are somewhat childish at work. Finding a way to remove the attention would be a purposeful act of extinction.

AACSB: Analytic



50.(p. 241)

James is the new manager of operations at Leo Motors. To his dismay, he finds the employees coming in late to work, taking long breaks and behaving in unprofessionally at their work stations. James decides to promote desirable work practices. He plans to introduce incentives for meeting the required targets, at the same time withhold incentives, when employees meet the target but their work culture is poor and they continue coming late. Identify the contingencies that James is planning to implement?

A. Punishment and extinction

B. Positive reinforcement and punishment

C. Punishment and negative reinforcement

D. Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

E. Negative reinforcement and extinction

Two contingencies of reinforcement are used to increase desired behaviors. Positive reinforcement occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. Negative reinforcement occurs when an unwanted outcome is removed following a desired behavior. James is planning to uses positive and negative reinforcement in this case.




51.(p. 241)

Jackson High School introduced a scholarship of $1,000 for students who maintain 100 percent attendance. This is an example of using _____.

A. Positive feedback

B. Negative feedback

C. Punishment

D. Extinction


Positive reinforcement occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. The scholarship is the outcome in this case.




52.(p. 242)

In general, _____ and _____ should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

A. punishment; extinction

B. negative reinforcement; extinction

C. punishment; negative reinforcement

D. positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

E. positive reinforcement; extinction

In general, positive reinforcement and extinction should be the most common forms of reinforcement used by managers to create learning among their employees.

AACSB: Analytic



53.(p. 242)

Which of the following is the simplest schedule of reinforcement?

A. Variable ratio

B. Variable interval

C. Fixed ratio

D. Continuous

E. Fixed interval

Continuous reinforcement is the simplest schedule of reinforcement and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

AACSB: Analytic



54.(p. 242)

_____ reinforcement happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior.

A. Fixed interval

B. Variable ratio

C. Fixed ratio

D. Variable interval

E. Continuous

Continuous reinforcement is the simplest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of a desired behavior. For most jobs, continuous reinforcement is impractical.

AACSB: Analytic



55.(p. 242)

With _____ schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

A. fixed interval

B. variable ratio

C. continuous reinforcement

D. fixed ratio

E. variable interval

A fixed interval schedule is probably the single most common form of reinforcement schedule. With this schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.

AACSB: Analytic



56.(p. 242)

An organization revises its employees' salaries at the end of each financial year. This is an example of _____ reinforcement.

A. variable ratio

B. fixed interval

C. continuous

D. fixed ratio


The organization is using a fixed interval schedule in this case. With this schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.




57.(p. 242)

_____ schedules are designed to reinforce behaviors at more random points in time.

A. Fixed ratio


C. Continuous

D. Variable ratio

E. Fixed interval

Variable interval schedules are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time. A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of a variable interval schedule.

AACSB: Analytic



58.(p. 242)

Mark is a new hire at Blue Bay Technologies, Florida. His work involves creating technology enabled business solutions for clients from various states. Mark's work gets evaluated and rewarded at the end of each month. This is an example of _____ reinforcement.

A. fixed interval

B. variable ratio

C. continuous

D. fixed ratio


A fixed interval schedule is probably the single most common form of reinforcement schedule. With this schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same.




59.(p. 242)

The workers at SnackTime are always on their feet and do not take extra long breaks because their supervisor Mr. Dan pays surprise visits to the production department. This practice helps the firm exceed performance targets. Mr. Dan practices which of the following reinforcement schedules?

A. Variable ratio schedule

B. Fixed interval schedule

C. Continuous schedule

D. Variable interval schedule

E. Fixed ratio schedule

Variable interval schedules are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time. A supervisor walking around at different points of time every day is a good example of a variable interval schedule.




60.(p. 243)

Which schedule reinforces behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited?

A. Continuous


C. Variable ratio

D. Fixed ratio

E. Fixed interval

Fixed ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Employees know ahead of time how many items they have to produce to be reinforced.

AACSB: Analytic



61.(p. 243)

A salaried paycheck is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule whereas piece-rate pay is an example of _____ reinforcement schedule.

A. continuous; fixed interval

B. fixed interval; fixed ratio

C. variable ratio; variable interval

D. variable interval; fixed ratio

E. fixed ratio; continuous

With a fixed interval schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and the length of time between reinforcement periods stays the same. Every time an employee gets a paycheck after a predetermined period of time, he or she is being reinforced on a fixed interval schedule. Fixed ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Consistent with this, some manufacturing plants have created piece-rate pay systems in which workers are paid according to the number of items they produce.

AACSB: Analytic



62.(p. 243)

A slot machine is an example of a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A. continuous

B. fixed interval

C. fixed ratio

D. variable interval

E. variable ratio

Variable ratio schedules reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors. Take a slot machine as an example. The machine doesn't reward you for every lever pull or even every 10 lever pulls—you never know when the next winning pull will be.

AACSB: Analytic



63.(p. 243)

_____ theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observations of others.

A. Social learning

B. Learning life cycle

C. Bounded rationality

D. Social identity

E. Attribution

Social learning theory argues that people in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others. In fact, many would argue that social learning is the primary way by which employees gain knowledge in organizations.

AACSB: Analytic



64.(p. 243)

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat what they have observed, they are engaging in:

A. structural modeling.

B. behavioral modeling.

C. static learning.

D. extrinsic learning.

E. hierarchical modeling.

When employees observe the actions of others, learn from what they observe, and then repeat the observed behavior, they are engaging in behavioral modeling.

AACSB: Analytic



65.(p. 243)

United Motors is planning is facing shortage of funds and has decided to implement the piece-rate system of payment. This way the workers who perform better will get higher wages and it would not be a huge burden on the company's bank account. Which of the following methods of reinforcement schedules has United Motors implemented?

A. Continuous

B. Fixed interval

C. Variable ratio

D. Variable interval

E. Fixed ratio

Fixed ratio schedules reinforce behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited. Employees know ahead of time how many items they have to produce to be reinforced.




66.(p. 245)

Which of the following is the first step in the behavior modeling process?

A. Reinforcement

B. Production processes

C. Attentional processes

D. Retention processes

E. Extinction

In attentional processes learner focuses attention on the critical behaviors exhibited by the model. This is the first step in the behavioral modeling process.Refer To: Figure 8-3

AACSB: Analytic



67.(p. 245)

The last step of behavior modeling is:

A. reinforcement.

B. production process.

C. attention process.

D. retention process.

E. behavior assessment.

The last step of behavior modeling is reinforcement. This reinforcement can come from observation, direct experience, or both.Refer To: Figure 8-3

AACSB: Analytic



68.(p. 246)

When an individual has a(n) _____, building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence.

A. productivity bias

B. learning orientation

C. projection bias

D. performance orientation

E. negative reinforcement

Learning orientation is where building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence. "Learning-oriented" persons enjoy working on new kinds of tasks, even if they fail during their early experiences. Such people view failure in positive terms-as a means of increasing knowledge and skills in the long run.

AACSB: Analytic



69.(p. 246)

_____ decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because people's knowledge allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken.

A. Programmed.

B. Unstructured

C. Indirect

D. Spontaneous

E. Surface

Programmed decisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because a person's knowledge allows him or her to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken. Past experiences often trigger programmed decisions.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-04 What two methods can employees use to make decisions?Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

70.(p. 248)

_____ can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, non-conscious, and holistic associations.

A. Performance orientations

B. Intuitions

C. Faulty attributions

D. Calculations

E. Rational decisions

Intuition can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, non-conscious, and holistic associations.

AACSB: Analytic



71.(p. 249)

A new, complex, and unrecognized situation calls for:

A. structured decisions.

B. external decisions.

C. direct decisions.

D. non-programmed decisions.

E. irrational decisions.

When a situation arises that is new, complex and not recognized, it calls for a non programmed decision on the part of the employee. Organizations are complex and changing environments, and many workers face uncertainty on a daily basis. In these instances, employees have to make sense of their environment, understand the problems they are faced with, and come up with solutions to overcome them.

AACSB: Analytic



72.(p. 250)

The first step in rational decision making is to:

A. generate the list of available alternatives.

B. identify the criteria that are important in making the decision.

C. evaluate the alternatives that are available.

D. choose a person who could evaluate the decision.

E. choose the solution that maximizes value.

The first step in the rational decision-making model is to identify the criteria that are important in making the decision, taking into account all involved parties.

AACSB: Analytic



73.(p. 250)

The notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision refers to:

A. management by exception.

B. communities of practice.

C. bounded rationality.

D. projection bias.

E. structure bias.

Although most employees perceive themselves as rational decision makers, the reality is that they are all subject to bounded rationality. Bounded rationality is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-05 What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning into accurate decisions?

Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

74.(p. 250)

_____ results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.

A. Emergence

B. Neutralization

C. Optimization

D. Satisficing

E. Stereotyping

Satisficing results when decision makers select the first acceptable alternative considered.

AACSB: Analytic




75.(p. 250)

To be a rational decision maker, one should do all of these EXCEPT:

A. boiling the problem down to something that is easily understood.

B. evaluating all the alternatives simultaneously.

C. using accurate information to evaluate alternatives.

D. picking the alternative that maximizes value.

E. developing an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

To be a rational decision maker, we should develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions, evaluate all the alternatives simultaneously, use accurate information to evaluate alternatives and pick the alternative that maximizes value. To be a bounded rationalist, we should boil the problem down to something that is easily understood.

AACSB: Analytic




76.(p. 250)

Bounded rationality advocates:

A. pick the alternative that minimizes value.

B. evaluate all alternatives simultaneously.

C. use accurate information to evaluate alternatives.

D. develop an exhaustive list of alternatives to consider as solutions.

E. choose the first acceptable alternative.

Bounded rationality is the notion that decision makers simply do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives to make an optimal decision. Bounded rationality says that we are likely to pick the first acceptable alternative.

AACSB: Analytic




77.(p. 251)

_____ is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment.

A. Perception

B. Reinforcement

C. Heuristic

D. Stereotyping

E. Attribution

Perception is the process of selecting, organizing, storing, and retrieving information about the environment. Perceptions help us to make sense of the environment around us although they can often become distorted versions of reality

AACSB: Analytic




78.(p. 252)

The tendency of people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations is called:

A. social identification.

B. selective perception.

C. availability bias.

D. environmental bias.

E. thin-slicing.

Selective perception is the tendency for people to see their environment only as it affects them and as it is consistent with their expectations.

AACSB: Analytic




79.(p. 252)

The belief that others think, feel, and act the same way as you do refers to:

A. availability bias.

B. anchoring effect.

C. bandwagon effect.

D. projection bias.

E. halo effect.

One false assumption people tend to make when it comes to other people is the belief that others think, feel, and act the same way they do. This assumption is known as a projection bias.

AACSB: Analytic




80.(p. 252)

At a World Issues Conference, all the participants were asked to develop responses to two case situations. People split themselves up into teams based on their occupations. Which of the following helps to explain why the participants acted this way?

A. Self-fulfilling prophecy

B. Bandwagon effect

C. Social identity theory

D. Projection bias

E. Collective perception

Social identity theory holds that people identify themselves by the groups to which they belong and perceive and judge others by their group memberships.





81.(p. 252)

A(n) _____ occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group.

A. availability bias

B. Bandwagon effect

C. self-efficacy

D. projection bias

E. stereotype

A stereotype occurs when assumptions are made about others on the basis of their membership in a social group. Although not all stereotypes are bad per se, our decision making process becomes faulty when we make inaccurate generalizations.

AACSB: Analytic




82.(p. 252)

_____ are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily.

A. Heuristics

B. Perceptions

C. Self-fulfilling prophecies

D. Climates of transfer

E. Attributions

Heuristics are simple, efficient, rules of thumb that allow us to make decisions more easily. In general, heuristics are not bad. In fact, they lead to correct decisions more often than not. However, heuristics can also bias us toward inaccurate decisions at times.

AACSB: Analytic




83.(p. 252)

The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall refers to the:


B. bandwagon effect.

C. self-fulfilling prophecy.

D. projection bias.

E. environmental bias.

The availability bias is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall. For example, it is easier for almost everyone to remember words in which R is the first letter as opposed to the third.

AACSB: Analytic




84.(p. 252)

The tendency to rely too heavily on one trait or piece of information when making decision refers to which of these biases?

A. Availability bias

B. Confirmation bias

C. Anchoring

D. Gambler's fallacy

E. Halo effect

The tendency to rely too heavily, or "anchor," on one trait or piece of information when making decisions even when the anchor might be unreliable or irrelevant.

AACSB: Analytic




85.(p. 252)

Albert is the manager of a large retail store. He has the authority to appoint employees in the store. The store does not have a specialized human resource executive and Albert himself conducts selection interviews. Albert has not received any training on selection and recruitment. This often leads to selection errors.

Albert does not prepare in advance for interviews. He asks questions that come to his mind easily during interviews. This indicates _____.


B. bandwagon effect.

C. self-fulfilling prophecy.

D. projection bias.

E. social identification.

The availability bias is the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easier to recall. Albert is subject to availability bias in this case.





86.(p. 253)


Albert interviews people mainly to analyze if they have ability to address the latest problem that the store is facing. Identify the bias facing Albert in this case.

A. Anchoring

B. Representiveness

C. Framing

D. Contrast

E. Recency

Recency bias refers to the tendency to weigh recent events more than earlier events.Refer To: Table 8.4





87.(p. 253)


Albert selected an applicant only because he displayed personality traits similar to one of his best performers. Identify the bias facing Albert in this case.

A. Anchoring

B. Recency

C. Framing

D. Representativeness

E. False consensus

Representativeness is the tendency to assess the likelihood of an event by comparing it to a similar event and assuming it will be similar. Here Albert is assuming that the candidate will also perform like his best performer.Refer To: Table 8.4





88.(p. 254)

Sally's daughter just started going to school and because of which Sally has been coming to work early for the past few weeks. Her colleagues are under the impression that Sally is trying too hard for a promotion. Sally's colleagues are subject to:

A. self-serving bias.

B. fundamental attribution error.

C. anchoring error.

D. illusion of control error.

E. halo effect.

The fundamental attribution error argues that people have a tendency to judge others' behaviors as due to internal factors.

AACSB: AnalyticBlooms: Analyze

Difficulty: 2 MediumLearning Objective: 08-05 What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning

into accurate decisions?Topic: Why Do Some Employees Learn to Make Decisions Better Than Others?

89.(p. 254-255)

An employee comes late to office. An internal attribution will occur if there is low ______, low _____, and high _____.

A. consensus; consistency; extinction

B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus

D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness

E. consensus; consistency; extinction

An internal attribution, such as laziness or low motivation will occur if there is low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency for an occurrence.

AACSB: Analytic




90.(p. 255)

A worker comes late to the work site. An external attribution will occur if there is high ______; high ______; and low ______.

A. consensus; consistency; extinction

B. consensus; distinctiveness; consistency

C. consistency; distinctiveness; consensus

D. extinction; consistency; distinctiveness

E. consensus; consistency; distinction

An external attribution, such as bad traffic or a power outage, will occur if there is high consensus, high distinctiveness, and low consistency.

AACSB: Analytic




91.(p. 255)

_____ refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action.

A. Availability bias

B. Confirmation bias

C. Escalation of commitment

D. Gambler's fallacy

E. Halo effect

Escalation of commitment refers to the decision to continue to follow a failing course of action. The expression "throwing good money after bad" captures this common decision-making error.

AACSB: Analytic




92.(p. 258)

Learning has _____ effect on performance and _____ effect on commitment.

A. a moderate negative; a moderate positive

B. a strong positive; a moderate negative

C. a weak negative; a strong positive

D. a moderate positive; a weak positive

E. a weak positive; a moderate negative

Learning has a moderate positive effect on Performance. However, learning only has a weak positive effect on commitment.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-06 How does learning affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: How Important is Learning?

93.(p. 259)

_____ are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time.

A. Heuristics developers

B. Communities of practice

C. Control moderators

D. Internal advocates

E. Attribution anchors

Communities of practice are groups of employees who work together and learn from one another by collaborating over an extended period of time. Many companies are adopting this newer form of informal social learning.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-07 What steps can organizations take to foster learning?Topic: Application: Training

94.(p. 259)

Which of these occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job?

A. Heuristics

B. Communities of practice

C. Illusion of control

D. Transfer of training

E. Attribution anchoring

Transfer of training occurs when the knowledge, skills, and behaviors used on the job are maintained by the learner once training ends and generalized to the workplace once the learner returns to the job.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 08-07 What steps can organizations take to foster learning?Topic: Application: Training

95.(p. 259)

Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create a _____, an environment that can support the use of new skills.

A. locus of control

B. internal heuristic

C. climate for transfer

D. community of practice

E. social network

Transfer of training can be fostered if organizations create a climate for transfer—an environment that can support the use of new skills.


32.(p. 272)

_____ refers to the structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior.

A. Personality

B. Apophenia

C. Ethnoburb

D. Ethnocentrism

E. Perception

Personality refers to the structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. It creates a person's social reputation—the way they are perceived by friends, family, coworkers, and supervisors.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-01 What is personality? What are cultural values?Topic: Personality And Cultural Values

33.(p. 272)

Personality is a collection of multiple _____.

A. abilities

B. traits

C. aptitudes

D. emotions

E. capacities

Personality is a collection of multiple traits. Traits are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment.

AACSB: Analytic



34.(p. 272)

_____ are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment.

A. Perceptions

B. Values

C. Short-term orientations

D. Traits

E. Beliefs

Traits are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment. Adjectives such as responsible, easy-going, polite, and reserved are examples of traits that can be used to summarize someone's personality.

AACSB: Analytic



35.(p. 272)

Personality traits are a function of both your:

A. values and beliefs.

B. beliefs and environment.

C. environment and genes.

D. genes and perceptions.

E. culture and beliefs.

Personality traits are a function of both your genes and your environment. Traits are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment.

AACSB: Analytic



36.(p. 273)

Which of the following is not a "dimension" of the big five taxonomy?

A. Conscientiousness

B. Extraversion

C. Locus of control

D. Openness to experience

E. Neuroticism

The big five personality dimensions include conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-02 What are the "Big Five?"Topic: How Can We Describe What Employees Are Like?

37.(p. 273)

Melissa was reading her slam book from junior high, in which most of her friends described her as a dependable and reliable individual. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Melissa.

A. conscientiousness

B. openness to experience

C. agreeableness

D. introversion

E. neuroticism

Conscientious people are dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering.




38.(p. 273)

Which of these dimensions in the Big Five taxonomy is associated with the trait adjectives kind, cooperative, sympathetic, and warm?


B. Extraversion

C. Agreeableness

D. Openness

E. Neuroticism

Agreeable people are warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous.

AACSB: Analytic



39.(p. 273)

The day before Jackson takes up an important quiz test in school, he shows a tendency to get annoyed easily. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Jackson.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness

D. openness to experience

E. neuroticism

Neurotic people are nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, and jealous.




40.(p. 273)

Critical, selfish, and rude are opposite traits for which personality dimension of the Big Five?


B. Extraversion

C. Agreeableness

D. Callousness

E. Neuroticism

Agreeable people are warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous.

AACSB: Analytic



41.(p. 273)

The scenario below is a review that some of the employees at The Pulse, an HR company, received after a 360 degree feedback.Jack, who was being considered for a promotion, was described as someone who is eager to learn and innovate. Alex was appreciated for his meticulous and organized work and was the one the team could depend on during crunch time. Isabelle's ability to be cooperative, accommodating, and sociable to customers who had grievances, was well acknowledged in the feedback.

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Alex.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness

D. introversion

E. neuroticism

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, people who fall under the personality dimension conscientiousness are dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering.




42.(p. 273)


In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Jack.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, people who fall under the personality dimension openness to experience are curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated.




43.(p. 273)


In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Isabelle.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, people who fall under the personality dimension extraversion are talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant.




44.(p. 276)

The two Big Five dimensions most dependent on genes are:

A. conscientiousness and extraversion.

B. extraversion and openness.

C. agreeableness and openness.

D. openness and conscientiousness.

E. neuroticism and agreeableness.

The two Big Five dimensions most dependent on genes are extraversion and openness. Conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, however, change quite significantly over a person's life span.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-03 Is personality driven by nature or by nurture?Topic: How Can We Describe What Employees Are Like?

45.(p. 277)

The Big Five personality dimension that has the biggest influence on job performance is _____.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

The Big Five personality dimension that has the biggest influence on job performance is conscientiousness. Conscientious employees prioritize accomplishment striving, which reflects a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



46.(p. 277)

Conscientious people prioritize:

A. status striving.

B. communion striving.

C. accomplishment striving.

D. curiosity.

E. power striving.

Conscientious employees prioritize accomplishment striving, which reflects a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



47.(p. 277)

A strong desire to achieve task-related goals as a means of expressing personality is known as _____.

A. status striving

B. accomplishment striving

C. value striving

D. curiosity

E. power striving

Conscientious employees prioritize accomplishment striving, which reflects a strong desire to accomplish task-related goals as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



48.(p. 277)

People who are _____ have a built-in desire to finish work tasks, channel a high proportion of their efforts toward those tasks, and work harder and longer on task assignments.

A. accomplishment strivers

B. communion strivers

C. status strivers

D. value strivers

E. power strivers

People who are accomplishment strivers have a built-in desire to finish work tasks, channel a high proportion of their efforts toward those tasks, and work harder and longer on task assignments.

AACSB: Analytic



49.(p. 277)

Agreeable people prioritize _____.

A. status striving

B. communion striving

C. accomplishment striving

D. attainment striving

E. power striving

Agreeable people prioritize communion striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



50.(p. 277)

_____ reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.

A. Status striving

B. Attainment striving

C. Accomplishment striving

D. Communion striving

E. Power striving

Agreeable people prioritize communion striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



51.(p. 277)

When a fight broke out between two workers at Leo Motors, James the manager, decided to walk away and let the situation resolve on its own. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes James.

A. neuroticism

B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. conscientiousness

Agreeable employees are reluctant to react to conflict with criticism, threats, or manipulation. They prioritize communion striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.




52.(p. 277)

_____ focus on "getting along," not necessarily "getting ahead."

A. Conscientious people

B. Agreeable people

C. Neurotic people

D. Diligent people

E. Extraverts

Agreeable people focus on "getting along," not necessarily "getting ahead." They are warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous.

AACSB: Analytic



53.(p. 278)

Of the Big Five, _____ is the easiest to judge in zero acquaintance situations.

A. openness to experience

B. conscientiousness

C. agreeableness

D. neuroticism

E. extraversion

Of the Big Five, extraversion is the easiest to judge in zero acquaintance situations—situations in which two people have only just met. Extraverted people are talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, and dominant.

AACSB: Analytic



54.(p. 278)

A(n) _____ situation is an situation in which two people have only just met.

A. differential exposure

B. zero acquaintance

C. locus of control

D. ethnocentric

E. uncertainty avoidance

Of the Big Five, extraversion is the easiest to judge in zero acquaintance situations—situations in which two people have only just met.

AACSB: Analytic



55.(p. 278)

Extraverted people prioritize _____.

A. status striving

B. communion striving


D. value striving

E. attainment striving

Extraverted people prioritize status striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality.

AACSB: Analytic



56.(p. 278)

_____ reflects a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing personality.

A. Accomplishment striving

B. Status striving

C. Fellowship striving

D. Attainment striving

E. Communion striving


AACSB: Analytic



57.(p. 278)

Rita can be described as a hard working and ambitious individual. She joined Atlas Corporation as a junior recruiter and wants to climb the corporate ladder to become a team leader in the future. Having that goal in mind Rita works for long hours and takes up more than one project at a time. In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ best describes Rita.

A. neuroticism

B. agreeableness

C. extraversion

D. callousness

E. conflict-orientation





58.(p. 278)

_____, who are more energetic and outgoing, are perceived to be more "leader like."

A. Neurotics

B. Hysteric individuals

C. Extraverts

D. Callous people

E. Agreeable people

People tend to view extraverts, who are more energetic and outgoing, as more "leaderlike" than introverts.

AACSB: Analytic



59.(p. 278)

Extraverted people tend to be high in:

A. neuroticism.

B. agreeableness.

C. status striving.

D. conflict avoidance.

E. positive affectivity.

Extraverted employees tend to be high in what's called positive affectivity —a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation.

AACSB: Analytic



60.(p. 278)

A dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elations refers to _____.

A. neuroticism

B. agreeableness

C. positive affectivity

D. conflict avoidance

E. status striving

Extraverted employees tend to be high in what's called positive affectivity —a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation.

AACSB: Analytic



61.(p. 279)

The Big Five dimension _____ is also called by its flip side: "Emotional Stability" or "Emotional Adjustment."


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

The Big Five dimension neuroticism is also called by its flip side: "Emotional Stability" or "Emotional Adjustment." Neurotic people are nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, and jealous.

AACSB: Analytic



62.(p. 279)

The Big Five dimension neuroticism is synonymous with _____.

A. extraversion

B. openness to experience

C. conscientiousness

D. collectivism

E. negative affectivity

The Big Five dimension neuroticism is synonymous with negative affectivity—a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance.

AACSB: Analytic



63.(p. 279)

A dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance is called _____.

A. zero acquaintance

B. status striving


D. negative affectivity

E. differential reactivity

Whereas extraversion is synonymous with positive affectivity, neuroticism is synonymous with negative affectivity —a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance.

AACSB: Analytic



64.(p. 279)

Neuroticism is associated with a(n) _____ to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful.

A. communion striving factor

B. accomplishment striving factor

C. differential exposure


E. locus of control

Specifically, neuroticism is associated with a differential exposure to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful. Neuroticism also influences the way that people deal with stressful situations.

AACSB: Analytic



65.(p. 279)

Neuroticism is associated with a(n) _____ to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors that they experience.

A. status striving factor

B. locus of control

C. positive affectivity

D. differential reactivity

E. accomplishment striving factor

Neuroticism is associated with a differential reactivity to stressors, meaning that neurotic people are less likely to believe they can cope with the stressors that they experience.

AACSB: Analytic



66.(p. 281)

_____ reflects whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or to the external environment.

A. Differential exposure

B. Zero acquaintance

C. Ethnocentrism

D. Locus of control

E. Differential reactivity

Neuroticism is strongly related to locus of control, which reflects whether people attribute the causes of events to themselves or to the external environment. Neurotic people tend to hold an external locus of control, meaning that they often believe that the events that occur around them are driven by luck, chance, or fate.

AACSB: Analytic



67.(p. 281)

Neurotic people tend to:

A. strive for status.

B. be communion strivers.

C. hold an external locus of control.

D. exhibit enthusiastic and upbeat mood patterns.

E. be extroverts.

Neurotic people tend to hold an external locus of control, meaning that they often believe that the events that occur around them are driven by luck, chance, or fate. Less neurotic people tend to hold an internal locus of control, meaning that they believe that their own behavior dictates events.

AACSB: Analytic



68.(p. 281)

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ is also called "inquisitiveness" or "intellectualness."


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension openness to experience is also called "inquisitiveness" or "intellectualness." Open people are curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated.

AACSB: Analytic



69.(p. 283)

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension _____ is more likely to be valuable in jobs that require high levels of creativity.

A. neuroticism

B. extraversion

C. agreeableness

D. conscientiousness

E. openness to experience

In the context of the Big Five taxonomy, the personality dimension openness to experience is more likely to be valuable in jobs that require high levels of creativity. Open people are curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, and sophisticated.

AACSB: Analytic



70.(p. 283)

Together with cognitive ability, _____ is a key driver of creative thought, as smart and open people excel at the style of thinking demanded by creativity.


B. extraversion

C. agreeableness


E. neuroticism

Together with cognitive ability, openness to experience is a key driver of creative thought, as smart and open people excel at the style of thinking demanded by creativity. Openness to experience is also more likely to be valuable in jobs that require high levels of creative performance, where job holders need to be able to generate novel and useful ideas and solutions.

AACSB: Analytic



71.(p. 285)

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator evaluates individuals on the basis of all of these types of preferences except:

A. judging versus perceiving.

B. sensing versus intuition.

C. extraversion versus introversion.

D. thinking versus feeling.

E. short-term versus long-term orientation.

Short-term versus long-term is a dimension related to Hofstede's dimensions.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-04 What taxonomies can be used to describe personality; other than the Big Five?Topic: How Can We Describe What Employees Are Like?

72.(p. 285)

Sam and Matilda are successful stock brokers working with Invest Right Broking. Before striking a deal with a company, Sam reviews the company's reports and past data. Matilda on the other hand buys stock based on speculation. According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, the _____ type best describes Sam and the _____ type best describes Matilda.

A. sensing; intuition

B. perceiving; judging

C. short-term; long-term

D. feeling; thinking

E. extraversion; introversion

In the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, sensing prefers clear and concrete facts and data and intuition prefers hunches and speculations based on theory and imagination.




73.(p. 285)

"Approaching tasks by planning and setting goals" describes the _____ type of Myers-Briggs indicator.

A. perceiving

B. introversion

C. extraversion

D. feeling

E. judging

"Approaching tasks by planning and setting goals" describes the judging type of Myers-Briggs indicator.

AACSB: Analytic



74.(p. 285)

The most appropriate use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is:

A. in the job satisfaction prediction context.

B. in a team-building context.

C. to gauge the commitment of employees across jobs.

D. to predict the motivation of employees.

E. to forecast the performance of employees across jobs.

The most appropriate use of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator is in a team-building context, to help different members understand their varying approaches to accomplishing tasks.

AACSB: Analytic



75.(p. 285)

_____ are expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities.

A. Values

B. Beliefs

C. Tests

D. Interests

E. Ethics

Interests are expressions of personality that influence behavior through preferences for certain environments and activities. They reflect stable and enduring likes and dislikes that can explain why people are drawn toward some careers and away from others.

AACSB: Analytic



76.(p. 285)

According to the RIASEC model, a(n) _____ person enjoys abstract, analytical, and theory-oriented tasks.

A. enterprising

B. realistic

C. artistic

D. conventional

E. investigative

Investigative people enjoy abstract, analytical, theory-oriented tasks. They tend to be analytical, intellectual, reserved, and scholarly.

AACSB: Analytic



77.(p. 285)

Tina's psychology curriculum required her to study an individual's personality type using the process of interviewing. She selected Darren, her brother's roommate, as her test subject. The highlighted points of her research were that Darren is a Law graduate, who is a musician in his spare time. He is an independent person who paid his way through Law school; his friends get annoyed with his impulsive behavior. According to the RIASEC model, Tina classified Darren under the _____ type of personality dimension.

A. enterprising

B. realistic

C. artistic

D. conventional

E. investigative

According to the RIASEC model, artistic people enjoy entertaining and fascinating others using imagination. They tend to be original, independent, impulsive, and creative.




78.(p. 285)

Dawson is a famous carpenter in Oregon. Though rugged, Dawson is good at carpentry and electrical work. According to the RIASEC model, the _____ type of personality dimension best describes Dawson.

A. enterprising

B. realistic

C. artistic

D. conventional

E. investigative

Realistic people enjoy practical, hands-on, real-world tasks. They tend to be frank, practical, determined, and rugged.




79.(p. 287)

Which of the following is not a Hofstede's dimension of cultural values?

A. Power distance

B. Masculinity-femininity

C. Individualism-collectivism

D. Uncertainty avoidance

E. Extraversion-introversion

Extraversion-introversion is a dimension of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-05 What taxonomies can be used to describe cultural values?Topic: How Can We Describe What Employees Are Like?

80.(p. 287)

Unicoi Inc., a Brazilian sports manufacturer, is known as a company that focuses on improving its customers' quality of life. In the context of the Hofstede's dimensions, the cultural dimension _____ best describes Unicoi Inc.

A. individualism

B. uncertainty avoidance

C. femininity

D. high power distance

E. short-term orientation

Femininity values stereotypical female traits such as caring for others and caring about quality of life.




81.(p. 287)

Dallas, a project manager at Stars Inc., was the man behind the company's shift to a new culture that focused on being assertive with their clients. In the context of the Hofstede's dimensions, the cultural dimension _____ best describes Stars Inc.

A. collectivism


C. masculinity

D. low power distance


Masculinity values stereotypical male traits such as assertiveness and the acquisition of money and things.

AACSB: Analytic



82.(p. 287)

Connor, a trainer at T&R Inc., preaches the company's policy of prudence to all his new trainees. In the context of the Hofstede's dimensions, the cultural value followed in T&R Inc. is an example of _____.

A. collectivism

B. low power distance

C. masculinity

D. high uncertainty avoidance

E. long-term orientation

When a Hofstede's culture stresses values such as persistence, prudence, and thrift, the culture is high on long-term orientation.


Blooms: ApplyDifficulty: 1 Easy


83.(p. 287)

In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the cultural dimension _____ stresses on values such as respect for tradition and fulfilling obligations.

A. individualism

B. high power distance

C. masculinity

D. low uncertainty avoidance


In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, short-term orientation stresses on values such as respect for tradition and fulfilling obligations.

AACSB: Analytic



84.(p. 287)

The Chinese culture is a tight social framework in which people take care of the members of a broader in-group and act loyal to it. In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, what is the personality dimension that you will use to describe the Chinese culture?

A. Collectivism

B. Uncertainty avoidance

C. Masculinity

D. Low power distance

E. Short-term orientation

The collectivistic culture is a tight social framework in which people take care of the members of a broader in-group and act loyal to it.




85.(p. 287)

In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the culture low on _____ tolerates ambiguous situations and values unusual ideas and behaviors.

A. collectivism

B. power distance

C. masculinity

D. uncertainty avoidance


In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the culture low on uncertainty avoidance tolerates ambiguous situations and values unusual ideas and behaviors.

AACSB: Analytic



86.(p. 287)

In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the culture high on _____ accepts the fact that authority is usually distributed unequally within organizations.

A. collectivism


C. masculinity

D. power distance


In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the culture high on power distance accepts the fact that authority is usually distributed unequally within organizations.

AACSB: Analytic



87.(p. 287)

A culture high on _____ feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and relies on formal rules to create stability.

A. collectivism

B. power distance

C. masculinity

D. uncertainty avoidance


When a culture feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and relies on formal rules to create stability, it is said to be high on uncertainty avoidance.

AACSB: Analytic



88.(p. 289)

Which of the following has the propensity to view one's own cultural values as "right" and those of other cultures as "wrong"?

A. Ethnocentrism

B. Neuroticism

C. Extraversion

D. Zero acquaintance

E. Short-term orientation

Ethnocentrism has the propensity to view one's own cultural values as "right" and those of other cultures as "wrong."

AACSB: Analytic



89.(p. 291)

The Big Five personality dimension _____ is a key driver of what's referred to as typical performance, which reflects performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks.

A. neuroticism

B. conscientiousness

C. extraversion


E. agreeableness

The Big Five personality dimension conscientiousness is a key driver of what's referred to as typical performance, which reflects performance in the routine conditions that surround daily job tasks.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-06 How does personality affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: How Important Are Personality And Cultural Values?

90.(p. 292)

The principle of _____ suggests that "strong situations" have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important, whereas "weak situations" lack those cues.

A. situation awareness

B. situational strength

C. situational prevention

D. situational ethics

E. situation specificity

The principle of situational strength suggests that "strong situations" have clear behavioral expectations, incentives, or instructions that make differences between individuals less important, whereas "weak situations" lack those cues. Personality variables tend to be more significant drivers of behavior in weak situations than in strong situations.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-06 How does personality affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: How Important Are Personality And Cultural Values?

91.(p. 294)

Which of these given below asks applicants about their attitudes toward dishonesty; the desire to punish dishonesty, and confessions of past dishonesty?

A. A clear purpose test

B. Differential reactivity

C. Positive affectivity

D. A veiled purpose test

E. A Big Five Inventory

Clear purpose tests ask applicants about their attitudes toward dishonesty, beliefs about the frequency of dishonesty, endorsements of common rationalizations for dishonesty, desire to punish dishonesty, and confessions of past dishonesty.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-07 Are personality tests useful tools for organizational hiring?Topic: Application: Personality Tests

92.(p. 294)

_____ do not reference dishonesty explicitly but instead assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts.

A. Clear purpose tests

B. Differential reactivity

C. Positive affectivity

D. Veiled purpose tests

E. Aptitude inventories

Veiled purpose tests do not reference dishonesty explicitly but instead assess more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 09-07 Are personality tests useful tools for organizational hiring?Topic: Application: Personality Tests

93.(p. 295)

Exaggerating your responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion is called _____.

A. ethnocentrism

B. faking

C. neuroticism

D. creativity

E. negative affectivity

Exaggerating your responses to a personality test in a socially desirable fashion is called faking.


31.(p. 312)

Which of the following refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities?

A. Knowledge

B. Beliefs

C. Ability

D. Values

E. Attitudes

Ability refers to the relatively stable capabilities people have to perform a particular range of different but related activities.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-01 What is ability?Topic: Ability

32.(p. 313)

Which of the following represents the strongest determinants of one's abilities?

A. Genes and the environment

B. Training and skills

C. Values and attitudes

D. Knowledge and beliefs

E. Experience and attitude

In contrast to skills, which can be improved over time with training and experience, ability is relatively stable. Although abilities can change slowly over time with instruction, repeated practice, and repetition, the level of a given ability generally limits how much a person can improve, even with the best training in the world. This given level of abilities is a function of both genes and the environment, and the amount attributable to each source depends somewhat on the nature of the ability.

AACSB: Analytic



33.(p. 313)

In the context of cognitive abilities, which of the following is true regarding the relative influence of genes and the environment?

A. Genes play a greater role than the environment

B. Genes and environment play roughly equal roles

C. Environment plays a role only when it is deficient

D. Environment plays a greater role than genes

E. Genes play a marginal role but environment plays no role

For cognitive abilities, it appears that genes and the environment play roughly equal roles. However, differences in cognitive abilities due to the environment become less apparent as people get older, which may be especially true for the effect of the family environment.

AACSB: Analytic



34.(p. 313)

Which of the following represents the three general categories into which abilities can be grouped?

A. Social, physical, and emotional

B. Emotional, social, and conative

C. Cognitive, emotional, and physical

D. Physical, cognitive, and external

E. External, internal, and transactional

Abilities can be grouped into three general categories: cognitive, emotional, and physical. Taken together, these abilities capture what people can do.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-01 What is ability?Topic: What Does It Mean For An Employee To Be "Able"?

35.(p. 314)

Abilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem-solving refers to _____ abilities.

A. social

B. motivational

C. physical

D. cognitive

E. affective

Cognitive ability refers to capabilities related to the acquisition and application of knowledge in problem solving. Cognitive abilities are very relevant in jobs involving decision making and problem-solving.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-02 What are the various types of cognitive ability?Topic: What Does It Mean For An Employee To Be "Able"?

36.(p. 314)

SAT is an evaluation of literacy and writing skills that are required for academic success in college. This makes SAT a test that assesses the _____ of a student.

A. coping ability

B. emotional ability

C. physical ability

D. social ability

E. cognitive ability

The Scholastic Assessment Test includes different types of questions which reflect that there are several specific types of cognitive ability that contribute to effectiveness on intellectual tasks.

AACSB: Analytic



37.(p. 314)

Verbal and spatial abilities come under the general category of _____ abilities.

A. cognitive

B. emotional

C. physical

D. sensory

E. psychomotor

Verbal and spatial abilities are types of cognitive abilities.

AACSB: Analytic



38.(p. 314)

Which of these is a type of cognitive ability?

A. Sensory abilities

B. Psychomotor abilities

C. Spatial abilities

D. Response orientation

E. Coordination

Sensory and psychomotor skills along with response orientation and coordination com under the general category of physical abilities. Spatial ability is a type of cognitive ability.

AACSB: Analytic



39.(p. 315)

Oral and written expressions are associated with _____ ability.

A. quantitative

B. sensory

C. verbal

D. spatial

E. perceptual

Oral expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas by speaking and written expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas in writing; they represent verbal abilities.

AACSB: Analytic



40.(p. 315)

A group of friends decided to start their own venture capital firm with the resources and abilities they have. Jessie is really good at applying formulas to solve complex problems that involve numbers. She claims that she has a photographic memory of her test book. Teddy has good analytical skills which is the ability to consider several specific pieces of information and then reach a more general conclusion regarding their relativity. Ralf tends to be good at studying the past stock market data and predicting how the market fluctuations will affect the industry. These employees believe that they can build a great future and they are working hard toward their goals.

From the information given, it can be concluded that Jessie has a high ability in the area of _____.

A. response orientation

B. mathematical reasoning

C. problem sensitivity

D. inductive reasoning

E. number facility

Mathematical reasoning is the ability to select the right method or formula to solve a problem.




41.(p. 316)


From the information given, it can be concluded that Teddy has a high ability in the area of _____.

A. mathematical reasoning

B. spatial reasoning

C. perceptual speed

D. verbal comprehension

E. inductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning involves combining specific information to form general conclusions. Teddy has the ability to consider several specific pieces of information and then reach a more general conclusion regarding how those pieces are related reflecting his high degree of inductive reasoning ability.




42.(p. 316)


From the information provided, Ralf can be described as having a high degree of _____?

A. spatial orientation

B. visualization

C. response orientation

D. speed and flexibility of closure

E. originality

Speed and flexibility of closure is the ability to make sense of information and find patterns. Ralf has the ability to perceive, understand, recall and analyze past stock market data.




43.(p. 315)

The students of Holly Oak Academy always got low grades in mathematics. The management looked into the matter and found out that though the handouts given by the professor were extremely good, the professor was unable to convey the steps and procedures involved. This is because the professor had _____.

A. low ability of written comprehension and high ability of oral comprehension

B. low ability of written expression and high ability of oral expression

C. high ability of written expression and low ability of oral expression

D. high ability of written comprehension and low ability of oral comprehension

E. low ability of written comprehension and high of oral comprehension

Oral expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas by speaking and written expression refers to the ability to communicate ideas in writing. Though it might seem that these abilities should be highly related, this is not necessarily so. In the scenario presented, the poor performance of the students can be attributed to the fact that the professor had high ability in terms of written expression but low ability in terms of oral expression.




44.(p. 315)

Which of the following represent the components of quantitative ability?

A. Response orientation and perceptual speed

B. Spatial orientation and visualization

C. Number facility and mathematical reasoning

D. Problem sensitivity and originality

E. Deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning

Quantitative ability comprises of number facility and mathematical reasoning. Number facility refers to the ability required in performing basic math operations quickly and correctly. Mathematical reasoning refers to selecting the right method or formula to solve a problem.

AACSB: Analytic



45.(p. 315)

The bankers at Wall Street primarily have to choose and apply formulas to solve problems related to the economy and the stock market. Which of the following abilities is being reflected here?

A. Inductive reasoning

B. Emotional ability

C. Dynamic strength

D. Mathematical reasoning

E. Perceptual speed

Mathematical reasoning refers to the ability to choose and apply formulas to solve problems that involve numbers.




46.(p. 315)

Which of these refers to the capability to do simple math operations?

A. Response orientation

B. Number facility

C. Problem sensitivity

D. Originality

E. Perceptual speed

Number facility is the capability to do simple math operations (adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing).

AACSB: Analytic



47.(p. 316)

An individual who has the ability to foresee an obstacle in the course of events has a high ability in the area of _____.

A. visualization

B. problem sensitivity

C. perceptual speed

D. originality

E. mathematical reasoning

Problem sensitivity is the ability to sense that there is a problem right now or likely to be one in the near future.

AACSB: Analytic



48.(p. 316)

Which ability refers to the use of general rules to solve problems?

A. Probabilistic reasoning

B. Deductive reasoning

C. Spatial reasoning

D. Quantitative reasoning

E. Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning refers to the use of general rules to solve problems. It is important in any job in which people are presented with a set of facts that need to be applied to make effective decisions.

AACSB: Analytic



49.(p. 316)

A job analysis revealed that the primary skill required in applicants for a particular job is the ability to make effective decisions based on a presented set of facts. Which of the following types of abilities is the job analysis describing here?

A. Inductive reasoning

B. Spatial reasoning

C. Hypothetical reasoning

D. Quantitative reasoning

E. Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning, which involves the use of general rules to solve problems, is important in any job in which people are presented with a set of facts that need to be applied to make effective decisions.

AACSB: Analytic



50.(p. 316)

Judicial systems across the world are based on certain codes of legal provisions which are applied to individual cases. Thus, the job of a judge primarily involves making decisions by applying these rules of law to pass verdicts which is a function of his/her ability in the area of _____.

A. deductive reasoning


C. verbal reasoning

D. syllogistic reasoning


Deductive reasoning refers to the use of general rules to solve problems. The job of a judge requires deductive reasoning because it centers on making decisions by applying the rules of law to make verdicts.




51.(p. 316)

Alice was recently hired by a detective agency at Ohio after rounds of pre-employment testing and interviews. The pre-employment testing showed that she had a high ability to gather information regarding crimes, filter the unwanted information, and finally draw the right conclusions to strengthen her case. From the scenario, we can say that the pre-employment tests have revealed that Alice is good at _____.

A. verbal comprehension


C. visualization

D. quantitative reasoning


Inductive reasoning refers to the ability to consider several specific pieces of information and then reach a more general conclusion regarding how those pieces are related. Inductive reasoning is required of police detectives and crime scene investigators who must considering things like the tire tracks, blood splatter patterns, fibers, and fingerprints to reach conclusions about perpetrators of crimes and causes of death.




52.(p. 316)

Which of these refers to the ability to develop clever and novel ways to solve problems?

A. Coordination

B. Flexibility

C. Originality

D. Number facility

E. Problem sensitivity

Originality refers to the ability to develop clever and novel ways to solve problems and is important in a wide variety of occupations.

AACSB: Analytic



53.(p. 316)

_____ means having a good understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment.

A. Spatial orientation

B. Visualization


D. Flexibility

E. Perceptual speed

Spatial orientation refers to a good understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment.

AACSB: Analytic



54.(p. 316)

The two main types of spatial ability are spatial orientation and _____.

A. originality

B. flexibility of closure

C. perceptual speed

D. visualization

E. coordination

The two main types of spatial ability are spatial orientation and visualization. Spatial orientation refers to a good understanding of where one is relative to other things in the environment. Visualization is the ability to imagine how separate things will look if they were put together in a particular way.

AACSB: Analytic



55.(p. 316)

Sam is a renowned interior decorator and his clients feel that he can bring into life a dull room with minimal cost and effort. Before starting a project, Sam always describes the changes he is going to make so the client gets a feel of what the final changes will look like. In doing so, Sam reflects his strong ability to mix and match different designs and create a completely new image which reflects a high ability in the area of _____.

A. coordination

B. visualization


D. mathematical reasoning

E. perceptual speed

Visualization is the ability to imagine how separate things will look if they were put together in a particular way.




56.(p. 316)

_____ ability is a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic.

A. Verbal

B. Quantitative

C. Perceptual

D. Spatial

E. Reasoning

Reasoning ability is a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic. There are four types of reasoning ability—problem sensitivity, deductive reasoning, inductive reasoning, and originality.

AACSB: Analytic



57.(p. 316)

Which of the following cognitive abilities is especially important for a range of professional like pilots, drivers, boat captains, and photographers?

A. Reasoning ability

B. Quantitative ability

C. Spatial ability

D. Verbal ability

E. Affective ability

Spatial ability or capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space is important for professional like pilots, drivers, boat captains, and photographers.




58.(p. 316)

_____ refers to being able to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information.

A. Spatial ability

B. Perceptual ability

C. Reasoning ability

D. Affective ability

E. Physical ability

Perceptual ability refers to being able to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information. More specifically, speed and flexibility of closure refers to being able to pick out a pattern of information quickly in the presence of distracting information, even without all the information present.

AACSB: Analytic



59.(p. 316)

Effectiveness in jobs in which people need to proofread documents, sort things, or categorize objects depends a lot on _____.

A. problem sensitivity

B. perceptual speed

C. spatial orientation

D. visualization

E. originality

Perceptual speed refers to being able to examine and compare numbers, letters, and objects quickly.

AACSB: Analytic



60.(p. 317)

The "g-factor" refers to _____.

A. gross motor facilitation

B. general cognitive ability

C. gross body equilibrium

D. gross body coordination

E. general adaptation syndrome

The most popular explanation for the similarity in the levels of different cognitive abilities within people is that there is a general mental ability—sometimes called g or the g factor—that underlies or causes all of the more specific cognitive abilities.

AACSB: Analytic



61.(p. 319)

_____ is a human ability that affects social functioning.

A. Reasoning ability

B. Physical ability

C. Emotional intelligence

D. Perceptual ability

E. Spatial ability

The human ability that affects social functioning, called emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is defined in terms of four sets of distinct but related abilities, i.e. self-awareness, other awareness, emotion regulation, and use of emotions.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-03 What are the various types of emotional ability?Topic: What Does It Mean For An Employee To Be "Able"?

62.(p. 319)

Self-awareness is a(n) _____ ability.

A. cognitive

B. emotional

C. physical

D. sensory

E. intuitive

Self-awareness, which is the first type of emotional intelligence, is the appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself.

AACSB: Analytic



63.(p. 319)

_____ refers to the ability of an individual to understand the types of emotions he or she is experiencing, the willingness to acknowledge them, and the capability to express them naturally.

A. Self-awareness

B. Other awareness

C. Emotion regulation

D. Use of emotion

E. Self-actualization

Self-awareness is the appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself.

AACSB: Analytic



64.(p. 319)

Clair, the manager at Connect is a favorite among her employees because she has the ability to recognize and understand the emotions of her peers and subordinates. She interacts with all employees in a warm manner and is very approachable when her employees are encountering any problems. Which of the following characteristics does Clair possess?

A. Need for power

B. Other awareness

C. Emotion regulation

D. Emotional resilience

E. Need for achievement

Other awareness is the appraisal and recognition of emotion in others. People who are high in this aspect of emotional intelligence are not only sensitive to the feelings of others but also can anticipate the emotions that people will experience in different situations.


Blooms: ApplyDifficulty: 1 Easy


65.(p. 320)

Being able to recover quickly from emotional experiences reflects one's _____.

A. span of control

B. locus of control

C. emotion regulation

D. other awareness

E. self-awareness

Emotion regulation refers to being able to recover quickly from emotional experiences. This aspect of emotional intelligence also applies to positive emotions.

AACSB: Analytic



66.(p. 320)

When Ben was driving to work, a car speeded past him and its passengers began throwing empty beer cans out of the car window. Though Ben was taken aback by this behavior, he was able to forget the incident and had soon regained his focus on his plan for the day. From the scenario, it can be concluded that Ben has a high degree of _____.

A. other awareness

B. originality

C. personal distress

D. emotional regulation

E. emotional arousal

Emotion regulation refers to being able to recover quickly from emotional experiences. This aspect of emotional intelligence also applies to positive emotions.




67.(p. 321)

Which of the following types of emotional intelligence represents the degree to which people can harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being successful in their pursuits?

A. Self-awareness

B. Other awareness

C. Use of emotions

D. Emotion regulation

E. Emotion resilience

Use of emotions is one of the four aspects of emotional intelligence and it represents the degree to which people can harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being successful in their pursuits.

AACSB: Analytic



68.(p. 321)

Which of the following statements is true regarding emotional intelligence?

A. Emotional intelligence and cognitive intelligence are measures of the identical ability.

B. Emotional intelligence is a determinant of successful social functioning only.

C. Emotional intelligence is vital as it is always aligned to the organization's values.

D. Emotional intelligence can sometimes compensate for a deficit in cognitive intelligence.

E. Emotional intelligence focuses exclusively on understanding the emotions of others.

In many circumstances, high emotional intelligence can compensate somewhat for low cognitive intelligence. In other words, exceptional "people smarts" can, to some extent, make up for deficiencies in "book smarts."

AACSB: Analytic



69.(p. 324)

Which of the following is an assessment that asks people about behaviors and preferences that reflect their affective abilities?

A. Wonderlic Personnel Test

B. Scholastic Aptitude Test

C. Google Labs Aptitude Test

D. Emotional Quotient Inventory

E. Differential Aptitude Test

Assessment that asks people about behaviors and preferences that are thought to reflect emotional intelligence. One of the first tests to measure this was the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) which includes 133 questions.




70.(p. 324)

_____ refers to the degree to which the body is capable of exerting force.

A. Strength

B. Flexibility


D. Reaction time

E. Perceptual speed

Strength refers to the degree to which the body is capable of exerting force. There are several different types of strength that are important, depending on the job.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-04 What are the various types of physical ability?Topic: What Does It Mean For An Employee To Be "Able"?

71.(p. 324)

Which of the following represents the three types of strengths?

A. Fine, gross, and manipulative

B. Static, dynamic, and explosive

C. Sensory, psychomotor, and reflexive

D. Flexible, dynamic, and sensory

E. Reflexive, dynamic, and static

Strengths can be classified as static, explosive, and dynamic.

AACSB: Analytic



72.(p. 324)

Tests which measure one's ability to lift, push, or pull very heavy objects using the hands, arms, legs, shoulders, or back are a measure of _____.

A. static strength

B. fine manipulative abilities

C. depth perception

D. response time

E. perceptual speed

Strength generally refers to the degree to which the body is capable of exerting force. Static strength comes into play when actions such as lifting, pushing, or pulling heavy objects are performed.




73.(p. 324)

Which of the following types of strengths reflects the ability to exert force for a prolonged period of time without becoming overly fatigued?

A. Static strength

B. Dynamic strength

C. Sensory strength

D. Response strength

E. Explosive strength

Dynamic strength refers to the ability to exert force for a prolonged period of time without becoming overly fatigued and giving out. Dynamic strength is involved in jobs in which the person has to climb ropes or ladders or pull him- or herself up onto platforms.

AACSB: Analytic



74.(p. 324)

Joe Smith is aiming to be the next national heavyweight champion and much of his training is focused on preparing his body to exert short bursts of intense strength to lift the desired weights? From the information provided, we can conclude that this aspect of Joe's training focuses on _____.

A. control movement abilities

B. explosive strength

C. extent flexibility

D. fine manipulative abilities

E. depth perception

With explosive strength, people exert short bursts of energy to move the body or an object. Joe is training to be a heavyweight champion and he would be required exert large amounts of energy in short busts while lifting weights.




75.(p. 324)

_____ refers to the ability of a person's lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently while he or she is engaging in prolonged physical activity.

A. Homeostasis

B. Gross body equilibrium

C. Stamina

D. Flexibility

E. Response orientation

Stamina refers to the ability of a person's lungs and circulatory system to work efficiently while he or she is engaging in prolonged physical activity.Stamina is involved whenever the nature of the physical activity causes the heart rate to climb and the depth and rate of breathing to increase for prolonged periods of time.

AACSB: Analytic



76.(p. 324)

When a job requires extreme ranges of motion, it involves a need for _____.

A. auditory recognition

B. extent flexibility

C. self-regulation

D. gross body equilibrium

E. explosive strength

When a job requires extreme ranges of motion the type of flexibility involved is called extent flexibility.




77.(p. 324)

Which of the following is difference between dynamic flexibility and extent flexibility?

A. Dynamic flexibility is required over short periods of time, while extent flexibility is required in jobs spread over a longer period of time.

B. Dynamic flexibility involves fine motor movements, while extent flexibility requires gross motor movements.

C. Dynamic flexibility is a type of physical ability, while extent flexibility is a type of sensory ability.

D. Dynamic flexibility is seen in jobs that require repeated and quick bends, while extent flexibility is seen when a job requires extreme ranges of motion.

E. Dynamic flexibility is the quality of physical movement, while extent flexibility refers to the recognition of different sensory modalities.

Extent flexibility is the degree of bending, stretching, and twisting of body, arms, and legs. Dynamic flexibility is the speed of bending, stretching, and twisting of body, arms, and legs.

AACSB: Analytic



78.(p. 324)

When a job requires repeated and quick bends, stretches, twists, or reaches, the type of flexibility involved is called _____ flexibility.

A. sensory

B. dynamic

C. extent

D. control

E. circulatory

Dynamic flexibility is the speed of bending, stretching, and twisting of body, arms, and legs.

AACSB: Analytic



79.(p. 324)

The ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs to do something while the whole body is in motion is defined as _____.

A. perceptual speed

B. gross body coordination

C. sensory abilities

D. control movement abilities

E. fine manipulative abilities

Gross body coordination involves coordinating movement of body, arms, and legs in activities that involve all three together.

AACSB: Analytic



80.(p. 324)

The ability to maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or while changing directions refers to _____.

A. homeostasis

B. gross body equilibrium

C. extent flexibility

D. gross body coordination

E. dynamic flexibility

Gross body equilibrium involves the ability to maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or when the person has to change directions. Gross body equilibrium is important when the work environment is artificially elevated and inherently unstable.

AACSB: Analytic



81.(p. 324)

Athletes who walk on balance beams or ropes must display a high degree of _____.

A. gross body equilibrium

B. visualization

C. perceptual speed

D. visual color discrimination

E. homeostasis

Gross body equilibrium involves the ability to maintain the balance of the body in unstable contexts or when the person has to change directions.




82.(p. 324)

Which of the following is a physical ability?

A. Self-regulation.

B. Visualization.

C. Sensory abilities.

D. None of these.

E. Spatial orientation.

Strength, stamina, flexibility & coordination, psychomotor abilities, and sensory abilities, are the types of physical abilities identified in the text.

AACSB: Analytic



83.(p. 326)

Mark is one of the most skilled employees at Hourly Watch which is a wristwatch manufacturing company that believes in preserving the traditional art of making watches by hand. Being an expert, he can often be seen handling screwdrivers and tweezers making intricate designs and fitting in parts. This reflects Mark's ability in the area of _____.

A. gross body coordination

B. fine manipulative movements

C. spatial orientation

D. perceptual speed

E. depth perception

Fine manipulative abilities refer to keeping the hand and arm steady while grasping, manipulating, and assembling small objects. Refer Table 10-2 on page 354 in the text.Refer To: Table 10-2




84.(p. 327)

Sensory ability refers to:

A. the ability to quickly respond to signaling information after it occurs.

B. the capabilities associated with vision and hearing.

C. the ability to synchronize the movements of the body, arms, and legs to do something while the whole body is in motion.

D. the ability of the body to bend, stretch, twist, and reach.

E. the ability choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals.

Sensory ability refers to capabilities associated with vision and hearing.

AACSB: Analytic



85.(p. 327)

The visual ability that helps one see things in low light contexts is called _____.

A. near vision

B. far vision

C. night vision

D. visual color discrimination

E. depth perception

The visual ability that helps one see things in low light contexts is called night vision.

AACSB: Analytic



86.(p. 327)

Which of the following is the ability that reflects how quickly an individual responds to signaling information after it occurs?

A. Reaction time

B. Perceptual speed

C. Response orientation

D. Hearing sensitivity

E. Depth perception

This ability reflects how quickly an individual responds to signaling information after it occurs.

AACSB: Analytic



87.(p. 327)

The ability to judge relative distances between things accurately is called _____.

A. near and far vision

B. depth perception


D. visualization

E. visual color discrimination

The ability to judge relative distances between things accurately is called depth perception.

AACSB: Analytic



88.(p. 327)

Blue Wings Airlines is hiring new pilots. One of the key selection criteria for potential candidates is the ability to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals and the ability to respond quickly to signaling information after it occurs. The selection criteria indicate that to be selected, a candidate must have the two psychomotor abilities of:

A. perceptual speed and extent flexibility.

B. number facility and response orientation abilities.

C. response orientation and low response time.

D. visualization and gross motor coordination.

E. control movement abilities and originality.

The ability to choose the right action quickly in response to several different signals is called response orientation. Response time ability reflects how quickly an individual responds to signaling information after it occurs.

AACSB: Analytic



89.(p. 327)

The ability to identify and understand the words spoken by another person is called _____.

A. hearing sensitivity

B. written expression

C. speech recognition

D. auditory attention

E. oral expression

Depth perception is the judgment of relative distances.

AACSB: Analytic



90.(p. 327)

The ability to hear and discriminate sounds that vary in terms of loudness and pitch is called _____.

A. auditory attention

B. hearing sensitivity


D. verbal comprehension

E. oral expression

Hearing sensitivity refers to hearing differences in sounds that vary in terms of pitch and loudness.

AACSB: Analytic



91.(p. 327)

Being able to focus on a single sound in the presence of many other sounds is termed as _____.

A. auditory attention

B. problem sensitivity


D. depth perception

E. verbal comprehension

Auditory attention is the ability to focus on the source of a sound in the presence of other sources.

AACSB: Analytic



92.(p. 327)

Which of the following is a psychomotor ability?

A. Night vision

B. Auditory attention


D. Speech recognition

E. Depth perception

Night vision, auditory attention, speech recognition, and depth perception are types of sensory abilities. Response orientation is a type of psychomotor ability.

AACSB: Analytic



93.(p. 327)

Which of the following is a sensory ability?

A. Response time

B. Fine manipulative abilities


D. Control movement abilities

E. Depth perception

Response time, fine manipulative abilities, response orientation, and control movement are types of psychomotor abilities. Depth perception is a type of sensory ability.

AACSB: Analytic



94.(p. 328)

_____ is a strong predictor of task performance.

A. Emotional ability

B. General cognitive ability

C. Spatial ability

D. Psychomotor ability

E. Sensory ability

General cognitive ability has a strong positive effect on task performance.Refer To: Figure 10-4 on page 357

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-05 How does cognitive ability affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: How Important Is Ability?

95.(p. 328-329)

The effects of general cognitive ability on job performance are most pronounced in the area of _____.

A. administrative skills

B. managerial capabilities

C. task performance

D. interpersonal functioning

E. affective commitment

General cognitive ability is a strong predictor of job performance—in particular, the task performance aspect. General cognitive ability has no effect on affective commitment.Refer To: 10-4

AACSB: Analytic



96.(p. 329)

People who have _____ ability tend to be better at learning and decision making.

A. higher general cognitive

B. higher emotional

C. higher interpersonal

D. higher physical

E. higher motivational

People who have higher general cognitive ability tend to be better at learning and decision making as they are able to gain more knowledge from their experiences at a faster rate, and as a result, they develop a bigger pool of knowledge regarding how to do their jobs effectively.

AACSB: Analytic



97.(p. 329)

Which of the following is true with regard to testing of general cognitive ability?

A. The EQ-i is a widely used test of general cognitive ability.

B. The testing of general cognitive ability is unaffected by variables such as poor socio-economic status.

C. The testing of general cognitive ability in academic contexts, through tests like SAT and GMAT, is a valid measure of predicted success.

D. Assessment of general cognitive ability also reveals the higher levels of organizational commitment and citizenship behavior seen in individuals with high cognitive ability.

E. The results of testing general mental ability are not influenced by a deficit in learning opportunities.

The SAT is actually good at predicting college performance. Students with higher SAT scores tend to perform much better in their first year of college, end up with a higher cumulative grade point average, and have a higher likelihood of graduating. The same finding applies to predicting success in graduate-level school through the Graduate Management Admission Test as well.

AACSB: Analytic


Learning Objective: 10-05 How does cognitive ability affect job performance and organizational commitment?Topic: What Does It Mean For An Employee To Be "Able"?

98.(p. 329)

Which of the following is true regarding individuals with high cognitive ability?

A. Individuals with high cognitive ability are not significantly better than others at task performance.

B. Individuals with high cognitive ability also have significantly higher levels of organizational commitment than other employees.

C. Testing to select employees with high cognitive abilities is widely discouraged and avoided as it discriminates between people.

D. The relationship between high cognitive ability and task performance is observed in the academic context involving students as well.

E. High cognitive ability tends to be equally correlated with the variables of task performance, citizenship behavior, and counterproductive behavior.

Many organizations assess cognitive ability in efforts to select the best candidates available for specific jobs. The use of cognitive ability tests for this purpose appears to be quite reasonable, given that scores on such tests have a strong positive correlation with measures of performance across different types of jobs. In fact, this relationship holds even for performance in academic contexts.

AACSB: Analytic



99.(p. 330)

High cognitive ability has a strong correlation with:

A. increased citizenship behaviors like helping a colleague.

B. increased counterproductive behaviors like breaking office rules.

C. increased affective, continuance, and normative commitment to the organization.

D. increased task performance, especially in complex and demanding jobs.

E. increased physical stamina and interpersonal functioning.

There is a positive correlation between cognitive ability and task performance; this correlation is even stronger in jobs that are complex or situations that demand adaptability.




100.(p. 330)

Which of the following is one of the most widely used cognitive ability tests?

A. Wonderlic Personnel Test

B. Keirsey Temperament Sorter

C. Woodworth Personal Data Sheet

D. NEO Five-factor Inventory

E. Myers-Briggs Type Inventory

The Wonderlic Personnel Test is a 12-minute test of general cognitive ability that consists of 50 questions.

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