MGT/510 Midterm and Final Exam Quiz

MGT 510 Midterm and Final Exam – Strayer

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Chapters 1 Through 15

Chapter 1 Multinational Management in a Changing World

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Businesses of all sizes are increasingly looking for global opportunities becausea. Trade barriers are falling.b. Money is flowing more freely across countries.c. The world is becoming one interconnected economy.d. All of the above.

AACSB Analytic, Strategy

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2. Globalization isa. The trend of businesses expanding beyond their domestic boundaries.b. Increasing average temperature over the globe.c. The increased use of global satellite communication systems.d. A strategy of developing unique products for each nation in the world.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Environmental influence

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3. Which of the following would not be considered a basic source of globalization?a. Similar customer needsb. Falling of trade barriersc. Advances in communication technologyd. Differentiation among countries

AACSB Reflective Thinking, Environmental influence

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4. Multinational management isa. A strategy of developing similar strategies for different countries.

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b. The trend of business expanding beyond local boundaries.c. The formulation and design of management systems to successfully take

advantage of international opportunities and respond to international threats.d. None of the above

AACSB Reflective thinking, Strategy

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5. According to the text, the multinational companya. Is required to be a public corporation.b. Is any company that engages in any business function across borders.c. Must sell overseas to be a true multinational.d. Must be large.


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6. Which of the following is not a classification of economic systems noted in the text?a. Domestic economiesb. Transition economiesc. LDCsd. Emerging markets


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7. Transition economies area. Mature economies with substantial per capita GDP and international trade.b. Led by Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan.c. Countries changing from government-controlled or communistic economies to a

more free market capitalism.d. None of the above


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8. Emerging markets includea. OECD countries.

b. Brazil, China, Russia, India.c. Korea, Japan and USA.d. Hungary, Poland, Slovakia.


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9. Developing economies area. Mature economies with substantial per capita GDP and international trade.b. Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan.c. Countries in the process of changing their economies from government-controlled

to a more free market capitalism.d. None of the above


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10. Emerging markets are defined as those that are: a. Growing rapidly.b. Transitioning from a communist-controlled economy to capitalism.c. Seen to have impact only sporadically.d. Enjoying a mature economy.


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11. Major regional trade agreements include all of the following EXCEPTa. EU.b. NAFTA.c. APEC.d. PROTEC.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Legal responsibilities

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12. The economic agreement that links the US, Canada, and Mexico in an economic bloc that allows freer exchange of goods and services is known as thea. EU.

b. OPEC.c. APEC.d. None of the above


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13. The World Trade Organization:a. Is a major trading company.b. Succeeded the GATT agreements.c. Collects duties for member countries.d. Is a consulting group for companies who wish to engage in international trade.


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14. Examples of developed economies would include: a. The U.S. and Japan.b. Hungary and Poland.c. Argentina and Brazil.d. Hong Kong and Singapore.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Creation of value

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15. According to your text, FDI meansa. Foreign development initiatives.b. Various investment policies of the U.S. government.c. A foreign company has an ownership position in a company in another country.d. A type of international negotiation strategy.


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16. The two forms of risk discussed in the text includea. Exchange rate risk and corruption risk.b. Business risk and social risk.c. Sales risk and employment risk.

d. Economic and political risk.


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17. Economic risks discussed in the text includea. Anything a government might do or not do that might adversely affect a company.b. The likelihood of losing money if one invests in stocks.c. Exchange and interest rates.d. Expropriating of foreign firms by the local government without any

compensation.


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18. Anything that a government might do to affect a multinational adversely is known asa. Exchange rate risk.b. Business risk.c. Sales risk.d. Political risk.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Leadership

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19.. A global product or service isa. Adapted for each country's unique needs.b. A similar product or service for all customers throughout the world.c. A product or service that requires bilingual customers.d. Products developed for use outside the country.


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20. Which of the following statements about the Internet and Information Technology is true? a. The Internet is benefiting companies worldwide.b. Electronic communications does not allow companies to communicate with

locations around the world.

c. Information technology is not encouraging a borderless financial market.d. Information technology does not allow the sharing of information around the

world.

AACSB Technology, Information technology

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21. The free market reforms in emerging countries are creating a potential group of a. new competitors.b. old competitors.c. subsidized firms.d. government companies.

AACSB Analytic, Environmental influence

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22. Which of the following statements is true about privatization?a. Developing nations have the highest rate of privatization.b. The leading privatizers in the world do not face competition.c. Privatization is the sale of private business to government investors.d. Privatization is absent in transition economies.

AACSB Analytic, Legal responsibilities

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23. Global customers: a. Search for government-controlled enterprises.b. Provide reduced government trade protection.c. Search the world for their supplies without regard to national boundaries.d. Encourage large firms to sell to them.


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24. Global trade has this important effect on developing new competitors.a. It facilitates the transfer of technology, allowing former assemblers to become

creators.b. It facilitates the transfer of knowledge, allowing former builders to become

assemblers.c. It reduces competition.d. It reduces rivalry.


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25. Global standards for productsa. Are virtually impossible in technical industries.b. Refer to having one product standard for all countries.c. Puts companies at a strategic disadvantage.d. All of the above


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26. According to the experts cited in your text, the next generation of global managers will need all of the following, EXCEPT:a. Emotional intelligenceb. The ability to work with people from different cultural backgroundsc. Poor negotiation skillsd. A local mindset


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27. A global mindset requires managers to think globally but a. act locally.b. have emotional intelligence.c. understand national cultures.d. need accomplished negotiation skills.


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28. The strategic approach to multinational managementa. Involves the development of one strategy for all countries.b. Focuses on the skills and aptitudes that the next generation of global managers

will need.c. Is concerned with developing strategies that deal with operating in more than one

country and culture.d. None of the above


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29. Which of the following statements about globalization is false?a. Globalization is a simple evolutionary process.b. Not all economies of the world are benefiting equally from globalization.c. Terrorism, wars and SARS has limited and even reversed the effects of

globalization.d. All of the above statements are false.


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30. Aggressive multinational companies from emerging markets are a. expanding beyond their own borders.b. staying within their own national borders.c. help transition from a communist to a capitalist system.d. unable to compete with western companies.


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31. The set of technical standards developed by the International Organization for Standardization are known asa. ISO 92.b. ISO 14000.c. ISO 9001: 2000.d. None of the above


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32. One of the major reasons why global companies seek to develop standard products is because a. A standard product allows the company to save money because the same product

can be sold anywhere.b. A company can be more responsive to local cultural conditions.c. It allows the company to invest more in research and development.d. All of the above


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33. Emerging markets area. Located mostly in Africa and South America.b. Similar to developed economies.c. Those countries between developed and developing countries that present

tremendous opportunities.d. have free trade areas.


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34. Which of the following statements regarding the European Union is true?a. The European Union no longer exists.b. The European Union includes Venezuela.c. The European Union has a common currency.d. All of the above are true.


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35. Future trends indicate that _____ matters more than size of the company.

a. locationb. pricec. flexibilityd. a high standard


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36. According to the text, all of the following includes factors that will shape the future business environment EXCEPTa. Blurring of industry barriers.b. Finding your niche.c. Ability to find cheap labor.d. Emphasis on innovation and the learning organization.


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37. The best definition of multinational management includes which of these factors: a. The formulation of strategies and management systems.b. Designed to take advantage of international opportunities.c. And to respond to international threats.d. All of the above.


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38. Multinational companies are defined by all of these factors EXCEPT:a. Engaging in business beyond its domestic borders.b. They may be of any size.c. They may be corporations.d. They must be public corporations.


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39. The largest company in the world is:a. Wal-Mart Stores.b. BP.c. Royal Dutch Shell.d. Chevron.


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40. The European Union consists of:a. 25 member nations, with the 26th scheduled to become a member in 2013.b. 26 member nations, with the 27th scheduled to become a member in 2013.c. 27 member nations, with the 28th scheduled to become a member in 2013.d. 25 member nations, with no others scheduled to become a member in 2013.


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ESSAY

1. Discuss how any company can become a multinational company. What are some of the options available to companies that allow them to use international markets and locations competitively?

2. Discuss some reasons why reductions in world trade barriers are driving the world toward a global economy.

3. Discuss at least two major forces that are driving the world toward a global economy.

4. How is the Internet and Information technology helping companies deal with a global economy? How is the Internet and Information technology helping small companies and even companies from poorer nations?

5. What is corporate social responsibility? Why are firms trying to become socially responsible?

6. Discuss the differences between foreign trade and foreign direct investment.

7. What are some of the reasons why globalization and free trade are being criticized? Do you think that free trade is helping all countries? Why or why not?

8. Look at the information on the world’s leading exporters discussed in the text. Do you think these trends will continue in the future? Why?

9. Discuss the characteristics of a next generation of multinational managers. How can you develop those characteristics through education and experience?

10. Why should multinational management be studied? What are some of the elements of a strategic approach to multinational management?

Chapter 2 Culture and Multinational Management

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. All the following is true about culture EXCEPTa. Culture is the shared belief, norms, and values that guide everyday life of a group.b. Culture is passed from generation to generation through norms, values, and

beliefs.c. Culture is always directly observable.d. Culture is very pervasive in societies.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Individual dynamics

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2. The correct definitions of the levels of culture include all of these EXCEPT:a. The national culture, dominant within the political boundaries of a nation-state.b. The business culture, unique to each business.c. The organizational culture, shared by members of an organization.d. The occupational culture, shared by those in the same occupation.

AACSB Analytic, Individual dynamics

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3. Cultural values:a. Represent our understandings about what is true.b. Prescribe and proscribe behavior.c. Tell us what is good and beautiful and what are legitimate goals in life.d. Provide solutions to problems of adaptation to the environment.


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4. All of the following are dimensions of Hofstede’s Model of National Culture EXCEPT: a. Power avoidance.b. Uncertainty avoidance.c. Masculinity.d. Long-term orientation.


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5. International management may be influenced by which of the following levels of culture?a. Nationalb. Businessc. Organizationd. All of the above


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6. Aspects of the business culture in China include all of these EXCEPT:a. Business moves more slowly.b. One should respect Chinese business etiquette.c. It is important to praise individuals who excelled.d. The Chinese value harmony and order.


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7. Organizational culture refers to thea. Set of important understandings that members of an organization share.b. Expected ways of behaving for people in the same occupational group.c. Values and beliefs pertaining to doing business with a specific company.d. None of the above


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8. Occupational culturesa. Are the norms, values, beliefs, and expected ways of behaving for people in the

same occupational group.b. Are the set of important understandings that members of an organization share.c. Are norms, values, and beliefs that pertain to all aspects of doing business in a

country.d. Are the dominant cultures within a country.


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9. Some people believe that the norms, values, and beliefs of their own culture represent the only correct ways of dealing with the world. This is calleda. High power distance.b. Stereotyping.c. Androgyny.d. Ethnocentrism.


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10. Cultural relativism representsa. The belief that all cultures are valid and ethical responses to the problems of

living.b. The belief that some cultures are relatively better than others.c. The belief that your own culture is the best.d. The degree of similarity between business and national cultures.


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11. A new expatriate manager located in India reports to you that all of her subordinate local managers lack initiative and will only do what she tells them to do. You realize that most Indian managers expect superiors to tell them what to do. You advise her of this, but also caution the new manager to avoid:a. Rationalization.b. Stereotyping.c. Uncertainty avoidance.d. Ethnocentrism.


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12. On which of Hofstede's value dimensions does the U.S. rank highest?a. Masculinityb. Individualismc. Patriotismd. Power distance


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13. High power distance countries have norms, values, and beliefs such asa. It is best to exercise power privately.b. Everyone has a place, some are high and some are low.c. A leader should develop his or her subordinates.d. Leaders are made and not born.

AACSB Reflective thinking, Leadership principles

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14. Countries high on uncertainty avoidance have norms, values, and beliefs such asa. Debates help you find the truth.b. Deviant people should be tolerated.c. Lack of rules in the workplace is good.d. Experts and authorities are usually correct.


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15. Which of the following best describes U.S. culture with regard to individualism?a. Lower than many European nationsb. Highest observed so farc. About the same as Japand. Slightly above average


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16. An emphasis on leadership styles that appeal to duty and commitment to group goals are found primarily in countries witha. Low masculinity.b. Low uncertainty avoidance.c. Short term orientations.d. High collectivisim (low individualism).


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17. Training for conformity and obedience, with valuations based on compliance and trustworthiness characterize countries witha. Low power distance.b. High power distance.c. High individualism.d. Short term orientations.


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18. Cultures with high power distance values probably havea. Participative leadership.b. Decentralized decision making.c. Large wage differences between management and workers.d. Managers selected by educational achievement.


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19. Seniority tends to dominate evaluation and promotion ina. Short term oriented cultures.b. Cultures high on uncertainty avoidance and low on individualism.c. Ethnocentric cultures.d. Doing rather than being cultures.


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20. People from ________ countries would probably feel most comfortable with an autocratic (theory X) task- directed style of leadership.a. High masculinityb. High power distancec. High uncertainty avoidanced. All of the above


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21. A culture which has dominant values of success, money, and material things is probablya. Low on power distance.b. Low on individualism.c. High on masculinity.d. High on long term orientation.


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22. In countries that rank high on Hofstede's masculinity indexa. People prefer a short working day to get home to their families.b. People feel more comfortable in small organizations.c. Theory X management is rejected strongly.d. Work is central to life and job recognition is very important.


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23. In a universalistic culture, the right way to treat people is based ona. Personal relationships.b. Principles of harmony within the group.c. Abstract principles such as rules of law and religion.d. Accepting the use of emotions.


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24. Which of the 7d cultural dimensions represents the extent to which an individual's personal life is involved in his/her work relationships?a. Neutral versus affectiveb. Achievement versus ascriptionc. Time orientationd. Specific versus diffuse


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25. The achievement versus ascription dimension addressesa. The extent to which an individual's life is involved with work.b. The manner by which a society gives status.c. The way a culture deals with the past, present, and future.d. The belief people have in controlling their fate.


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26. Expressions of anger, laughter, gesturing, and emotional outbursts are considered acceptable ina. Specific cultures.b. Diffuse cultures.c. Neutral cultures.d. Affective cultures.


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27. Which of the following statements is true regarding a future oriented society?a. Managers and workers do not necessarily believe that hard work can lead to future

success.b. People believe they can control nature.c. Organizational change is considered necessary and beneficial.d. Individuals cannot influence the future.


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28. In countries where it is believed that nature dominates people,a. Managers are less likely to be fatalistic.b. Managers emphasize planning and scheduling.c. Managers actively try to change situations.d. Managers believe that they must accept situations rather than changing them.


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29. The ability to interact effectively in multiple cultures is known as a. Trustworthiness.b. Cultural intelligence.c. Cultural relativism.d. None of the above


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30. Discussing cultural paradoxes, the text indicates that although the US scores very high on individualism, it also has the highest percentage of a. unmotivated population.b. uncaring seniors.c. homeless people.d. charity giving in the world.


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31. A cultural paradox is defined as: a. Group situations define cultural prescriptions.b. Individual situations define cultural prescriptions.c. Group situations contradict cultural prescriptions.d. Individual situations contradict cultural prescriptions.


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32. When hiring for managerial jobs in high power distance countries, preference is generally given to individuals a. having a high social class or a degree from an elite university.b. from all social classes.c. based on their qualifications and skills.d. All of the above


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33. The range of feelings outwardly expressed in society refers to the cultural dimension of ________.a. Uncertainty avoidanceb. Universalism vs. particularismc. Neutral vs. affectived. Diffuse vs. specific


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34. Preference for involvement in multiple areas of personal and work life simultaneously are more likely ina. Specific cultures.b. Diffuse cultures.c. Neutral cultures.d. Affective cultures.


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35. Which of the following cultural dimensions is NOT included in Hofstede's model of national culture?a. Power distanceb. Individualismc. Masculinityd. Neutrality


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36. US firms often outsource customer service to workers in a foreign country. To minimize difficulties, such workers receive cross-cultural training which may include: a. Training workers to reduce or eliminate an accent.b. Educating workers regarding US culture.c. Requiring workers to speak only English while on duty.d. All of the above


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37. Which of the following cultural dimension represents the extent to which individuals are expected to be fair, altruistic, caring and generous?a. Performance orientationb. Individualismc. Humane orientationd. Power distance


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38. According to the text, which of the following two dimensions are not considered by Hofstede and is unique to the GLOBE cultural dimensions framework?a. Power distance and humane orientationb. Long-term orientation and uncertainty avoidancec. Masculinity and Individualismd. Humane orientation and performance orientation


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39. Cultural paradoxes representa. Cases where situations in reality seem to contradict cultural prescriptions.b. The assumption that all people within a culture behave, feel and act the same.c. The belief that a person’s culture is superior.d. The belief that one’s culture is inferior.


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40. According to research discussed in the text, which of the following may help managers become more culturally intelligent?a. Exposure to new cultural experiences in other countriesb. Learning to trust each people from individualistic culturesc. Having a short term orientationd. All of the above are true


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ESSAY

1. Define national culture, business culture, occupational, and organizational culture.

2. Describe three management implications of high individualism versus collectivism (low individualism).

3. What are country clusters? Explain with an example.

4. What are cultural paradoxes? Give one example.

5. Describe some characteristics of cultures high on power distance. Compare the management implications with cultures low on power distance.

6. Describe some characteristics of cultures high on collectivism. Compare the management implications with cultures low on collectivism.

7. Describe some characteristics of cultures high on masculinity. Compare the management implications with cultures low on masculinity.

8. Discuss four of the 7d cultural dimensions. What are some implications of these dimensions for international management?

9. Why do the rankings on some cultural dimensions such as individualism differ between the 7d and Hofstede models?

10. Discuss the GLOBE cultural framework. How is this cultural framework different from Hofstede’s framework?

Chapter 3 The Institutional Context of Multinational Management

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The national context of a society is made up ofa. The national and business cultures of that society.b. The social institutions of that society.c. The national cultures and social institutions of that society.d. The national cultures of that society.


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2. A complex of positions, roles, norms, and values organizing relatively stable patterns of human resources to sustain viable social structures refers to which of the following?a. Entrepreneurshipb. Social institutionsc. Comparative advantaged. Strategy of the multinational company


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3. According to the model discussed in the text, the national context does which of the following?a. Creates a resource poolb. Influences the business environment and helps create induced factor conditionsc. Does not influence the business environmentd. Does not help create induced factor conditions


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4. An economic system where production activities are decentralized to private owners who carry out these activities to make a profit is known as aa. Capitalist economy.b. Command economy.c. Socialist economy.d. Mixed economy.


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5. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding the experiences countries go through as they undertake market transitions from socialism to a more market based economy?a. Drastic measures have to be taken to turn around formerly inefficient companies.b. Managers' thinking have to be changed so that they can understand management

functions.c. Financial systems have to be left unregulated to accurately reflect market prices.d. More workers have to be hired as companies find that they are understaffed.


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6. A society that is characterized by dominance of the manufacturing or secondary sectors is a/ana. Industrial society.b. Pre-industrial society.c. Post-industrial society.d. Market society.


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7. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding post-industrial societies?a. Post-industrial societies are characterized by the dominance of manufacturing

sectors.b. Post-industrial societies tend to favor economic achievement.c. Post-industrial societies tend to emphasize quality of life over economic

achievement.d. All of the above are true.


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8. Which of the following are key social institutions that are the most likely to influence the business environment of a country?a. Economic systemb. Level of industrializationc. Religiond. All of the above


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9. Which of the following systems encourage the pursuit of collective goals such as social equality and solidarity?a. Economic systemb. Market economyc. Command economyd. Capitalist economy


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10. According to the text, which of the following statements regarding workers in formerly socialist economies is NOT TRUE?a. Workers in formerly socialist economies are very trusting of each otherb. Workers in formerly socialist economies are generally reluctant to cooperate and

work with each otherc. Workers in formerly socialist economies tend to favor personal relationships as

key to success as opposed to their work performanced. All of the above are true


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11. Which of the following societies tend to determine occupations based on ascription (family background) and social status?a. Industrial societies

b. Postindustrial societiesc. Socialist societiesd. Pre industrial societies


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12. Which of the following four religions are practiced by 71% of the world's population?a. Jainism, Hinduism, Islam and Christianityb. Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhismc. Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Buddhismd. Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam


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13. Which of the following religions is most practiced around the world?a. Christianityb. Buddhismc. Hinduismd. Islam


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14. Which of the following religions has strict gender roles and also prohibits multinationals from paying or receiving interest on transactions?a. Islamb. Buddhismc. Christianityd. Jainism


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15. Which religion is considered to be timeless and eternal as it not based on a single founder or event?a. Jainism

b. Christianityc. Hinduismd. None of the above


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16. Which of the following religions is based on the idea that craving and desires produce suffering but that it also possible to reach a stage where there is no longer any suffering? a. Christianityb. Judaismc. Hinduismd. Buddhism


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17. The cultural and economic changes that occur because of how production is organized and distributed in society refers to which concept? a. religionb. educationc. industrializationd. dominant economic type


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18. In industrial societies, occupational placement is based on universalistic criteria such asa. Age.b. Religion.c. Ascription.d. Achievement.


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19. A multinational manager carefully considers the list of festivals that are celebrated in a country in order to allow for holidays for his/her employees. Which social institution is most likely being considered here?a. Industrializationb. Market transitionc. Educationd. Religion


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20. Pre industrial societies tend to have a. Poor infrastructure and support.b. Adequate infrastructure.c. Favorable business conditions.d. Government support.


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21. An increased emphasis on quality of life over achievement oriented norms is typical ofa. Pre-industrial societies.b. Industrial societies.c. Post-industrial societies.d. None of the above


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22. A multinational Human Resource Manager's decision to promote an individual results in wide discontent in the foreign subsidiary. The manager finds that although the promoted individual's performance is exemplary, most employees feel that the promotion should have gone to another individual who comes from an important family. The foreign subsidiary is most likely located in a/an a. Industrial society.b. Pre-industrial society.c. Capitalist society.d. Post-industrial society.


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23. In which of the following societies would people most likely prefer non-monetary incentives?a. Industrial societyb. Pre-industrial societyc. Post-industrial societyd. None of the above

AACSB Reflective thinking, Motivation concepts

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24. High rankings on the materialist index of some countries (e.g., Hungary, India, Brazil) suggest that individuals in these countries are a. Favor non material incentives.b. Achievement oriented.c. Motivated by non-monetary rewards.d. Hinduism.


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25. When industrialization is inwardly oriented, local industries are promoted to satisfy the a. Need to export.b. Local population.c. Requirements of multinational companies.d. Domestic market and preserve foreign exchange.


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26. When industrialization is outward oriented, foreign exchange isa. Encouraged and exporting is promoted.b. Discouraged and exporting is not favored.c. Not welcomed.d. Used to fund governments in power.


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27. The famous German Sociologist, Max Weber, argued that the Protestant work ethic a. Led to the emergence of capitalism in Western Europe.b. Led to the decline of capitalism in Western Europe.c. Led to an acute distaste for the accumulation of wealth.d. Led to the rise of socialism in Eastern Europe.


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28. One important issue relevant to multinationals, is the extent to which educational systems encourage students to a. Be innovative and creative.b. To expect a more ethical atmosphere.c. Passively accept what is taught.d. None of the above


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29. When multinationals pay low wages or use child labor, they often receivea. Support and praise.b. Imprisonment.c. Negative publicity.d. Social responsibility.


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30. According to the text, all of the following statements regarding education and educational systems around the world are TRUE excepta. Universal education enrolment is a goal of most countries.b. Educational levels give an indication of the skill and productivity in any society.c. The focus of educational systems around the world are fairly similar in terms of

whether these systems emphasize academic or vocational aspects.d. All of the above statements are true.


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31. The educational attainment scoresa. Are fairly similar for most countries.b. Give an idea of the abundance of engineers for research and development

purposes.c. Reflect the mean years of schooling of people in any society.d. All of the above are true of educational attainment scores.


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32. Which of the following is not an implication of educational systems as they apply to multinationals?a. Educational level gives an indication of the skill and productivity of workers in

any society.b. Educational systems have implications for how labor force issues are approached

and policies implemented.c. Educational levels can be gauged to give an idea of what multinationals can

expect.d. All of the above are true


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33. In societies with high social inequality, resources are controlled by a. A majority of people.b. Very few people.c. The Government.d. Religious institutions.


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34. When a society expects that while men should work outside, and women ideally stay at home, this exhibits which of the following features?

a. Need for domestic productsb. Open societiesc. Growing levels of industrialization and economic developmentd. Strict division of society by gender


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35. Postindustrial societies are typically characterized by the dominance of a. Service and manufacturing sectors.b. Service sectors.c. Manufacturing sectors.d. Agricultural sectors.


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36. The degree to which people have privileged access to resources and positions within societies is a. An indication of social inequality.b. The same around the world.c. Has no implications for multinationals.d. All of the above


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37. Which of the following statements about the GINI index is FALSE?a. The GINI index represents the extent of inequality in people’s income within a

societyb. Ranges from 0 to 100c. Is scaled so that 0 represents no inequality while 100 represents perfect inequalityd. Is scaled so that 100 represents no inequality while 0 represents perfect inequality


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38. The movement from a socialist economy to a free market economy is also known as which of the following? a. Market transitionb. Dominant economic typec. Rapid industrializationd. Government regulation


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39. The index of economic freedom may be used by multinationals to understand the nature ofa. market transitionsb. national culturec. national contextd. governmental intervention


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40. Which of the following has important implications for multinationals?a. Religionb. Education and economic systemsc. Industrialization and inequalityd. All of the above


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ESSAY

1. Define social institutions. How do social institutions affect individuals and organizations?

2. Define national context. Explain how national context influences organizations.

3. What are the three major types of economic systems? What are the effects of economic systems on how organizations are structured in societies?

4. What are some implications of the market transitions that many formerly communist societies are experiencing? What are some major challenges facing multinationals as they try to motivate workers in these transition economies?

5. Compare and contrast pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial societies. Discuss the implications for multinationals of any one of these three types of economies.

6. What are some major philosophies of each of the world's major religions? Pick two religions and discuss how they affect the business environment.

7. How does the educational system influence the business environment in any country?

8. What is social inequality? What implications does social inequality have for multinationals?

Chapter 4 Managing Ethical and Social Responsibility Challenges in Multinational Companies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. International business ethicsa. Present problems similar to domestic business ethics.b. Pertain to the rules and values that determine actions that companies should

follow when dealing with other companies.c. Pertain to those unique ethical problems faced by managers conducting business

across countries.d. None of the above

AACSB Ethics, Ethical responsibilities in organizations and societies

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2. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding social responsibility?a. Social responsibility is not linked with business ethics.b. Refers to the idea that businesses have certain responsibilities to society beyond

making profits.c. Means that a company has to take into consideration various stakeholders when

making decisions.d. Is concerned with the ethical consequences of policies and procedures of the

company as an organization.


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3. The ethical philosophies that consider actions as good or bad regardless of their outcomes area. The teleological ethical theories.b. Utilitarianism.c. Deontological theories of ethics.d. None of the above


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4. Utilitarianism, as a form of ethical philosophy,a. Argues that what is good or moral comes from acts that produce the greatest good

for the greatest number of people.b. Argues that actions by themselves have a good or bad morality regardless of their

consequences.c. Is one form of deontological ethical theory.d. Is a moral language proposed by Donaldson.


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5. Which of the following statements are true about teleological ethical theories?a. The morality of an act comes from its consequences.b. Utilitarianism is one of the most popular teleological theory.c. Actions by themselves have a good or bad morality regardless of their

consequences.d. All of the above are true.


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6. Stealing a loaf of bread to feed a hungry family can be justified by which ethical theory?a. Social responsibility ethical theoryb. Deontological ethical theoryc. Moral languages

d. Utilitarianism


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7. Moral languagesa. Are a form of deontological ethical theory.b. Focus on the consequences of actions rather than their worth.c. Describe the ways people think about general issues.d. Are used to explain ethical choices.


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8. Moral languages include all of the following EXCEPTa. Virtue and vice.b. Self-control.c. Avoiding harm.d. Being ethical.


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9. Multinationals that provide fair wages to their local employees are following which type of moral language?a. Avoiding harmb. Ethical behaviorc. Rights and dutiesd. Social contract


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10. According to the text, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights is an example of which of the following?a. Convenient imperialismb. Transnational ethicsc. European codes

d. Moral language


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11. Written ethical codes may include which of the following?a. Contractsb. International lawsc. Laws of a countryd. All of the above


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12. Which of the following statements about bribes or questionable payments are true?a. Bribes to expedite government actions or to gain business advantages are common

in international business.b. Most countries have formal laws forbidding bribes or questionable payments.c. Enforceability of ethics varies in different countries.d. All of the above


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13. The reason to know provisions of the FCPA is that ita. Is the easiest to enforce and observe.b. Probably encourages foreign bribery.c. Is a tricky component for US companies.d. Emphasizes the reasonable person concept.


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14. According to the FCPA, U.S. managers are criminally liablea. Only for bribes that they pay directly to a foreign official.b. Only for bribes paid in the U.S. and not in other countries where it is common

practice in business dealings.c. For all bribes by employees or agents of the U.S. company even if the U.S.

managers do not know about them.d. For bribes paid by foreign agents, if managers know about them.


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15. Which of the following payments would the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act allow?a. Payments made under duress to avoid injury or violenceb. Small payments to encourage officials to do their legitimate and routine jobsc. Payments that are considered lawful in the countryd. All of the above are allowed


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16. Ethical dilemmas are usuallya. Easy to resolve.b. Clear and unambiguous.c. Unclear and ambiguous.d. Removed with a formal code of ethics.


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17. Proscriptive rules in codes of conduct:a. Tell multinational companies or managers what they should do.b. Are forms of moral language.c. Tell multinational companies or managers what they cannot do.d. All of the above


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18. Ethical convergencea. Is similar to ethical relativism.b. Refers to basic universal moral principles.c. Is a form of ethical universalism.d. Refers to the growing pressures for multinational companies to follow the same

rules in managing ethical behavior and social responsibility.


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19. Pressures for ethical convergence include all of the following EXCEPTa. The growth of international trade and trading blocs.b. Increased interaction between foreign trading partners.c. The need to have unique norms and values to manage their employees differently.d. All of the above are true


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20. Prescriptive rules in codes of conducta. Tell multinational companies or managers what they should do.b. Are forms of moral language.c. Tell multinational companies or managers what they cannot do.d. All of the above


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21. Ethical relativisma. Argues that one should impose the home country's ethical system everywhere.b. Implies that ethics are relative to the type of philosophy used.c. Means that each society's view of ethics must be considered legitimate.d. Means that the same ethical principles are universal.


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22. The argument that there are basic moral principles that transcend cultural and national boundaries is supported bya. Ethical relativism.b. Moral languages.c. Ethical universalism.d. None of the above


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23. When companies use the logic of ethical relativism to behave any way they please, this is known asa. Prescriptive ethical management.b. Proscriptive ethical management.c. Convenient relativism.d. Universal ethics applications.


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24. When companies use the logic of moral universalism and impose their views on the rest of the world, ________________ occurs.a. Ethical divergenceb. Ethical conveniencec. Cultural imperialismd. None of the above


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25. The form of analysis where the prime interest is what is the best decision for a company's profit isa. Legal analysis.b. Ethical analysis.c. Social responsibility analysis.d. None of the above


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26. In an economic analysisa. The manager considers the best decision for a company's profits.b. The manager focuses on meeting the laws of a country.c. The manager goes beyond profits and analyzes the ethical consequences of

decisions.d. None of the above


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27. When facing an ethical question, the manager who uses legal analysis criteriaa. Is primarily interested in the decision that is best for the company's profits.b. Focuses on only meeting the laws of the country in which the company is

operating.c. Focuses on meeting the needs of other constituents beyond stakeholders.d. Focuses on doing the right things.


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28. In an ethical analysis of a problem, a manager musta. Focus on meeting the laws of the country in which the company is operating.b. Focus on what is the best decision for a company's profits.c. Focus on the decisions with the best consequences.d. None of the above


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29. The first duty of a multinational manager faced with a decision isa. To consider whether the decision makes business sense.b. To consider whether the decision meets the legal standard in the country.c. To consider whether the decision is ethical.d. To refer to the written codes of ethics.


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30. Ethical decision making of multinational managers preferably shoulda. Be based solely on home country ethical principles.b. Go beyond legal constraints and respect the local cultural norms.c. Be primarily profitable for the multinational.

d. None of the above


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31. A multinational manager decides that it would be unethical to close a foreign plant as employees in that plant are not being treated with dignity. Which ethical theory is the manager using to reach that conclusion?a. Teleological ethical theoryb. Utilitarian ethical theoryc. Deontological ethical theoryd. None of the above


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32. A multinational manager decides to allow hiring of children for a foreign plant as such practices are accepted in the country. Which ethical principle is she basing her decision on?a. Ethical universalismb. Convenient ethical universalismc. Ethical relativismd. None of the above


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33. A multinational manager is considering closing a plant in China as wages have increased considerably in China. The manager considers the implications of laying off people and closing the plant on the profits of the company. Which form of analysis is the manager doing?a. Legal analysisb. Profit making analysisc. Ethical analysisd. None of the above


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34. Which act was proposed by the Securities Exchange Commission in reaction to the accounting scandals at companies like Enron and Worldcom?a. Sarbanes-Oxleyb. WTOc. Corruption Perception Indexd. The Ethisphere Institute


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35. Which of the following statements regarding the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) is NOT TRUE?a. Bribes or payments made under duress to avoid injury or violence are acceptable.b. Small payments to encourage officials to do their legitimate and routine jobs are

acceptable.c. Payments or gifts to foreign government officials for the sake of gaining or

retaining business are acceptable.d. In an unstable political environment, payments made to local officials to avoid

harassment of employees are acceptable.


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36. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding cultural relativism as an approach in international business ethics?a. What is right or wrong depends on the culture.b. A guide for what is legal and appropriate is the local culture.c. Companies should follow the moral norms of the local culture.d. All of the above statements are true.


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37. Deontological ethical theoriesa. Argue that the morality of an act comes from this consequences.b. Would provide justification for closing a plant and laying off workers to reduce

costs.c. Is most typically represented by cost and benefit analyses.d. Argue that actions by themselves have a good or bad morality irrespective of the

consequences.


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38. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a consequence of corruption?a. Companies typically make up the bribe by increasing the contract price.b. Companies use poorer quality materials to make up for the bribe.c. Companies devote some of the bribe to socially responsible causes.d. Corruption can also result in collusions among firms.


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39. The world seems to be moving towards transnational ethics because:a. Globalization dramatically increases contact among people from different ethical

and cultural systems.b. This contact creates pressure for the development of new transnational agreements

regarding business practices.c. International trade and trading blocs such as the EU and NAFTA are growing.d. All of these reasons.


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40. Which of the following ethical dilemmas is addressed by the Sarbanes Oxley Act?a. Competitionb. Auditor responsibility and independencec. Sourcing of cheap labord. Company strategy


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ESSAY

1. Discuss some of the issues that make international business ethics more complex than domestic business ethics.

2. Do laws always reflect a community’s ethics? Give an example to explain your answer.

3. Discuss the difference between teleological and deontological theories of ethics. Give examples of how an international manager might appeal to either type of theory when faced with the opportunity to offer a bribe.

4. How do social institutions and culture affect the practice of business ethics in different countries?

5. Compare and contrast ethical relativism and ethical universalism. What are some of the dangers of adopting either ethical relativism or ethical universalism when making decisions?

6. Describe the U.S. FCPA, what makes it challenging for U.S. firms, and how they deal with that challenge.

7. What are moral languages? How can moral languages help multinational become more ethical?

8. Discuss some of the pressures for ethical convergence. What are some implications for multinational management?

9. Compare and contrast prescriptive codes of ethics with proscriptive codes.

Chapter 5 Strategic Management in the Multinational Company: Content and Formulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Generic strategiesa. Occur when a company can outmatch its rivals in attracting and maintaining its

customers.b. Represent basic ways that domestic and multinational companies keep and

achieve competitive advantage.c. Are all based on finding ways to provide superior value to the customer.d. None of the above


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2. Which of the following is a primary generic strategy?a. Cross country subsidizingb. Low Costc. Competitive pricingd. Critical success factors


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3. Differentiation leads to higher profits bya. Charging a higher price than competitors.b. Offering the customer better value.c. Offering a product with more features and quality.d. All of the above


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4. A low cost strategy leads to higher profits bya. Charging a higher price than competitors.b. Offering the customer products with more features.c. The cost savings that firms achieve.d. Adding unique features to products.


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5. __________ strategies achieve higher profits by charging higher prices.a. Low costb. Differentiationc. Competitive advantaged. Generic


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6. The value chaina. Represents a generic strategy.b. Represents all the activities that a firm uses to market and deliver its products.c. Represents all the activities that a firm uses to design, produce, market, deliver,

and support its products.d. None of the above


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7. Upstream activities in the value chain are concerned, in part, witha. The primary activities.b. The support activities.c. Input logistics.d. After market service.


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8. Support activities includea. Research and development.b. Service repair.c. Output logistics.d. None of the above


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9. Sales and dealing with distribution channels refer to _________ activities in the value chain.a. Upstreamb. Supportc. Secondaryd. Downstream


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10. Capabilities that lead to competitive advantage must bea. Valuable, rare, and easy to copy.b. Fairly substitutable.c. Valuable, rare, and hard to copy.d. None of the above


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11. Competitive strategiesa. Are examples of basic generic strategies.b. Are moves multinationals and other companies use to defeat competitors.c. Can be low cost or differentiation.d. All of the above


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12. Offensive strategiesa. Are examples of basic generic strategies.b. Are direct targeting/attacking of rivals.c. Are attempts to reduce the risk of being attacked.d. Are used to convince other firms to seek other targets.


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13. Defensive strategies includea. Direct attacks, end-run offensive, and acquisitions.b. The generic strategies.c. Counter-parries.d. None of the above


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14. Strategies used to attempt to reduce the risk of being attacked area. Defensive competitive strategies.b. Offensive competitive strategies.c. Generic strategies.d. None of the above


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15. Counter-parrya. Is an example of an offensive strategy.b. Is an example of a generic strategy.c. Is fending off a competitor's attack in one country by attacking the competitor in

another country.d. None of the above


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16. Corporate level strategiesa. Are similar to the generic strategies.b. Pertain to the operation of corporate divisions.c. Are concerned with how single business companies choose strategies.d. Are concerned with how companies choose their mixtures of different businesses.


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17. Business level strategiesa. Include only the generic strategies.b. Pertain to the operation of multiple businesses.c. Are concerned with how single business companies choose strategies.d. Are concerned with how companies choose their mixtures of different businesses.


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18. In related diversification

a. Companies acquire businesses in any country.b. Companies acquire businesses in any industry.c. Companies acquire businesses that are similar in some way to their core business.d. None of the above


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19. Acquisition of mixtures of businesses in any industry isa. Low cost strategy.b. Unrelated diversification.c. Related diversification.d. A business level strategy.


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20. This is considered to be a popular and controversial way to address internal cost inefficiencies.a. Insourcingb. Outsourcingc. Related diversificationd. Unrelated diversification


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21. Market size, ease of entry and exit, and economies of scale are all examples ofa. Defensive strategies.b. Key success factors.c. Dominant economic characteristics.d. Differentiation.


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22. Key success factors area. Examples of defensive strategies.

b. Important characteristics of a company or its product that lead to success in an industry.

c. Similar to generic strategies.d. The economic characteristics of countries that lead to success.


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23. The acronym SWOT stands fora. Strategies with organizational timelines.b. Selection, withdrawal, opportunities, and timeliness.c. Strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats.d. Strategies, winning, organizations, and tender offers.


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24. A strength isa. A favorable condition in a company's environment.b. Distinctive capability, resource, skill, or other advantage that a company has vis-

à-vis its competitors.c. Represented by changes in the economic conditions in an industry.d. None of the above


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25. Weaknesses area. Lack of distinctive capabilities, resource, and skills that leads to competitive

disadvantage compared to competitors.b. Unfavorable conditions in a firm's environment.c. Relevant to both the internal and external environment of companies.d. All of the above


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26. BMW and Mercedes view their Japanese rivals moves into the upscale car market as a/ana. Strength.b. Weakness.c. Opportunity.d. Threat.


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27. Matrix analysesa. Help assess business portfolios.b. Divide businesses into successes and failures.c. Are less complicated for the multinational company.d. All of the above


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28. In the BCG Matrix, cash cows area. Businesses in a slow-growth industry where the company has a strong market

share position.b. Businesses in a fast growing industry where the company has a strong market

share position.c. Businesses in a slow-growth industry where the company has a weak market share

position.d. Businesses in a fast growing industry where the company has a weak market share

position.


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29. In the BCG matrix, the appropriate strategy for dogs should bea. Invest and Expand.b. Defend and Harvest.c. Divest.d. None of the above


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30. In the BCG Matrix, Defend and Harvest are the most popular strategies fora. Stars.b. Dogs.c. Cash cows.d. Problem children.


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31. Competitive advantagea. Represent the basic ways that companies can provide superior value to customers.b. Is one of the basic strategies.c. Occurs when a company can outmatch its rivals in attracting and maintaining its

customers.d. Is best achieved using a low cost strategy.


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32. The GE Portfolio matrixa. Is the same as the Boston Consulting Group matrix.b. Contains four cells based on industry and business strength.c. Can be used to assess business level strategies.d. Contains nine cells based on industry strength and business competitive position.


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33. Capabilities a. Are the inputs into a company's production or service processes.b. Are early activities in the value chain such as R&D and dealing with suppliers.c. Are similar to distinctive competencies.d. Represent the ability of companies to assemble and coordinate their resources in

ways that lead to lower costs of differentiated outputs.


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34. Favorable conditions in a firm's external environment are known as a. Strengths.b. Capabilities.c. Opportunities.d. Distinctive competencies.


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35. Which of the following more likely represents a threat to a multinational company like Toyota? a. Higher prices charged by Toyota's competitors.b. Lower interest rates around the world that makes cars more affordable.c. Toyota's bad image among teenagers.d. Kia and Hyundai's entry in markets traditionally dominated by Toyota.


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36. A company that has a limited product range, and sells to certain buyers in some geographical areas is said to have which of the following?a. Broad competitive scopeb. Narrow competitive scopec. Lack of competitiond. None of the above


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37. Porter’s five forces help a multinational manager understand a. The key success factors in an industry.b. How to assess the attractiveness of the industries a company is involved in.c. How to assess its unrelated diversification efforts.d. The trends in its industry.


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38. Which of the following forces is NOT one of the forces considered in Porter’s five forces analysis?a. Degree of competition among existing competitorsb. Degree of governmental regulation in the industryc. Threat of new entrants in the industryd. Bargaining power of buyers in the industry


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39. The degree to which competitors are confronted with alternatives for their products is referred to as which force in Porter’s five forces?a. Threat of new entrantsb. Bargaining power of buyersc. Degree of competitiond. None of the above


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40. The national context affects strategy through which of the following processes?a. Encourage or discourage certain forms of businesses and strategies in each

countryb. Factor conditions play a role in shaping each country’s unique resource basec. Determine which resources are used, how they are used and which are developedd. All of the above


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ESSAY

1. Describe the low cost strategy as compared to the differentiation strategy.

2. Regarding low cost and differentiation strategies, when is each strategy appropriate?

3. Compare and contrast defensive and offensive strategies. Discuss when a multinational can use offensive strategies in one country and defensive strategies in another.

4. What is the value chain? How can an understanding of the value chain help a company be more successful in its generic strategy?

5. What is related diversification? When would you expect related diversification to be more profitable than unrelated diversification?

6. What is sustainable competitive advantage? What are some essential characteristics of company capabilities that can lead to sustainable competitive advantage?

7. Describe the SWOT analysis. Why is a SWOT analysis more complex for a multinational than for a domestic company?

8. Discuss some of the major issues a multinational manager needs to take into consideration when conducting an industry analysis.

9. What are key success factors? Discuss some KSFs that are most likely to vary by national context.

10. Discuss each of Porter’s five forces model. What information can a multinational obtain from Porter’s five forces industry analysis?

Chapter 6 Multinational and Entry-Mode Strategies: Content and Formulation

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. According to the text, a fundamental dilemma faced by all multinationals isa. The form of competitive strategy they should use.b. How much they emphasize responding to differences in all the markets they

operate.c. How to fight their rivals.d. None of the above


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2. Responding to differences in the markets in all the countries in which a company operates isa. The global-local dilemma.b. The best strategy for success for a multinational.c. The local-responsiveness solution.d. The global solution.


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3. The global solution to the global-local dilemma refers toa. Conducting business similarly around the world.b. Responding to differences in the global markets in which a company operates.c. Customization of products to regional but not country differences.d. None of the above


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4. Conducting business similarly throughout the world, and locating company units wherever there is high quality and low cost isa. The global-local dilemma.b. The global integration solution.c. The local responsiveness solution.d. The multidomestic solution.


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5. A multidomestic company gives strategic priority toa. Providing a low cost product to local customers.b. Adapting a product or service to local needs.c. Having multiple locations for sources its raw materials.d. Controlling the strategic options of local companies.


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6. Which strategy attempts to balance advantages from three other multinational strategies?a. Regionalb. Multidomesticc. Transnationald. International


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7. Dispersing value-chain activities anywhere in the world where the company can do them best or cheapest refers to seeking a. The global-local dilemma.b. Comparative advantage of nations.c. Competitive advantage of firms.d. Locations advantages.


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8. Comparative advantage isa. Similar to competitive advantage.b. A local responsiveness solution.c. Where the company can produce the cheapest.d. Advantages of nations over other nations.


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9. Comparative advantages area. Cost or quality advantages particular to a nation.b. Similar to competitive advantages.c. Emphasized through multidomestic strategies.d. None of the above


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10. Selling global products and using similar marketing techniques worldwide is an example of aa. Transnational strategy.b. International strategy.c. Multidomestic strategy.d. Regional strategy.


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11. A regional strategy refers toa. Managing raw-material sourcing, production, marketing, and support activities

within a particular region.b. Selling global products and using similar marketing techniques worldwide.c. Dispersing value-chain activities anywhere in the world where the company can

do them best or cheapest.d. None of the above


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12. Global companies usually seek toa. Provide unique products for all countries of the world.b. Take advantage of different factor costs among countries.c. Manufacture their products in every country.d. Focus only on downstream activities in the value chain.


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13. Common customer needs, global sources of raw material, and favorable trade policies all lead toa. An increased focus on local markets.b. More use of the multidomestic strategy.c. More use of the local solution to the global-local dilemma.d. A greater likelihood that companies select global strategies.


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14. Having one set of products for North American countries and another set of products for Europe illustrates which strategy?a. Multidomesticb. Regionalc. Transnationald. Global


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15. Globalization driversa. Fall into four categories: market, costs, governments, and competition.b. Are conditions in an industry that favor transnational or international strategies

over multidomestic or regional strategies.c. Indicate the degree of globalization of an industry.d. All of the above


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16. Asking diagnostic questions such as are there economies of scale, are there cheaper sources of raw materials, are there global sources of low-cost raw materials provide information regarding which globalization driver?a. Global marketsb. Costsc. Competitiond. Governments


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17. Entry-mode strategiesa. Include multidomestic and transnational strategies.b. Are options multinationals have to enter foreign markets and countries.c. Are only processes by which firms fill overseas orders like domestic orders.d. None of the above


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18. Using intermediaries or go-between firms to provide the knowledge and contacts necessary to sell overseas is usually associated witha. Direct exporting.b. Franchising.c. Indirect exporting.d. Licensing.


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19. A company that treats and fills overseas orders like domestic orders is an example of aa. Indirect exporter.b. Export management company.c. Aggressive exporter.d. Passive exporter.


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20. International franchisinga. Is a comprehensive licensing agreement where the franchisor grants to the

franchisee the use of a whole business operation.b. When multinationals make a project fully operational and train local managers

and workers before the owner takes control.c. The use of intermediaries or go-between firms to provide the knowledge and

contacts necessary to sell overseas is.d. None of the above


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21. When multinationals make a project fully operational and train local managers and workers before the owner takes control, they are using which entry-mode strategy?a. Licensingb. Franchising

c. Turnkeyd. Direct export


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22. When a firm from another country has an equity (or ownership) position in a separate company, it is engaging in a. An international cooperative alliance.b. A turnkey operation.c. A contract manufacturer.d. FDI.


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23. Foreign direct investmenta. Is an entry-mode strategy.b. Means that a multinational owns, in part or in whole, an operation in another

country.c. Symbolizes the highest rate of internationalization.d. All of the above


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24. Major drawbacks of licensing includea. The risk of losing the capital investment.b. The risk of the local government changing international trade policies.c. The loss of control and the possibility of creating a new competitor.d. All of the above


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25. Companies should license ifa. They want to control all aspects of operation.b. Their product is older or a soon-to-be replaced technology.

c. They have the necessary resources to export or invest directly.d. There are no tariffs or quotas.


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26. If a company seeks a strategic alliance with another firm, it is a a. Low cost strategy.b. Franchising agreement.c. Competitive agreement.d. Cooperative agreement.


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27. Advantages of foreign direct investment includea. Increased capital investment.b. Greater control of product and marketing strategy.c. Greater exposure to financial risks.d. The lower costs of using expatriates managers.


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28. If management believes that it must control foreign sales, customer credit, and the eventual sale of the product, then the company should choose which of the following entry-mode strategies?a. Indirect exportingb. Licensingc. Direct exportingd. Franchising


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29. When deciding on an entry-mode strategy, cultural distance isa. The physical distance between two countries.b. Not the distance between an organization's culture and the local national culture.

c. Similar to the geographic distance.d. None of the above


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30. As entry-mode strategies, direct and indirect exporting havea. High levels of control and low levels of risk.b. Similar levels of risk and control as FDI.c. Low levels of risk and control.d. Are among the most risky.


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31. Which of the following strategies gives top priority to seeking location advantages and to gaining operation efficiencies from worldwide operation?a. Multidomestic strategyb. Regional strategyc. Transnational strategyd. International strategy


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32. If strategists in a firm believe that centralizing key activities such as R&D is necessary to reduce coordination costs and to achieve economies of scale, they are more likely to choosea. An international strategy.b. A transnational strategy.c. A local strategy.d. None of the above


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33. What dictates the choice of a multinational entry-mode strategy?a. Strategic competition

b. Strategic reason to be in the marketc. Companies want to share risks and costs of developing technologyd. Companies want to achieve economies of scale


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34. If a company believes that it needs to control foreign sales, customer credit, and sale of product to the customer, it is more likely to choosea. Indirect exporting.b. Rely on foreign intermediaries for export purposes.c. Direct exporting.d. None of the above


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35. To deal with political risk, various private and government agencies offer a. Insurance.b. Assurance.c. Investment.d. All of the above are true.


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36. A company pursuing a regional strategya. Has worldwide products and a worldwide value chain.b. Sells the same product using only minor modification in marketing and product

offerings.c. Is similar to a company pursuing an international strategy.d. Attempt to gain location advantages of more global transnational combined with

some of the local-adaptation advantages of the multidomestic company.


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37. Which of the following statements regarding exporting is FALSE?

a. Exporting is the easiest of entry-mode strategies.b. Export can be of the passive form where overseas orders are treated like domestic

orders.c. Export can be indirect where companies rely on intermediaries to sell overseas.d. Because it is the easiest form of going international, exports are not as important

to the US economy.


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38. Foreign direct investmenta. Exists when two or more firms have an ownership position in a separate company.b. Requires at least three separate companies to combine resources.c. Exists when two or more companies agree to cooperate in any value-chain

activity.d. The above statements are all true for equity international joint ventures.


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39. Which of the following refers to the negative impact of political decisions or events on a multinational’s profitability?a. Economic riskb. Local government riskc. Political riskd. Control risk


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40. Which of the following is NOT a factor considered when assessing political risk?a. The durability of the political systemb. The role of the government, unions and the media in political stabilityc. The profitabilityd. The reliability of the rule of law


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ESSAY

1. Describe the global-local dilemma. When is each solution most appropriate?

2. What are globalization drivers?

3. Discuss the conditions when a transnational or international firm is likely to outcompete a multidomestic or regional strategist. Contrast this with the opposite situation where the multidomestic is most likely to be successful.

4. Contrast the transnational and international strategies in their approach to location advantages.

5. You work for a small company that has an innovative low-cost production method for laser disks. A Japanese firm approaches your CEO to license the technology. The CEO asks you to write a report detailing the risks and potential benefits of this deal. What will you include in the report and why?

6. You work for a small company that has an innovative low-cost production method for laser disks that allow it to produce at very low cost. A Belgian firm approaches your CEO and offers to export your disks to Belgium for a commission. The CEO asks you to write a report detailing the risks and potential benefits of this deal. What will you include in your report and why

7. Under what conditions would a regional strategy be best for a multinational? Explain.

8. Discuss some key issues to consider when choosing an entry-mode strategy.

9. Discuss some general strategic considerations regarding multinational strategy when choosing a entry-mode strategy.

10. What is political risk? Discuss some of the aspects of political risk assessment. How can multinationals use political risk assessment?

Chapter 7 Small Businesses and International Entrepreneurship: Overcoming Barriers and Finding Opportunities

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Small businesses differ from large businesses when going international primarily ina. The available participation strategies.b. The strategies they can use to go international.c. Their founder's or entrepreneur's influence.d. The available multinational strategies.


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2. Definitions of small businesses discussed in the text include the following EXCEPTa. Number of employees.b. Sales revenue.c. Industry.d. Type of product or service.


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3. An entrepreneura. Creates new ventures that seek profit and growth.b. Is seldom the primary force behind a company's decision to go international.c. Can accurately predict the risks and uncertainties of his/her ventures.d. Faces less uncertainty than a multinational.


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4. When a company sets up a sales branch in a foreign country, it is at what stage of the internationalization of the small entrepreneurial business?a. Stage 1b. Stage 2c. Stage 3d. Stage 4


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5. During the second stage (Export Management) of the small business model of internationalization, the companya. Fills international orders only.b. Specifically seeks export sales.c. Seeks increased sales from licensing.d. Sets up a local sales office in another country.


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6. A global start-up isa. A company that goes global from day one of its life.b. A company that starts a global strategy after exporting.c. A company that skips the first stage of the Small Business Model of

Internationalization.d. None of the above


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7. One of the major advantages of being involved in Stage 5 (Production Abroad) of the stages of internationalization for small businesses is that ita. Allows the company to cut the costs of direct investment.b. Allows the company to avoid developing a globally integrated network.c. Allows the company to gain local advantages such as product adaptation or

production effectiveness.d. Almost insures that the company will survive and prosper.


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8. Global start-ups occur whena. Companies have consistent licensing agreements.b. Companies start exporting as soon as they receive their first order.c. Companies begin as multinationals.d. Companies move rapidly through the stages of internationalization.


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9. Which of the following has helped to level the playing field for small businesses wanting to go international?a. Technology and e-commerceb. Sources of venture capitalc. Having a headquarters located near a major customerd. The existence of trade shows


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10. The liabilities of size for small businesses imply thata. Small businesses can grow as a result of going international.b. Being small often means it may be more difficult to obtain necessary resources.c. Small size creates only limited liability.d. Small and new businesses can only succeed by exporting.


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11. Small business barriers to internationalization include all of the following EXCEPTa. Small size means limited financial and personnel resources for international

operations.b. Top managers with limited international experience.c. Positive attitudes of top managers about becoming multinationals.d. Lack of sufficient scale to produce goods or services as efficiently as large

companies.


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12. Although large businesses have more resources, small businesses have the advantage of: a. size.b. time.c. speed.d. a global culture.


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13. A small business global culture occurs whena. Small businesses face global competition.b. Key decision makers view competition as more domestic than global.c. Organizations have managerial and worker values that view strategic

opportunities as global and not just domestic.d. Managers give priority to the relevance of national boundaries when conducting

international business.


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14. The development of a global culture is affected by all of the following characteristics of the key decision makers EXCEPTa. Ability to perform well at the domestic level.b. International experience.c. Perceived psychological distance to foreign markets.d. Overall attitudes toward international strategies.


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15. All of the following are true about small business CEOs EXCEPTa. Opening new markets is often the personal responsibility of the CEO.b. They want to take a break from the daily management of their businesses by going

overseas.c. New international ventures may threaten their family life.d. Their attitudes towards internationalization is a major factor in international

success.


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16. Small businesses can potentially have more advantages than larger businesses in the global economy becausea. Small companies can change quickly to take advantage of opportunities in new

markets.b. Larger companies have more slack resources to absorb risk.

c. Small companies require a lot of travel from their CEOs.d. Small companies have more access to resources.


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17. The small business advantage refers toa. The energy and creativity entrepreneurs can put in their multinational operations.b. The ease by which small companies can become global start-ups.c. The speed by which entrepreneurs can react to changing conditions and capture

significant sales before larger companies can react.d. The number of venture capitalists willing to invest in successful small businesses.


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18. It is now easier to overcome the barriers to small business internationalization because of all of the following reasons EXCEPTa. There are more government programs that support small business exporting and

sales.b. Trade agreements (such as NAFTA) are making international trade less complex.c. Larger organizations are increasingly more willing to share their global expertise

with smaller ones.d. There is a wealth of information regarding international opportunities such as

those available on the World Wide Web.


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19. Which of the following is not one of the questions to consider when a small business decides to go international?a. Do we have a global product or service?b. Do we have partners with which to go international?c. Do we have the managerial, organizational, and financial resources to go

international?d. Is there a profitable market for our products or service?


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20. A strategic competitive advantage for breaking into the established pattern of commercial activity is a/ana. Low cost strategy.b. Differentiation Strategy.c. Entry wedge.d. Participation strategy.


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21. According to the text, which of the following participation strategies do small businesses emphasize?a. Importingb. Licensingc. Foreign direct investmentd. Exporting


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22. The more common techniques of making international contacts used by small businesses include all of the following EXCEPTa. Trade shows.b. Seeking advice from foreign companies.c. Government sponsored trade missions.d. Catalogue expositions.


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23. An entry wedge isa. A strategic competitive advantage for breaking into the established pattern of

commercial activity.b. A competitive opening in an industry.c. A strategy used by only new companies.d. None of the above


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24. First mover advantages occur whena. A company can begin business as a global start-up.b. A company adopts global strategies faster than competitors.c. Company moves quickly into a new venture and establishes the business before

other firms can react.d. A company changes production technology.


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25. Technological leadership, as a source of first mover advantage refers toa. A company beginning business as a global start-up.b. A company that adopts global strategies faster than competitors.c. A company that moves quickly into a new venture.d. A company that is the first to use a new technology.


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26. First mover advantage includes all of the following EXCEPTa. Technological leadership.b. First access to natural and other resources.c. Better ability to forecast market conditions.d. Switching costs.


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27. Copycat businessesa. Follow the “me too” strategy.b. Adapt existing products or services to attract customers.c. Find a niche or slight innovation to gain market share from existing businesses.d. All of the above


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28. Successful strategies for copy cats include all of the following EXCEPTa. Being the first to change to a new standard.b. Transferring the location.c. Seeking abandoned or ignored market.d. Selling products at a global level.


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29. Future Tech International sells high tech products in Latin America, a market traditionally ignored by many high tech companies. What successful copycat strategy does this move represent?a. Acquiring existing businessesb. Becoming a dedicated distributorc. Seeking abandoned or ignored marketsd. Being the first to change to a new standard


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30. Switching costs area. Expenses involved when a customer switches to a competitor's product.b. Forms of copycat strategies.c. The costs incurred by a company when adopting a global standard.d. None of the above


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31. The United Nations and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Developmenta. Defines a small business as those having less than 500 employees.b. Defines a small business as those with less than 100 employees.c. Defines a small business based on industry and sales revenue.d. All of the above


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32. When a small business uses significant resources to seek increased sales from exporting, it is what stage of internationalization?a. Stage 1 - Passive exportingb. Stage 2 - Export managementc. Stage 3 - Export departmentd. Stage 4 - Sales branch


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33. International sales intensity represents a. A significant size barrier to internationalization.b. The amount of international sales as a proportion of total sales.c. The amount of local sales as a proportion of international sales.d. Is more relevant for larger businesses.


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34. All of the following are first mover advantages EXCEPTa. First mover advantages gives the company first access to natural resources.b. First mover advantages gives the company first access to social resources.c. First mover advantages reduce switching costs.d. All of the above are first mover advantages.


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35. The discovery, evaluation and exploitation of market opportunities refers to which of the following? a. Entrepreneurshipb. International entrepreneurshipc. Small businessd. International opportunities


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36. Which of the following statements about small businesses in the US is FALSE?a. Small businesses represent about 99.7% of all employing firms.b. Small businesses generate about 15% of all new jobs annually.c. Small businesses employ almost 41% of all high tech workers.d. Small businesses represent almost 97% of identified exporters.


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37. When demand for a small business is so high in a foreign country that it justifies setting up a local branch, which of the following stages of internationalization is the small business at?a. Export managementb. Passive exportingc. Production abroadd. None of the above


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38. A multinational manager is studying the data on total entrepreneurial activity ratings by country. She is most likely doing this in order to a. Assess the level of entrepreneurship in a country.b. Understand available industries.c. Assess small business failure.d. Understand opportunities for new ventures.

AACSB Analytic, Creation of value

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39. Many multinationals rely on the support and assistance provided by which of the following when entering a new country?a. Customersb. Entrepreneurs and small businessesc. World Bankd. Trade Shows


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40. Which of the following is NOT a common customer contact technique used by small firms to get find customers?a. Trade showsb. Industry advisory boardsc. Government sponsored trade missionsd. Catalog expositions


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ESSAY

1. Why are small businesses important for most economies?

2. What are the advantages of a small business going international through incremental stages rather than as a global start-up?

3. Describe the Small Business Stage Model.

4. Discuss some of the advantages that the Internet can offer small businesses when going international.

5. Identify two or three small business barriers to internationalization. If you were a recently hired manager of a small business facing great opportunities in a foreign market, how would you go about overcoming these barriers.

6. Imagine a small business manager asks you, a recent business college graduate, to help her decide whether she should enter the export market. What questions would you ask her and why?

7. How do small businesses and entrepreneurs affect national economic growth and development? Explain why multinationals consider entrepreneurship levels in the country when making their location choices.

8. Discuss ways that a small business manager can make the contacts necessary to implement an exporting strategy.

9. Consider three of the suggested strategic moves for copycat businesses. Which of these strategies might be most successful when expanding into the international market as opposed to the domestic market?

10. What is the first mover advantage? What are the most common sources of first mover advantages? How can a small business benefit from first mover advantage?

Chapter 8 Organizational Design for Multinational Companies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The manner in which organizations structure subunits and use coordination and control mechanisms to achieve their strategic goals is thea. Organizational structure.b. Organizational culture.c. Degree of formalization.d. Organizational design.


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2. The functional structure is considered most efficient whena. An organization gets too large.b. When customers need special functions.c. When the organization is in the mature phase of the life cycle.d. When organizations have few products.


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3. All of the following statements are true about the functional structure EXCEPTa. In the functional structure, departments perform separate business functions such

as marketing or manufacturing.b. The functional structure is the simplest of organizations.c. In small organizations, the functional structure is the least efficient of all

structures.d. Because functional subunits are separated from each other, coordination among

the units can be difficult.


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4. One of the major reasons why companies choose a functional structure is becausea. It allows adapting products to country tastes.b. It enables responding to the needs of different types of customers.c. It helps balance the strategy with the organization design.d. It helps achieve efficiency.


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5. All of the following statements are true about product structures EXCEPTa. The product structure is the most efficient of all structures.b. Product organizations must still perform some functional tasks of a business.c. The structure builds a department or subunit around a product .d. Managers choose product structures when they believe that a product or a group

of products is sufficiently unique to require focused efforts on one type of product or service.


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6. The least efficient of the following structural options isa. Product structure.b. Functional structure.c. Vertical structure.d. Graphic structure.


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7. Organizations that are designed with mixtures of structures that are the best to implement their strategies area. Product structures.b. Geographic structures.c. Hybrid structures.

d. Functional structures.


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8. When exports become a significant percentage of company sales and a company wishes greater control over its export operations, managers often create a separatea. Export department.b. Functional department.c. Product department.d. Liaison office.


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9. The structure adopted by companies in the early stage of internationalization is usuallya. Replica.b. Network.c. Export department.d. Transnational subsidiary.


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10. The type of subsidiary that supports a multinational firm strategy based on location advantages is a/ana. Export department.b. Minireplica subsidiary.c. Transnational subsidiary.d. International division.


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11. The minireplica subsidiarya. Copies the structure and strategy of companies located in the same country.b. Mostly copies the structure and strategy of the parent company.

c. Replicates only minor parts of the parent’s production technology.d. Copies the structure of small foreign firms.


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12. Transnational subsidiariesa. Look pretty much like a domestic division of the parent company.b. Often have different structures and functions in each location.c. Exist near the border to facilitate exporting.d. Serve mostly to coordinate international currency exchange.


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13. The international division differs from the export department in thata. The international division is usually larger and has greater responsibilities.b. The international division has more extensive staff with international expertise.c. Top management expects the staff of the international division to perform

functions such as negotiating licensing and joint venture agreements, translating promotional material, or providing expertise on different national cultures and social institutions.

d. All of the above are true.


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14. Which of the following are considered to be the structural building blocks for running a multinational?a. International divisionb. Metanationalc. Mini replicad. Foreign subsidiaries


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15. Adopting strategies that include both concerns for local adaptation needs and concern for the economic and product development benefits of globalization is possible with thea. Worldwide product structure.b. Worldwide geographic structure.c. Hybrid structure.d. None of the above


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16. The worldwide geographic structure is usually considered best to implement a _____ strategy.a. Multidomestic or regionalb. Transnationalc. Internationald. Indirect exporting


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17. The worldwide product structure is usually considered best to implement a/an _____ strategy.a. Multidomestic or regionalb. Transnationalc. Internationald. Indirect exporting


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18. The most balanced structural solution to the national responsiveness versus global efficiency dilemma isa. The transnational network structure.b. The worldwide product structure.c. Worldwide geographic structure.d. The matrix structure.


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19. All of the following statements are true about the worldwide matrix structure EXCEPTa. To balance the benefits produced by geographic and product structures and to

coordinate a mixture of product and geographic subunits, some multinationals create a worldwide matrix structure.

b. Unlike most hybrid organizations, the worldwide matrix structure is a symmetrical organization.

c. It has unequal lines of authority for product groups and for geographic divisions.d. The matrix structure works well only when there are near equal demands from the

environment for local adaptation and for product standardization with its associated economies of scale.


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20. Which of the following structures best support strategies that emphasize global products and rationalization?a. The functional structureb. The matrix structurec. The geographic structured. The product structure


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21. A __________ helps link the organization horizontally.a. Control systemb. Coordination systemc. Cultural systemd. Centralized operations


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22. The type of vertical control mechanism most often associated with a profit center isa. Bureaucratic.b. Output.c. Cultural.

d. Decision making.


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23. The type of control system favored by the transnational isa. Bureaucratic.b. Output.c. Cultural.d. Decision making.


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24. _________ mean/means that management locates subsidiaries anywhere in the world where they can benefit the company.a. Dispersed subunitsb. Specialized operationsc. Interdependent relationshipsd. None of the above


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25. __________ help link the organization vertically, up and down the organizational hierarchy.a. Coordination systemsb. Dispersed subunitsc. Control systemsd. Subunits


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26. Output control systemsa. Focus on managing behaviors, not outcomes, within the organization.b. Represent the level in the organizational hierarchy where managers have the

authority to make decisions.

c. Assess the performance of a unit based on results, not on the processes used to achieve those results.

d. Use the organizational culture to control the output and attitudes of employees.


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27. Which of the following types of control system uses budgets, statistical reports, standard operating procedures, and centralized decision making to manage organizational processes?a. Profit centerb. Bureaucratic control systemc. Decision-making controld. Cultural control system


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28. A permanent unit of the organization designed to focus the efforts of different subunits on particular problems is a a. Task force.b. Full-time integrator.c. Liaison.d. Team.


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29. Temporary groups created to solve a particular organizational problem such as entering a new market area. Teams.b. Liaisons.c. Taskforces.d. Full time integrators.


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30. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the use of control options by most multinationals?a. Most multinationals use several types of coordination mechanisms.b. Multinationals with export departments have very high need for coordination.c. Matrix and transnational structures have very high needs for coordination.d. For transnational networks, teams are increasingly virtual with members seldom

meeting face-to-face.


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31. All of the following are TRUE about product structures EXCEPTa. Product structure organizations must still perform functional tasks of a business.b. In product structures, functional areas are concentrated in separate subunits.c. Product structures are required when products or service are sufficiently unique to

require different functional support.d. All of the above are true.


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32. Subunits of a multinational company located in other countries than the parent company's headquarters is known asa. Functional divisions.b. Foreign functional divisions.c. Foreign subsidiaries.d. International minireplica.


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33. The basic issue (s) that need to be considered for organizational design area. Division of work.b. Coordination.c. Control.d. All of the above


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34. A large, entrepreneurial multinational that is able to tap into hidden pockets of innovation, technology, and market know-how scattered around the world, especially in emerging markets is known asa. A transnational.b. A minireplica subsidiary.c. A metanational.d. A foreign subsidiary.


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35. Which of the following control systems uses the organizational culture to control behaviors and attitudes of employees?a. Cultural control systemsb. Decision-making control systemsc. Bureaucratic control systemsd. Output control systems


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36. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions asked when designing an organization?a. How should work be divided among the organization’s subunits?b. How should the work be coordinated among the various subunits?c. How should the work of the various subunits be controlled?d. How many subunits should the multinational have?


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37. Which of the following control systems focuses on managing behaviors of employees rather than outcomes?a. Bureaucratic control systemsb. Budgets and standard operating proceduresc. Cultural control systemsd. None of the above


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38. Which of the following represents the strongest coordination mechanism?a. Task forcesb. Teamsc. Liaison rolesd. Direct contact


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39. Knowledge that usually resides within employees and is dependent on the organization’s culture and context isa. Explicit knowledge.b. Knowledge management.c. Tacit knowledge.d. None of the above


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40. Which of the following statements regarding explicit knowledge is FALSE?a. Explicit knowledge can be easily codified.b. Explicit knowledge can be found in records and other information repositories.c. Explicit knowledge can be easily transferred from employee to employee.d. Explicit knowledge usually resides within employees and is dependent on the

organization’s context and culture.


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ESSAY

1. Discuss some of the advantages of a functional structure over the product or geographic structure. When is it necessary to adopt a geographic or product structure?

2. What are some advantages of a worldwide product structure over a worldwide geographic structure? What type of company would most likely choose each type?

3. What are hybrid structures? What are the costs and benefits of having a hybrid structure?

4. Describe the use of export management as a design structure to go international. When does it become necessary to use an international division? What are some of the problems associated with international divisions?

5. What is a minireplica subsidiary? How is a minireplica subsidiary different from a transnational subsidiary?

6. Compare and contrast bureaucratic control with output control.

7. What is cultural control? Why is it the favored control mechanism for transnational-network structures?

8. Describe some functions of coordination mechanisms. Pick two coordination systems and describe how they work.

9. What are control systems? Pick two control systems and describe how they work.

10. What is the transnational-network structure? Discuss some costs and benefits of having a transnational network structure. Under what situation would a transnational-network be appropriate?

11. What is knowledge management? Distinguish between the types of knowledge.

Chapter 9 International Strategic Alliances: Management and Design

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. There are several issues to consider in picking a partner for a strategic alliance. One of these isa. Go for the biggest partner possible because they have the most assets.b. Seek strategic complementarity.c. Make sure your partner will be dependent on you and not vice versa.d. All of the above

AACSB Reflective thinking, Group dynamics

PTS: 1

2. According to the text, all of the following are true about strategic alliances EXCEPTa. They are inherently unstable and provide significant management challenges.b. Estimates of failure rates range from 30 to 60 percent.c. They are among the most popular choice to go international.d. They are used mostly as a means to share technology.


PTS: 1

3. The most important decision in setting up a strategic alliance is usually abouta. Working out the proportions of ownership.b. Decision on the proper management structure.c. Developing a detailed contract.d. Selecting the right partner.


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4. In operations alliances, multinational companiesa. Use research and development to merge different technical skills.b. Share the risk of developing new or costly technology.c. Gain access to new markets.d. Combine manufacturing to reach a profitable volume of activity.


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5. The anchor partner in a strategic alliance refers toa. A partner that is very stable and anchors the relationship.b. The strongest partner in the relationship.c. The partner who initiates the relationship.d. A partner that fails to deliver their share of funding.


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6. The best level of dependency recommended for a strategic alliance isa. Balanced.b. Home country dominated.c. Host country dominated.d. It does not matter if there are more than two companies.


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7. The elephant-and-the-ant complex refers toa. Difficulties that come with two different size organizations in a strategic alliance.b. Problems that arise when one side feels inferior to the other.c. Strategic alliances between developed and developing countries.d. An unbalanced management structure.


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8. An agreement not legally binding between companies to cooperate on any value-chain activity is a (an)a. Formal international cooperative alliance.b. International joint venture.c. Informal international joint venture.d. International cooperative alliance.


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9. When a large number of companies form a joint venture, the international joint venture is aa. Multi-partner joint venture.b. Consortium.c. Informal cooperative alliance.d. Equity joint venture.


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10. All of the following are typically part of a negotiated joint venture agreement EXCEPTa. Management loyalty.b. Equity contributions.c. Provisions for dissolving the IJV.d. Contracts for the IJV.


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11. In the split control management structurea. Companies share all decision making.b. Managers of the strategic alliance split from and act independently from their

parent companies.c. Partners divide decision making control by functional areas.d. Each company takes a turn providing the operational managers.


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12. In the independent control management structurea. Strategic alliance managers have nearly complete autonomy for operational

decisions.b. Partners act independently of each other except when necessary.c. Partners focus only on their special areas of expertise.d. None of the above


PTS: 1

13. When partners share strategic decision making but make decisions independently at the functional level (e.g., marketing, production), they are using which of the following management structures?a. Dominant partnerb. Independent management structurec. Rotating managementd. Split-control management structure


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14. If partners have similar technologies or know-how and they contribute this knowledge equally to the alliance, they prefera. A shared management structure.b. A split management structure.c. A dominant management structure.d. A rotating management structure.


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15. Strategic alliance partners prefer a dominant management structurea. If partners have similar technologies or know-how and they contribute this

knowledge equally to the alliance.b. If partners have different technologies or know-how and they contribute this

knowledge equally to the alliance.c. If partners have different technologies or know-how and they contribute this

knowledge differently to the alliance.d. If the alliance has more strategic importance to one partner.


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16. Which management structure is popular in developing countries?a. Dominantb. Sharedc. Splitd. Rotating


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17. As their management team gains more expertise, mature joint ventures move to what type of structure?a. Independentb. Interdependentc. Local partner dominance

d. Shared


PTS: 1

18. Equity in a strategic alliance implies a. Labor skills.b. Ownership.c. Domination.d. None of the above

AACSB Analytic, Group dynamics

PTS: 1

19. Suggested ways to build and sustain commitment in strategic alliances includea. Go slowly.b. Be the dominant partner.c. Keep your goals secret so your partner does not get nervous about your intentions.d. Use extensive written documentation.


PTS: 1

20. When applied to a strategic alliance relationship, the concept of trust includesa. Confidence that the partner will deliver.b. Confidence that the partner will behave with good will.c. Confidence that the partner will engage in fair exchange.d. All of the above


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21. The confidence that the partner will behave with goodwill and trust isa. Commitment.b. Credibility trust.c. Benevolent trust.d. Calculative commitment.


PTS: 1

22. Trust in strategic alliance relationshipsa. Usually builds in cycles.b. Either exists at the beginning of the relationship or will never be there.c. Can really only evolve with partners from similar cultures.d. Can never exist in high technology relationships since the risk of losing the

technology is too great.


PTS: 1

23. In strategic alliance relationships, high levels of trust oftena. Retard organizational functioning due to excessive emotional reactions.b. Cause excessive loyalty to the strategic alliance.c. Are irrelevant if the strategic alliance is projected to have a high financial return.d. Facilitate the exchange of tacit knowledge.


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24. The best method of assessing strategic alliance performance isa. Total sales revenue.b. ROI.c. ROA.d. There is no one best method.


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25. Indirect strategic benefits for entering a strategic alliance includea. Immediate improved performance on profit ratios.b. Learning a new market.c. Developing management loyalty.d. None of the above


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26. __________ means that companies rely on each other to contribute to the relationship.a. Shared managementb. Balanced managementc. The norm of reciprocityd. Mutual dependency


PTS: 1

27. Contracts for strategic alliances may include _____________ if the relationship dissolves before the negotiated time.a. Penalties for early termination of the contract by each sideb. Restrictions on future business growthc. A promise to try future joint venturesd. All of the above


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28. In dealing with cross-cultural communication in a strategic alliance, managers should expecta. Communication difficulties to disappear when operational managers are fluent in

each other's language.b. Slower communication and more errors.c. No communication problems if all managers were educated in the US.d. No communication difficulties if all parties agree on a common language of the

strategic alliance.

AACSB Analytic, Group dynamics

PTS: 1

29. Understanding a new market and developing a new technology may be used as performance criteria for which of the following?a. Organizational learningb. Management processesc. Competitive advantage

d. Commitment


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30. Strategic complementarity in a strategic alliance means thata. Both sides must have similar strategic objectives for the strategic alliance to

succeed.b. Objectives can be different if they are not in conflict.c. Cultural differences must be dealt with first.d. Parent companies must leave the strategic alliance management to develop their

own strategic goals.


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31. Which of the following type of strategic alliances allows the multinational to combine manufacturing or assembly activities to achieve a profitable volume of activity?a. Operations alliancesb. Output alliancesc. Upstream-downstream alliancesd. Marketing alliances


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32. All of the following are true about international joint venture (IJV) EXCEPTa. An IJV is a separate legal entity owned by parent companies from different

countries.b. IJVs can have more than two partners.c. IJVs require that companies have equal ownership to form the venture.d. IJVs require legal contracts that bind partners.


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33. If strategic alliance partners have different technologies or know-how and they contribute this knowledge equally, they often prefer

a. Shared management structure.b. Dominant management structure.c. Split management structure.d. Rotating management structure.


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34. The psychological identification with a relationship in a strategic alliance and the pride of association with the partner and the alliance is known asa. Calculative commitment.b. Credibility trust.c. Benevolent trust.d. Attitudinal commitment.


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35. The confidence that a strategic alliance partner has the intent and ability to meet their obligations and make their promised contribution to a strategic alliance is known asa. Credibility trust.b. Benevolent trust.c. Calculative trust.d. Attitudinal trust.


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36. According to the text, which of the following is NOT a key criterion used in picking an alliance partner?a. Pick a partner who provides strategic complementarity.b. Pick a partner who provides financial security.c. Pick a partner who has complementary skills.d. Pick a partner who provides the right level of mutual dependency.


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37. According to the text, which of the following DOES NOT represent a form of strategic alliance?a. Informal cooperative alliancesb. Formal cooperative alliancesc. International joint venturesd. Informal partnerships


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38. Which of the following statements regarding international joint ventures is FALSE?a. International joint ventures usually have two or more partners.b. International joint ventures are usually not legally binding.c. International joint ventures with a large number of partners are known as

consortiums.d. Companies do not need equal ownership to form an international joint venture.


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39. The confidence that a partner has the intent and ability to meet its obligations and make its promised contribution to the strategic alliance is known asa. Calculative trust.b. Calculative commitment.c. Credibility trust.d. Benevolent trust.


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40. Which of the following describes the situation where companies stay in a strategic alliance despite strong evidence that the alliance won’t work?a. Calculative commitmentb. Credibility commitmentc. Attitudinal commitmentd. Escalation of commitment


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ESSAY

1. What are the characteristics of a good partner in a strategic alliance? Why do these partner traits help make a strategic alliance successful?

2. What are some of the common value chain links companies use to gain strategic benefits from alliances? Pick two of these links and describe some of the benefits partners gain from pursuing these links.

3. Under what conditions should a firm choose one of the various management structures available for a strategic alliance?

4. What are the different kinds of commitment needed in a strategic alliance? Explain.

5. What are some of the difficulties of assessing IJV or ICA performance? How do these differ for companies with different strategic goals?

6. What are the different management structures possible for strategic alliances? Pick two of these management structures and discuss when they are most appropriate.

7. Compare and contrast the three main types of strategic alliances.

8. Discuss some of the things multinational managers can do to build and sustain trust and commitment.

9. If an alliance fails to meet strategic goals, what two options do top managers have to choose from to resolve the situation? How can an alliance be improved?

Chapter 10 Multinational e-Commerce: Strategies and Structures

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Ebay is a prime example of which form of e-commerce?a. Business to business transactions (B2B)b. Business to consumer transactions (B2C)c. Consumer to business transactions (C2B)d. Consumer to consumer transactions (C2C)

AACSB Technology, Information technologies

PTS: 1

2. An Internet host that allows users to send encrypted data so that those outside the connection cannot see the information is aa. A secure server.b. An internet host.c. A computer that has its own Internet Protocol address.d. A computer that has its own World Wide Web address.


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3. Secure servers and internet hosts are two indicators of the a. Internet infrastructure.b. Web influence.c. global presence of e-commerce.d. Internet security.


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4. Traditional internet metrics do not quantify the use of new internet devices and features, including:a. Smart phones.b. Cloud-computing.c. Social networking.d. All of the above.


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5. Companies such as manufacturers that sell directly to consumers (Dell), and companies that provide online shipping services (FedEx, UPS) are all examples of which of the following?a. Web customersb. B2Bc. C2Bd. B2C


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6. Which of the following is NOT one of the necessary steps to ensure a successful E-Commerce strategy?a. Building on current business models and experimenting with new e-commerce

modelsb. Allocating resources to the e-commerce businessc. Making sure that the entire firm is prepared to embrace the e-commerce modeld. Training all upper level management in computer programming


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7. The brick and mortar part of the company refers toa. The degree of interaction between traditional business operations and the

company's e-commerce system.b. The company's traditional business operations.c. The company's management information systems.d. The extent of computer use in the company.


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8. Independent operations between the brick and mortar part of a company and its e-commerce system offer which of the following benefits?a. The independent operation can move faster and be more entrepreneurial when

freed from corporate bureaucracy and it can seek funding from deep pockets of venture capitalists.

b. The independent operation can benefit from cross-promotion of shared products, shared customer information, increased large-quantity purchase leverage, and economies of scale by using the same distribution channels.

c. The brick and mortar part of the company can transfer learning to the e-commerce system of the company.

d. Independent operations can facilitate synergy between the brick and mortar part and the e-commerce system.


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9. According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the management challenges companies will face as they develop their e-commerce businesses?a. Attracting, retaining, and developing employees in the e-commerce unitb. Deciding which e-commerce functions to outsourcec. Finding funds to develop the e-commerce businessd. Finding ways to provide individuals with growth opportunities and job fulfillment

to encourage employee retention in the e-commerce business


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10. Which of the following strategies is a pure e-business least likely to be concerned with when facing e-commerce challenges?a. Developing information and management systems to respond to rapid growthb. Attracting and retaining e-commerce-capable talentc. Altering HR programs to suit the different skill requirements of e-commerce

employeesd. Maintaining rapid decision making, creativity, innovation, and flexibility


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11. Which of the following statements regarding globalizing through the Internet is not true?a. A company that globalizes through the Internet does not have to be concerned

with the global-local dilemma.b. A company that globalizes through the Internet still faces the same challenges that

a brick and mortar company faces.c. A company that globalizes through the internet must still address the traditional

problems of multinational business (i.e., currencies, local laws, infrastructure for delivery).

d. A company that globalizes through the Internet must still decide whether to go global or to require localization to national or regional levels.


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12. According to the text, which of the following areas is not one of the areas that e-commerce companies work in?a. Moving bits or computerized informationb. Moving money in payment flowsc. Providing Internet servicesd. Moving physical products


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13. Which of the following businesses poses the highest degree of difficulty in e-commerce?a. Portals and infomediariesb. Businesses such as Travelocity, and those that sell digital music, and softwarec. Businesses that rely on a physical infrastructured. Brick and mortar companies


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14. According to the text, the degree of difficulty in conducting global e-commerce businesses is primarily dependent ona. The financial requirements.b. The availability of management talent.c. The infrastructure requirements.d. The telecommunications infrastructure requirements.


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15. Which of the following types of companies are more likely to face challenges when they decide to enter the international market through the Internet?a. Large multinational firms that already have an existing global presence.b. Large multinationals firms that already have existing international operations.c. Smaller firms and firms new to international commerce.d. Small firms that already have an existing global presence.


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16. The major opportunities of e-commerce globalization include all of the following EXCEPTa. Cost reduction.b. Efficiencies.c. Speed of access and convenience.d. Access to new sources of financing.


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17. Which of the following is NOT one of the major threats to e-commerce globalization?a. Cost of site construction, maintenance and upgradesb. Cost of training in top managers in computer programmingc. Easily copied e-commerce modelsd. Traditional cross-border transaction and other cross-cultural complexities


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18. According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the factors to take in consideration when picking a country to start an e-business?a. Internet population of at least 5%b. Countries with market inefficiencies, such as formerly state-controlled marketsc. Countries that participates in at least one free trade agreementd. Countries that have remarkable education systems


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19. According to the text, where is the greatest potential for e-commerce businesses?a. North Americab. The European Unionc. South Americad. Asia


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20. Which of the following statements does not accurately describe the most likely form of organizing a multinational e-business?a. A multinational e-business is three-tiered mixing global and local functions.b. Corporate headquarters of the business provides the vision, strategy and

leadership that drive the marketing of products worldwide.c. Local subsidiaries of the business take charge of the functions better done locally

in each country.d. Corporate headquarters of the business provides the vision, strategy and

leadership and also takes charge of the local strategies in each country.


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21. Which of the following is not one of the necessary electronic capabilities required for successful online presence?a. Software to process pricing in multiple currenciesb. Ability to provide support in English in the various service centersc. Systems that check regulatory compliance with local and international lawsd. Fraud protection


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22. E-commerce enablers area. Software that provide electronic payment models in addition to credit cards.b. Systems that calculate and show purchase information on international shipping,

duties, and local taxes such as VAT.c. Companies that provide services and software that translate Web sites, calculate

shipping, value-added taxes, duties, and other charges unique to each country.d. Equity partners in multinational businesses.


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23. Multinational e-commerce enablers exist becausea. Many companies including very large ones, do not have the internal resources or

abilities to conduct all e-commerce functions.b. There is a shortage of employees with e-commerce skills.c. It is extremely difficult for a brick and mortar company to develop an e-commerce

strategy.d. It is more beneficial to have a strategic partner when conducting multinational e-

commerce.


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24. MNC’s face rising pressures to maintain the __________ of their customers.a. Datab. Privacyc. Supportd. Repeat business


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25. Cost reduction, technology and efficiencies are considered to be the ________ of e-commerce.a. Attractionsb. Challengesc. Deterrentsd. Keys


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26. Which of the following is not true regarding e-commerce?a. Refers to the selling of goods and services over the Internetb. Includes products that are delivered offline such as UPS shipping a book

purchased through Amazon.comc. Does not include goods and services delivered online, such as downloaded

computer softwared. Includes goods and services delivered online, such as downloaded computer

software


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27. Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding Business-to-Business transactions (B2B)?a. B2B is not as important as business-to-consumer (B2C) e-commerce businesses.b. B2B allows instant information sharing between business customers and

suppliers.c. B2B allows suppliers to know what their customers want and allows businesses to

know price, availability and product characteristics immediately.d. B2B transactions make up more than 70 % of all current e-commerce business.


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28. Channel conflicts, cost of site construction and maintenance are considered to be _____ of e-commerce.a. Attractionsb. Challenges or deterrentsc. Linking servicesd. Supporting software


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29. Which of the following services is not provided by e-commerce enablers?a. Services and software that translate Websitesb. Software that calculate shipping, value-added, and dutiesc. Receiving customers purchased goods and storing, packaging, and shipping to the

customerd. Training programs to understand the local culture


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30. E-commerce potential is substantial in South America becausea. Of the Mercosur trade group.b. Of trade with the U.S.c. Because of the demographic characteristics.d. Of the ASEAN trade group.


PTS: 1

31. Price comparison websites which searches online stores around the world to provide price comparisons and shipping and delivery information represents which form of e-commerce?a. B2B (business-to-business)b. B2C (business-to-consumer)c. C2C (consumer-to-consumer)d. C2B (consumer-to-business)


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32. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways to modify a website to make it global?a. All company websites should first show the corporate website in the home

country.b. Provide a prominent list of languages used by the company's web sitec. Provide the firm's privacy statements in all local languagesd. Provide a culturally-sensitive website


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33. Which of the following is NOT a benefit of integrated brick-and-mortar and internet businesses?a. The integrated operation can benefit from shared customer information.b. The integrated operation can move faster and be more entrepreneurial.c. The integrated operation can benefit from cross-promotion of shared products.d. The integrated operation can benefit from economies of scale by using the small

distribution channels.


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34. Which of the following does NOT represent a necessary component of the ideal multinational e-business?a. Corporate headquarters which represents the global core in charge of providing a

common vision and strategyb. Managers at headquarters having worldwide responsibility for their shared

functional areas responsibilityc. Local subsidiaries which actually deliver the goods and also taking charge of

functions best done locallyd. All of the above are necessary aspects of the multinational e-business


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35. The internet has enabled the emergence of a new form of multinational, known as a. Internet Service Providers.b. Virtual enablers.c. Internet businesses.d. Born-globals.


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36. The retail sale of toys from the Wal-Mart website represents which form of transaction?a. B2Cb. B2Bc. C2Cd. C2B


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37. Having systems in place to ensure that collected information is accurate and reliable represents which form of information security?a. Confidentialityb. Availabilityc. Integrityd. Authentication


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38. Confidentiality

a. Is ensuring that collected information is available to authorized users.b. Is ensuring that collected private information is protected and safeguarded.c. Is ensuring the privacy of online shoppers.d. Is ensuring that systems are in place to ensure that only legitimate individuals are

using systems.


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39. Southeast Asian countries represent opportunities for e-commerce growth due to a. Spanish language websites.b. Membership in ASEAN.c. Global demand.d. Internet economy.


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40. A new trend is that multinationals are using _______________ to their advantage.a. Tall hierarchical web structuresb. Tacit knowledgec. User Generated Contentd. None of the above


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ESSAY

1. What is e-commerce? What are the main types of e-commerce transactions? Discuss some of the reasons why B2B transactions make up a significant percentage of current e-commerce business?

2. Discuss some of the basic steps to building a successful e-commerce strategy.

3. What is a brick and mortar part of a company? What are some benefits of integrating the brick and mortar part of an organization with their Internet business? Why do some companies such as Barnes and Nobles still choose to have their Internet division operate independently from their brick and mortar part?

4. What are some of the major factors a company needs to take into consideration when setting up a global e-business? Why do companies with already established international brick and mortar units have an advantage in setting up global e-business compared to firms with no international presence?

5. What are some of the major factors to take into consideration when picking a country for setting up an e-commerce business? Why do trading blocks such as Mercosur, ASEAN, and the European Union present significant potential for e-commerce businesses?

6. Discuss the three-tiered ideal organizational structure of a multinational e-corporation. What are some of the essential functions served by the headquarters of the multinational e-corporation? Why should company headquarters not be responsible for local strategies?

7. What are e-commerce enablers? Why are e-commerce enablers becoming increasingly popular? Discuss some of the essential services provided by e-commerce enablers.

8. Discuss some of the technical capabilities that are needed for multinational e-commerce.

9. Discuss some of the major problems companies face when they try to globalize their Web sites. What can companies do to face these challenges?

10. What is e-commerce security? Discuss the four key aspects of information security. What can a multinational do to ensure that its e-commerce system is secure?

Chapter 11 International Human Resource Management

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The process by which companies choose people to fill vacant position isa. Recruitment.b. Compensation.c. Selection.d. Training and development.

AACSB Reflective thinking, HRM

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2. Inpatriates area. Employees who come from a different country where he/she is working.b. Expatriate workers who come from neither the host nor the home country.c. Local workers who come from the host country where the unit is located.d. Employees from foreign country who work in the country where the parent

company is located.


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3. Home country nationals area. Expatriate employees who come from the parent’s home country.b. Employees who come from a different country where he/she is working.c. Expatriate employees which come from the parent’s home country.d. Employees from foreign country who work in the country where the host

company is located.


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4. Expatriates area. Local workers who come from the host country where the unit is located.b. Employees who come from a different country from where he or she is working.c. The more talented local managers.d. None of the above


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5. Expatriate workers who come from neither the host nor home country area. Host country nationals.b. Parent country nationals.c. Neither country nationals.d. Third country nationals.


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6. One reason for US expatriate managers failure isa. Personality of the manager.b. Lack of technical proficiency.c. Lack of motivation.d. All of the above choices.


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7. All of the following are benefits that companies obtain by using expatriates EXCEPTa. Receiving important strategic information.b. Increased coordination and control of international operations.c. Timely information on the local markets.d. Reduced turnover for key international managers.


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8. All of the following are benefits of international assignments EXCEPTa. International assignments help managers acquire skills necessary to develop

successful strategies in a global context.b. Expatriate assignments help a company coordinate and control operations

dispersed geographically and culturally.c. International assignments provide companies access to preferential quotas and

duties.d. Global assignments provide important strategic information.


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9. International cadre area. A group of managers who specialize in international careers.b. Managers who are hired on a temporary basis to solve international problems.c. Experts on international operations who work as part of the headquarters staff.d. A group in charge of training managers for expatriate assignments.


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10. Key expatriate success factors include all of the following EXCEPTa. Professional or technical skill.b. Experience in at least two cultures different from the assignment country.c. Stress tolerance.d. Favorable family situation.


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11. A person with good relational abilities hasa. The capacity to adapt to strange situations.b. The flexibility to modify their behavior.c. A sensitivity to cultural norms and values.d. All of the above


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12. Evidence on training for international assignments suggestsa. Cross-cultural training reduces expatriate failure rates.b. Cross-cultural training makes people feel more comfortable but there are no

bottom line effects on performance.c. US firms invest the most in this activity.d. It only beneficial for long term assignments.


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13. Which of the following is NOT true regarding low training rigor?a. Low training rigor usually includes briefings concerning company operations.b. Low training rigor usually lasts for a short period.c. Low training rigor usually includes lectures and videos on the local culture.d. Low training usually lasts over two months.

AACSB Analytic, HRM

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14. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues that make expatriate performance appraisals difficult?a. Unreliable datab. Refusal of host company to provide performance information regarding expatriatec. Time differences and distance separationd. Complex and volatile environments


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15. Suggestions to improve expatriate performance appraisals includea. Using the same standards as the home country to improve fairness.b. Giving up on performance appraisal since they often fail in the international

setting.c. Evaluation only at the end of the assignment since it takes a long time to learn

about another culture.d. Using multiple evaluators with varying periods of evaluation.


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16. The main objective of the balance sheet approach to international compensation isa. To match home and host county purchasing power.b. To make sure you reward international managers for their hardship.c. To save costs in inexpensive countries.d. To provide headquarters’ accountants with consistent information on salaries.


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17. Adjusting wages to local lifestyles and costs of living refers to which expatriate compensation system?a. The balance-sheet methodb. The host-based compensation systemc. The global pay systemd. The headquarters-based compensation system


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18. The use of worldwide job evaluations, performance appraisals methods, and salary scales to determine pay is thea. The global pay system.b. The balance sheet approach.c. The multi-local pay system.d. The headquarters-based system.


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19. Experts on repatriation suggesta. That managers will experience no problems if they return to their home cultures.b. Reverse culture shock can occur regarding national and organizational culture.c. There are difficult problems with repatriation but few solutions at this time.d. People may feel uncomfortable for a while but work performance will not suffer.


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20. Difficulties that managers face in coming back to their home countries and reconnecting with their home organizations is known as thea. Repatriation problem.b. Reverse culture shock.c. Low home re-adaptation index.d. Expatriation problem.


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21. According to the text, which of the following is NOT one of the strategies used to allow successful repatriation of expatriates?a. Provide a strategic purpose for the repatriationb. Allow the expatriate to return when he/she is ready to do soc. Provide training and preparation for the returnd. Establish a team to aid the expatriate


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22. Studies of women expatriates suggest that all of the following statements are true about international assignments in traditional cultures EXCEPTa. Women typically do not succeed in expatriate assignments.b. Women have some challenges in international assignments.c. Women have some advantages in international assignments.d. Opportunities for women expatriates are expected to grow in global companies.


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23. The text suggests several strategies that US women may use to succeed in traditional cultures. These includea. Emphasize nationality, not gender.b. Develop close contact with local government officials.c. Not being overly aggressive in negotiation.d. Proving that women can also be successful at international assignments.


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24. All of the following explain why there may be more international assignments for women in the future EXCEPTa. Legal and social pressures for equal opportunity in North America.b. Acute shortage of men willing to take international assignments.c. Globalization creates opportunities to hire skilled women from any country.d. More federal funds to train women for international assignments.


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25. Companies with a global HRM orientationa. Usually provide significant extra pay for expatriate assignments.b. Evaluate their managers by headquarters’ country standards.c. Focus primarily on language training as preparation for expatriate assignments.d. Use similar pay and benefit packages for all international assignments.


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26. Companies with ethnocentric HRM orientationsa. Use similar pay and benefit packages worldwide.b. Select home country nationals for key positions.c. Emphasize extensive training in the company culture before allowing a manager

to go international.d. Often use international experience as a technical qualification for high level

management.


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27. Host country nationals may have limited career development in a company with a (an) a. Ethnocentric, Regio or polycentric HRM orientation.b. Only an ethnocentric HRM orientation.c. Regiocentric or global HRM orientation.d. Only a polycentric HRM orientation.


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28. Using more local managers to reduce the costs of training expatriate managers is a benefit usually associated witha. A global HRM orientation.b. A polycentric or regiocentric HRM orientation.c. An ethnocentric HRM orientation.d. A geocentric orientation.


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29. Companies with a multi-local strategy are most likely to have aa. A global HRM orientation.b. A polycentric HRM orientation.c. Either a ethnocentric or regiocentric HRM orientation.

d. A geocentric orientation.


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30. Extra money paid to expatriates for particularly difficult posting due to issues such as high risk or poor living conditions is known asa. Foreign service premiums.b. Hardship allowance.c. Relocation allowances.d. Home-leave allowances.


PTS: 1

31. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding women expatriates compared to male expatriates?a. Women expatriates have more difficulty being taken seriously early in their

careers.b. Women expatriates have more pressures to balance work and family compared to

male expatriates.c. Women expatriates have poorer relational and communication skills than male

expatriates.d. Women expatriates have more pressures to worry about their spouses than male

expatriates.


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32. Which of the following is NOT one of the strategies discussed in the text to help repatriation of expatriates?a. Provide a strategic purpose for the repatriationb. Establish a team to help with the repatriationc. Provide support for the expatriate and family on reentryd. Provide vacation to help the expatriate get readjusted at home


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33. The two aspects to consider when evaluating the possibility of hiring expatriates are the high cost and a. Skills in multinational management.b. High success rate.c. High failure rate.d. None of the above


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34. All of the following are possible steps that can be taken by multinationals to remove barriers faced by female expatriates EXCEPTa. Provide opportunities for interpersonal networks with other female expatriates.b. Provide mentors.c. Identify and remove sources of barriers.d. Provide more appropriate performance appraisal systems for female expatriates.


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35. International Human Resource Managementa. Is no different from domestic HRM.b. Is the application of HRM to international settings.c. Is the orientation to hiring international employees.d. Is the selection and compensation of expatriates.


PTS: 1

36. Third-country nationals are a. Workers who come from the host-country where the unit is located.b. Foreign workers who work in a country where the parent company is located.c. Workers who come from neither the host nor the host-country.d. None of the above


PTS: 1

37. Employees who are sent on frequent but short-term international assignments are known asa. Flexpatriates.b. Inpatriates.c. Shortpatriates.d. Expatriates.


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38. Which of the following statements about flexpatriates is FALSE?a. Flexpatriates are those workers who travel on short notice for shorter duration.b. Flexpatriate assignments usually last longer than expatriate assignments.c. Flexpatriates provide flexibility as the company can send someone on numerous

and much shorter duration assignments.d. All of the above are true.


PTS: 1

39. Which of the following best describes emotional intelligence, one of the factors key to the success of an expatriate?a. The ability to adapt to new and strange situationsb. The motivation to accept international assignmentsc. The ability to being aware of oneself and to understand and relate to othersd. None of the above


PTS: 1

40. Which of the following factors is not necessarily included in an expatriate’s compensation package?a. Local market cost of livingb. Housingc. Adjustments for taxesd. All of the above are included in an expatriate’s compensation package


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ESSAY

1. Identify the components of HRM and describe how they differ for IHRM.

2. Describe the types of nationals employed by multinational firms. Explain when each type would be used.

3. Discuss and contrast the four IHRM orientations. Describe how each can support a multinational strategy.

4. Contrast the positive and negative issues for using short term flexpatriates and international cadre members as expatriate managers. Consider both the organization's perspective and the career implications for the individual manager.

5. Discuss the options available for expatriate compensation. Consider how these options might be used for a transnational and a multidomestic company.

6. Discuss how multinational companies can deal with the repatriation problem. Why is it necessary to deal with this issue?

7. What are some advantages women have in expatriate positions? Discuss some challenges that are faced by women in international assignments.

8. Discuss any three of the key expatriate success factors and their implications for selection.

Chapter 12 HRM in the Local Context: Knowing When and How to Adapt

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Differences in HRM policies and practices among countries stem froma. Education and training of the labor force.b. Laws and cultural expectations for selection practices.c. Laws and traditions regarding labor practices.d. All of the above


PTS: 1

2. An enduring system of relationships among people, such as education or the political system represent which aspect of the national context of a country?a. National cultureb. Business culturec. Social institutionsd. Managerial culture


PTS: 1

3. An abundant level of iron ore deposits in a country represents which of the following?a. Country institutionsb. Natural factor conditionsc. Induced factor conditionsd. Resource pool

AACSB Analytic, HRM

PTS: 1

4. Which recruitment strategy do US managers see as most effective?a. Newspaper and online advertisingb. College or university recruitingc. Employee referralsd. Personal contacts


PTS: 1

5. The US belief in the benefits of open and public advertising reflects thea. US individualistic cultural values.b. US preference for in-group members.c. US collectivist cultural values.d. US preference for hiring friends and relatives.


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6. All of the following are true about US selection practices EXCEPTa. US selection practices focus on individual achievements and not on group

affiliations.b. US selection practices favor hiring of relatives and friends.c. The aim of the typical US selection practice is to gather information of a

candidate's job qualifications.d. US selection practices are governed by laws and regulations.


PTS: 1

7. Selection in collectivist culturesa. Favors performance-related backgrounds and qualifications.b. Is similar to US selection practices.c. Gives preference to the in-group members.d. Gives preference to individuals with technical skills.


PTS: 1

8. Managerial selection and recruitment in Korea and Japan are dominated bya. High school and university ties.b. Club membership.c. Performance-related backgrounds and qualifications.d. All of the above


PTS: 1

9. Backdoor recruitment in collectivist cultures may not always be used by foreign multinationals becausea. Such procedures will not work as well as newspaper advertisements.b. The multinationals may not have access to the appropriate contacts.c. It is almost always better to use expatriates in these situations.d. They prefer to rely on internal job postings.


PTS: 1

10. The practice of recruiting friends or relatives of those already employed is which form of recruiting?a. Front gate recruitingb. Walk-insc. Backdoor recruitingd. Internal recruiting


PTS: 1

11. All of the following are true about US training and development practices EXCEPTa. The most popular training topics are management development and computer

training.b. Most training programs reach a majority of the workers.c. Because of global competition, demand for training will increase.d. There are increased pressures on businesses to supplement basic educational

training.


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12. The dual-system in Germany refers toa. The combination of selection and recruitment in one process.b. The unification of management practices from Eastern and Western Germany.c. The combination of in-house apprenticeship training with part-time vocational

school training.d. Academic preparation at the high school level.


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13. A study of compensation practices in ten countries revealed thata. Pay incentives are important.b. Pay should be contingent on group performance.c. Incentives should be significant amount of pay.d. All the above are true


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14. The Japanese system of life-time or permanent employment a. Applies more to workers than to managers.b. Is easier to implement in smaller Japanese companies.c. Is likely to produce a satisfied and less motivated Japanese workforce.d. Applies equally to men and women.

AACSB Analytic, HRM

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15. According to a study of ten countries on nine compensation practicesa. There was universal consensus on all nine as being necessary.b. There was universal consensus on eight as being necessary.c. There was universal consensus that seniority considerations are necessary.d. None of the above are true


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16. All of the following are true about the US performance appraisal system EXCEPTa. It represents cultural values that espouse links among individual rights, duties, and

rewards.b. It attempts to be rational, logical, and legal.c. It focuses primarily on the ability to function well in groups.d. Research shows that it works well in all national contexts.


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17. Which of the following is most true about the typical US compensation system?a. Most companies take into account external and internal factors to determine

compensation.b. Most companies develop formal and systematic policies to determine

compensation levels.c. Raises in pay are determined mostly by merit.d. All of the above are true.


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18. Which of the following describes one potential way a Japanese supervisor can communicate negative feedback for poor work performance to his/her subordinate?a. By simply ignoring the subordinateb. With formal appraisal systemsc. By discussing the poor performance openlyd. By providing the negative feedback in writing


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19. Japanese compensation systems base pay raises mostly ona. Marital status and family size.b. Seniority.c. Merit.d. Position.


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20. Patterns of labor relations in countries are affected bya. Cultural factors.b. Historical factors such as the level of technology development.c. Ideological reasons.d. All of the above


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21. Union membership density refers toa. The number of unions in any country.b. The proportion of workers who belong to unions in a country.c. The proportion of white collar workers/professional who belong to unions in a

country.d. The proportion of unions to companies in a country.


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22. All of the following are true about unions in England, Germany, France, and the U.S. EXCEPTa. British unions developed with strong government interference.b. German unions developed in harmony with the government and corporations.c. French unions started much later and developed more slowly than did British or

German unions.d. US union membership has declined significantly since the 1940s.


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23. An organization of all people from a company regardless of occupation or location is a (an)a. Craft union.b. Enterprise union.c. Ideological union.d. Industrial union.


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24. A craft uniona. Represents one occupational group in one company.b. Represents all people in one organization regardless of occupation or location.c. Represents all workers based on some particular ideology.d. Represents one occupational group such as plumbers.


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25. A union representing one occupational group in one company isa. An enterprise union.b. A craft union.c. A local union.d. A trade union.


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26. Which of the following is FALSE about recruitment and selection processes in collectivist cultures?a. Companies prefer to hire directly out of school.b. There is a preference for family and friends.c. Personal information is considered important for selection.d. Technical skills are considered crucial for selection.


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27. The group of employees, found in Germany, that shares plant-level responsibility with managers over issues such as working conditions isa. An enterprise union.b. A craft union.c. A works council.d. An ideological union.


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28. Major components of the legal requirements for a US performance appraisal system includea. Evaluations must relate clearly to the job.b. Evaluations are not required when all workers are the same gender.c. All testing must be quantitative.d. Older workers need not have performance appraisals.


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29. In most collectivist cultures, performance appraisalsa. Follow similar patterns to the US legal requirements.b. Are often communicated subtly, such as by a manager ignoring a worker.c. Favor and open and honest dialogue regarding performance.

d. Are more formal than in individualistic cultures.


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30. The practice in Germany, whereby management surrenders a traditionally reserved share of control to workers refers toa. Co-determination.b. Co-selection.c. Veto power.d. Joint planning.


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31. All of the following statements regarding Induced-factor conditions resources are true EXCEPTa. Induced-factor conditions resources arise from cultural and institutional pressures.b. Good examples of induced factor conditions are the high cultural value placed on

education in many Asian societies creating a well-trained workforce.c. Induced-factor conditions include those resources that occur naturally such as coal

and gas reserves.d. All of the above are true.


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32. Which of the following is not one of the factors affecting national differences in human resource management as discussed in the text?a. Types of jobs favored by applicantsb. Education and training of the labor poolc. Laws and cultural expectations regarding fair wages and promotion criteriad. All of the above are factors


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33. Which of the following is NOT one of the factors determining the resource pool of a country as discussed in the text?a. The quantity, quality, and accessibility of raw materialb. The quantity, quality and cost of personnel availablec. The training and development system availabled. The cost and amount of capital available to firms


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34. Which of the following is NOT one of the recruitment steps?a. Managers determine the jobs that are available.b. Managers determine the types of skills and people that are necessary for these

jobs.c. Managers generate a pool of applicants for the job.d. Managers choose a person who fits the job.


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35. All people in a particular industry, regardless of occupational group is most likely represented bya. An enterprise union.b. A local union.c. A craft union.d. An industry union.


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36. Which of the following statements regarding selection in collectivistic cultures is FALSE?a. In selecting employees, employers prefer trustworthiness and loyalty.b. Older male recruits are usually preferred because they can be easily molded to fit

the company’s culture.c. Selection often relies on referrals from family or friends.d. All of the above are TRUE.


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37. The measure that considers the proportion of workers who belong to unions is known asa. Union-membership scope.b. Craft union density.c. Union-membership density.d. Trade union density.


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38. A union representing all workers belonging to one religious orientation in a company is known asa. An ideological union.b. A craft union.c. A local union.d. An ideological union.


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39. Which of the following statements about management development in the U.S. is false?a. Management development in the U.S. is the responsibility of the firm rather than

the individual.b. U.S. companies can rely on senior-level managers to identify promising

candidates for management development and training.c. U.S. companies rely on direct assessment approaches such as assessment centers

to identify individuals with managerial potential.d. All of the above is true.


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40. Which of the following statements regarding union membership is FALSE?a. Union membership in the U.S. has stayed the same over the past 30 years.b. In many major industrialized countries, union membership is still greater than

50%.c. South Africa has doubled in size in union membership.

d. Europe still has a high proportion of workers who are union members.


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ESSAY

1. Describe and discuss the major factors in the national context that affect a nation's HRM practices.

2. What are some of the recruitment strategies used by U.S. companies? Why is open and public advertisements seen as the most effective recruitment strategies? Why would such strategies not work in more collectivist cultures?

3. Some U.S. politicians have called for the development of a German-type apprenticeship training system in the U.S. If you were a manager of a U.S. Fortune 500 multinational company, how would you respond to this proposal and why? What are the current challenges facing the German system now?

4. You have been given the assignment to set up a training program for first level managers in a formerly government-owned eastern European company. How would you go about developing a curriculum? Why?

5. Compare and contrast the appraisal and compensation systems in the U.S. and more collectivist culture nations. Discuss legal and cultural problems that multinational managers might face using a collectivist approach to these systems in the U.S. and using a U.S. approach in more collectivist cultures.

6. Contrast the different types of unions and discuss the challenges each type may pose to a multinational manager.

7. Define and describe union membership density as it has been historically and is now. Why is it important to multinational managers?

8. How is feedback on performance given in collectivist societies, especially for managers?

Chapter 13 International Negotiation and Cross-Cultural Communication

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. International negotiationa. Is the process of making business deals across national and cultural boundaries.b. Is less complex than domestic negotiation.c. Can be successful regardless of ease of communication.d. All of the above

AACSB Communication, Leadership principles

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2. All of the following are true about international negotiation EXCEPTa. International negotiations are more complex than domestic negotiations.b. Differences in national cultures and differences in political, legal, and economic

systems often separate potential business partners.c. Most successful international negotiators use their home country negotiation

styles.d. All of the above are true.


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3. The Whorf hypothesisa. Suggests that language determines the nature of culture.b. Suggests that nonverbal communication determines cultural patterns.c. Culture comes first and requires the development of certain concepts and thus

certain words.d. None of the above


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4. High context languagesa. Are languages in which people state things directly and explicitly.b. Include most northern European languages including German, English, and the

Scandinavian languages.c. Are languages in which people state things indirectly and implicitly.d. Are languages where the words provide most of the meaning.


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5. Languages in which people state things directly and explicitly where the words provide most of the meaning area. Moral languages.b. High context languages.c. Low context languages.d. None of the above


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6. Which of the following statements is true regarding high context languages?a. Most Northern European languages, including German, English, and the

Scandinavian languages are high context languages.b. Words provide most of the meaning in high context languages.c. In high context languages, what is left unsaid is often as important as what is said.d. All of the above are true.


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7. The degree of formal communication refers toa. Whether people speak directly or indirectly.b. Communication without words.c. Communication through formal body movements.d. None of the above


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8. Nonverbal communicationa. Is part of face-to-face communication.b. Occurs through such things as body posture, facial expression, hand gestures, and

the use of personal space.c. May also create (purposefully or not) situations that make a negotiator

uncomfortable.d. All of the above


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9. Kinesics isa. Communicating through body movements.b. A form of verbal communication.c. Focuses on how people use space to communicate.d. The type of touching that is deemed appropriate in different cultures.


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10. Proxemicsa. Refers to the use of body movements to communicate.b. Represents the degree of formality in communication styles.c. Means communicating with and without words.d. Focuses on how people use space to communicate.


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11. Toucha. Is related to proxemics and is a basic form of human interaction.b. Refers to communication through body movements.c. Represents the degree of directness in communication.d. Is similar to kinesics.


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12. Attributiona. Is the process by which we interpret the meaning and intent of spoken words or

nonverbal exchanges.b. Is communication through body movements.c. Focuses on how people use space to communicate.d. A form of verbal communication.


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13. When communicating with nonnative speakers, which of the following would make communication harder and less accurate?a. Strictly following basic rules of grammarb. Using words that have numerous alternative meaningsc. Using slangd. Using most common words with their most common meanings


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14. Gathering of extensive information on the negotiation issues, on the setting in which the negotiation will take place, and on the firm and people involved occurs in which stage of the steps in international negotiation?a. Preparationb. Building the relationshipc. Persuasiond. Concession


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15. In the relationship building stage of the International Negotiation Processa. The negotiator focuses seriously on business issues.b. Usually takes place at the formal negotiation place.c. Is not as important as the other steps.d. None of the above


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16. All of the following are true about the steps in the Negotiation Process EXCEPTa. Although each international negotiation is unique and may combine two or more

steps or repeat some, the negotiation process involves five steps leading to the final step, an agreement.

b. The negotiation steps include preparation, building the relationship, exchanging

information and the first offer, persuasion, and the agreement.c. Most experts agree that the process of international negotiation includes several

steps.d. All of the above are true.


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17. At the __________ stage in the negotiation, both parties exchange the specifics of their needs for the agreement.a. Exchanging Information and the First Offerb. Building the relationshipc. Persuasiond. Concession


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18. All of the following are true about the Exchanging Information and the First Offer Step of the International Negotiation process EXCEPTa. Both parties exchange information on their needs for the agreement.b. Parties exchange information that is task-related.c. Both sides usually present their final offer.d. Both sides present offers that often differ from what they hope to achieve

eventually.


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19. In the _____ stage, each side in the negotiation attempts to get the other side to agree to its position.a. Exchanging Information and the First Offerb. Building the relationshipc. Persuasiond. Concession


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20. All of the following is true about the persuasion stage EXCEPTa. Each side in the negotiation attempts to get the other side to agree to its position.b. It is the heart of the negotiation processes.c. Numerous tactics are available to international negotiators to persuade the other

side.d. The emphasis and mix of tactics do not vary by the cultural background of the

negotiators.


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21. Dirty Tricks in International Negotiations refer toa. The most common tactics in international negotiations that people use to gain an

upper hand.b. Negotiation tactics that pressure opponents to accept unfair or undesirable

agreements or concessions.c. Face-to-face communication that is not oral.d. None of the above


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22. Deliberate deception, one example among some common ploys in international negotiations, refers toa. Negotiators presenting flagrant untruths either in the facts they present or in their

intentions for the negotiation.b. Negotiators waiting to the last minute before the international negotiation team

plans to go home.c. Negotiators making an agreement then reveal that it must be approved by senior

managers or the government.d. One negotiator acting agreeable and friendly while his or her partner makes

outrageous or unreasonable demands.


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23. Negotiators who make an agreement and then reveal that it must be approved by senior managers or the government is an example of which type of dirty trick?a. Escalating authorityb. Good guy, bad guy routine

c. You are wealthy and we are poord. Old friends


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24. If negotiators are using deliberate deception as a dirty tricks, the best way to deal with the deception isa. Not to make any concessions.b. To ignore the ploy and focus on the agreement.c. To not reveal your negotiation plans.d. To point out directly what you believe is happening.


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25. All of the following are true about the final agreement EXCEPTa. The final agreement is the signed contract, agreeable to all sides.b. Successful negotiations do not necessarily result in the final agreement.c. The final agreement must be consistent with the chosen legal system or systems.d. All of the above are true.


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26. The sequential approach to concession-makinga. Is very popular in Asian cultures.b. Is similar to the holistic approach.c. Implies that concession making begins only after all participants discuss all issues.d. Implies that negotiators expect each side to give and take on individual issues in

sequence.


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27. All of the following are true about the holistic concession-making approach EXCEPTa. Is very popular in Asian cultures.b. Each side makes very few, if any, concession during discussions of each point in

potential agreement.c. Implies that concession making begins only after all participants discuss all issues.d. Implies that negotiators expect each side to give and take on individual issues in

sequence.


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28. In competitive negotiationa. Negotiators seek out mutually satisfactory ground that is beneficial that allows

both companies to win.b. Competitive negotiators view the negotiation as a win-win game.c. Competitive negotiators use dirty tricks and any plot that leads to their advantage.d. Competitive negotiators search for possible win situations where the outcome of

the negotiation is mutually satisfactory to both sides.


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29. __________ negotiators search for possible win-win situations where the outcome of the negotiation is mutually satisfactory to both sides.a. Problem-solvingb. Concession-makingc. Competitived. None of the above


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30. All of the following are personal characteristics of the successful international negotiator EXCEPTa. Be a competitive negotiator.b. Can tolerate ambiguous situations.c. Has stamina, good sense of humor.d. Is flexible, creative, curious, and can empathize.


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31. Olfactics a. Is the use of smells as a means of nonverbal communication.b. Refers to communication through eye contact or gazing.c. Communication through the use of space.d. Communication through body contact.


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32. Communication through eye contact or gaze is known asa. Proxemics.b. Haptics.c. Oculesics.d. Olfactics.


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33. Which of the following is NOT one of the suggestions for proper use of interpreters?a. Spend time with the interpreter so that he/she can understand your accent.b. Insist on minimization of interruptions and have the interpreter translate after you

end each statement.c. Go over technical and other complex issues with your interpreter.d. Request that your interpreter apologizes for your inability to speak the local

language.


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34. Which phase of the negotiation process consists of an evaluation of the success of the completed negotiation?a. The post relationship building phaseb. The agreement phasec. The post agreement phased. The performance feedback phase


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35. Which one of the following is NOT one of the personal success characteristics of successful international negotiators as discussed in the text?a. Tolerance of ambiguity and curiosityb. Focus on achieving negotiation goals without making concessionsc. Flexibility, creativity, and sense of humord. All of the above are personal success characteristics


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36. Haptics a. Refers to communication through body contact.b. Refers to communication through smell.c. Refers to communication through eye contact.d. None of the above


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37. Which of the following represents one possible solution to the “Old Friends" dirty trick?a. Ignore the ploy and focus on mutual benefits.b. Keep a psychological distance that reflects the true nature of the relationship.c. Walk out of negotiations.d. Reveal when you plan to leave negotiations.


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38. Which of the following regarding proxemics is FALSE?a. Proxemics focuses on how people use space to communicate.b. North Americans are more comfortable with a personal bubble of space of 20

inches.c. Latin and Arab cultures prefer closer spacing than North Americans.d. North Americans prefer closer spacing than the Latin and Arab cultures.


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39. Which of the following statements regarding interpreters is FALSE?a. The interpreter’s role is to provide a simultaneous translation of a foreign

language while a person is speaking.b. Good interpreters have the technical knowledge and vocabulary to deal with such

details common in business transactions.c. Interpreters are not needed if some of the negotiators can understand both

languages.d. All of the above are true.


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40. Which of the following statements regarding formal communication is FALSE?a. U.S. Americans have the highest degree of formal communication.b. Compared to the U.S., most other business cultures acknowledge rank and titles

when addressing each other.c. There is more formality of dress for both genders for most other cultures

compared to the U.S.d. All of the above are true.


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ESSAY

1. Discuss the steps in the negotiation process. Which step is at the heart of the process and why?

2. Compare and contrast the two basic negotiation strategies. Which would you prefer to use, and why?

3. What is the difference between a high- and a low-context language? Discuss some of the potential problems a person with a low-context language may face when negotiating with people from a high-context language.

4. Provide an example of how nonverbal negotiation tactics may be interpreted differently by people of varying cultural backgrounds.

5. What is the Whorf hypothesis? Explain.

6. Identify some cultural differences in body movements (kinesics). How might these influence a negotiation session?

7. Identify and describe some common dirty tricks in international negotiation. What can be done to counteract these dirty tricks?

8. Describe several forms of nonverbal communication. If you were a negotiator, how might you prepare for differences in these forms?

9. What are interpreters? What can managers do to ensure appropriate use of interpreters?

Chapter 14 Motivation in Multinational Companies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. People's expectations from work (such as work providing necessary income or work providing satisfactory experiences) refer toa. Functions of work.b. Work centrality.c. Importance of work.d. Work motivation.


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2. Conclusions from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey on functions of work reveal thata. People across the world assign the same degree of importance to work functions.b. People across the world rate income as the most important work function.c. People from different nations do not assign the same magnitude of importance to

work functions.d. Workers saw the most important function of work as providing contact with other

people.


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3. The importance of work refers toa. how central work is in an individual’s life.b. The degree of obligations to work in the life of an individual.c. The functions that work plays in people's lives.d. People's expectations from work.


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4. The concept of work centrality refers toa. The reasons why people work.b. The degree of importance of work in the life of an individual.c. The functions that work plays in people's lives.d. Goals that people hope to achieve from working.


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5. All the following are true about work centrality EXCEPTa. High levels of work centrality may lead to dedicated workers and more effective

organizations.b. Higher levels of work centrality closely match average number of hours worked in

a country.c. High levels of work centrality in Japan have been physically and psychologically

stressing to middle-aged managers.d. It represents the function of work in an organizational culture.


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6. All of the following statements about work in different countries are true EXCEPTa. Regardless of country, money has the highest priority for why people work.b. All people hope to receive certain benefits from work.c. In some societies, work is very central and absorbs more of a person's life.d. People from different countries have different goals for their jobs.


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7. Motivation refers toa. A feeling of deficit or lacking.b. Goal-directed behaviors to satisfy human needs.c. The use of work to satisfy many needs.d. Consequences of a person's behavior that discourages the behavior.


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8. Reactions to a person's behavior that encourage the person to continue the behavior isa. Goal-directed behavior.b. Punishment.c. Reinforcement.d. Need.


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9. The national context affect motivation through all of the following EXCEPTa. Cultural values and norms.b. Social institutions that lead to different types of organizations.c. The existence of strong organizational cultures.d. National differences in work centrality.


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10. Need theories of motivation are based on the assumption thata. Motivation is a function of the individual's beliefs of what happens if one works

hard.b. Motivation is a result of the outcomes of one's past behaviors.c. Motivation is a function of why people work.d. People can satisfy basic human needs in the work setting.


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11. All of the following statements about Maslow's hierarchy of needs are true EXCEPTa. People have six basic type of needs.b. People have basic needs that follow a hierarchy from lower level to higher level

needs.c. People first seek to satisfy lower level needs and then move to higher level needs.d. All of the above are true.


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12. All of the following statements are true about hygiene factors EXCEPTa. Hygiene factors bring people to neutral states of motivation.b. Hygiene factors include good benefits and good working conditions.c. Hygiene factors can motivate workers similarly to motivating factors.d. Hygiene factors include those characteristics that allow people to fulfill lower

level needs.


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13. Which of the following motivation theory suggests that only some people have the need to win in competitive situation or to exceed excellence standards?a. Expectancy theoryb. Motivator-hygiene theoryc. Achievement-motivation theoryd. Reinforcement theory


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14. When applying need theories in a cross-national context, managers shoulda. Ignore the differences in needs between nations and apply the models uniformly.b. Take into consideration the particular needs that people seek to satisfy in different

countries.c. Give the same magnitude of importance to work needs and apply these

motivational tools.d. Understand work centrality and then provide the same rewards to satisfy needs.


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15. Which types of motivation theories explain motivation arising from satisfaction of needs and values combined with an individual's beliefs regarding the work environment?a. Needs theoriesb. Work centrality theoriesc. Process and reinforcement theoriesd. Work functions theories


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16. Expectancy theory proposes thata. Motivation is solely determined by the satisfaction of needs.b. Motivation is determined by the workers’ perceptions of fairness at work.c. Motivation is a result of an individual's preferences and belief that his/her effort

will lead to some valued results.d. Motivation is a purely automatic process.


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17. In a cross-national context, expectancy theory prescribes that managersa. Should specify the hierarchy of needs of workers.b. Identify and eliminate potential sources of inequity at work.c. Identify valued outcomes and convince workers that their efforts will lead to these

outcomes.d. Punish workers for not achieving organizational goals.


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18. The theory based on the idea that employees compare their inputs and outcomes to other persons in the work setting to determine if they are being fairly treated isa. Needs difference theory.b. Expectancy theory.

c. Equity theory.d. Reinforcement theory.


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19. All of the following statements are true EXCEPTa. Equity norms prevail in individualistic cultures.b. Equality norms prevail over equity norms in collectivist cultures.c. Equity norms prevail in collectivist cultures.d. All of the above are true.


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20. Principles of goal-setting theory include all of the following EXCEPTa. Set clear and specific goals.b. Provide incentives to achieve goals.c. Give feedback on goal attainment.d. Assign do-your-best types of goals.


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21. Setting goals for work groups is recommended ina. Individualistic cultures.b. Collectivist cultures.c. High power distance cultures.d. Goal setting for groups works equally well in all cultural settings.


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22. All of the following are true about the operant-conditioning model EXCEPTa. Behavior is a function of its consequences.b. People will stop behaviors that have unpleasant consequences.c. People will continue behaviors they like irrespective of the nature of consequence.d. People will continue behaviors that have pleasant consequences.


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23. Which motivation theory proposes that if a pleasurable consequence follows a behavior, then the behavior will continue and if an unpleasant consequence follows a behavior, the behavior will stop?a. Needs theoryb. Expectance theoryc. Equity theoryd. Reinforcement theory


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24. Applying reinforcement at a cross-national level is challenging becausea. It is hard to identify the organizational rewards that can be used as reinforcers.b. It is hard to understand how work values influence potential rewards.c. It is hard to know which type of reinforcer is more applicable in different cultures.d. All of the above


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25. All of the following statements about the US job characteristics model are true EXCEPTa. The model suggests that work is more motivating when managers enrich core job

characteristics.b. The model suggests that enriching job characteristics is motivating for all types of

individuals.c. The model assumes that one critical state for motivation to occur is if the worker

believes his/her work to be meaningful.d. The model assumes that only some people will respond well to enriched jobs.


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26. The sociotechnical systems approach to job design

a. Gives priority to the technical efficiency of workers.b. Attempts to mesh both modern technology and social needs of workers.c. Has no major differences with the US job characteristics model.d. Focuses on designing each worker's task for job enrichment.


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27. A crucial difference between the US job characteristics model and the European STS approach isa. The US model focuses on core job characteristics, while the European model

focuses on tasks.b. The US model focuses on individuals, while the European model focuses on work

teams.c. The US model focuses on work teams, while the European model focuses on

individuals.d. There are no differences between the US job characteristics model and the

European STS approach.


PTS: 1

28. Social loafinga. Is the social process of sharing.b. Occurs when people prefer to work in groups.c. Means that everyone's work is easier in groups.d. Occurs when people put out less effort when working in groups.


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29. Some of the detrimental effects of social loafing can be reduced ifa. Individuals are held responsible for performance.b. Groups are held responsible for performance.c. The group leader is held responsible for performance.d. None of the above


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30. In individualistic cultures, performance drops off with the use of teamwork becausea. Of social loafing.b. Workers believe that the group will make up any slack in their personal efforts.c. Workers do not feel responsible for group outcomes.d. All of the above


PTS: 1

31. A manager gives bonuses to high performing foreign employees hoping that they will continue performing at a high level. This manager is using which motivational principle?a. Extinctionb. Goal-directedc. Reinforcementd. Punishment

AACSB Analytic, Motivation concepts

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32. An expatriate finds that one of his subordinates regularly jokes about a minority group in the country. She decides to ignore the jokes hoping that the subordinate will eventually stop such jokes. Which aspect of reinforcement theory is she using?a. Avoidanceb. Extinctionc. Punishmentd. Operant conditioning


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33. Hygiene factors includea. The size of desks and color of offices.b. Interesting tasks in the job.c. Challenges in the job.d. All of the above


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34. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons discussed to explain why people engage in social loafing in individualistic cultures?a. When working in groups, people in individualistic cultures often feel less pressure

to work and less responsible for work outcomes.b. Workers in groups in individualistic cultures often believe that the group will

make up any slack in their personal efforts.c. People in individualistic cultures often give priority to their own work over the

group.d. All of the above are reasons to explain social loafing in individualistic cultures.


PTS: 1

35. Which of the following theories is NOT considered as one of the needs theories?a. Equity theoryb. Achievement motivation theoryc. Maslow's hierarchy of needsd. Motivator-hygiene theory


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36. The need to maximize personal achievement refers to which type of need in Maslow’s hierarchy of needsa. Physiological needs.b. Self esteem needs.c. Self actualization needs.d. Security needs.


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37. Esteem needs refer toa. Basic survival needs such as food, water and shelter.b. Safety and avoidance of pain and life-threatening situations.c. Being loved and having friendship.d. Focus on respect and feelings of self-worth.


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38. According to the text, those who are underrewarded are likely to a. Return their rewards.b. Reduce their inputs.c. Increase their inputs.d. None of the above


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39. According to equity theory, equity conscious people are most likely thosea. Who behave consistently with equity theory.b. Who are more likely to tolerate situations where they are underrewarded.c. Are more likely to experience satisfaction if underrewarded.d. None of the above


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40. Which of the following refers to the aspect of a job where the person can complete a whole piece of work from beginning to end?a. Feedbackb. Task significancec. Task varietyd. Task identity


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ESSAY

1. Why is it necessary to understand the meaning of work in different cultures before planning work motivation strategies?

2. Compare and contrast the need theories of motivation to the process theories of motivation. How can these theories be applied in multinational management?

3. Describe Vroom's Expectancy Theory. What are some implications for multinational management?

4. What are the three major principles of allocating rewards? Discuss how each principle works. Why is equality preferred in more collectivistic cultures while individualistic cultures favor equity?

5. Discuss some of the implications of the operant-conditioning model for multinational management.

6. Explain why performance drops off when teams are used in individualistic cultures. Explain the significance of social loafing in the process. How can social loafing be reduced?

7. Compare and contrast the Job Diagnostics Design Approach to the European Sociotechnical Systems Approach to job design.

8. Discuss equity theory. What are the implications for multinationals?

Chapter 15 Leadership and Management Behavior in Multinational Companies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. All the following statements are true about leadership EXCEPTa. Leadership is influencing group members to achieve organizational goals.b. Excellent leaders motivate their employees to achieve more than minimal

organizational requirements.c. Companies can achieve success with or without good leaders.d. Leading in a multinational company is an even greater challenge than in a

domestic one.


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2. Some of the characteristics of the new breed of global leaders includea. The skills and abilities to interact with and manage people from the diverse

cultural backgrounds that populate their multinational companies.

b. Sufficiently flexible to operate comfortably in pluralistic cultural environments.c. Knows at least one foreign language and understands the complexities of

interaction with people from other cultures.d. All of the above


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3. Trait models of leadershipa. Evolved from the debate regarding whether leaders are born or made.b. Focuses on the behaviors leaders use to manage their employees.c. Assumes that different styles and different leaders are more appropriate for

different situations.d. Includes Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs theory.


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4. The idea that leaders are born with unique characteristics that make them different form ordinary people is thea. Task centered leadership theory.b. A contingency theory of leadership.c. The great-person theory.d. The leadership behaviors theory.


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5. All of the following are true about trait leadership theories EXCEPTa. Using trait theory, one can conclude that successful business, political, religious,

and military leaders were born with unique characteristics that made them quite different from ordinary people.

b. Leadership theorists identified an exact list of leadership traits.c. The great person theory of leadership assumes that leaders are born.d. All of the above are true.


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6. The type of leadership that includes behaviors that focus on completing tasks by initiating structure is known asa. Task-centered leadership.b. Person-centered leadership.c. Autocratic leadership.d. Democratic leadership.


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7. Person-centered leadersa. Focus on completing tasks by initiating structure.b. Give specific directions to subordinates so that the subordinates can feel

comfortable completing tasks.c. Show a concern for subordinates’ feelings and taking subordinates’ ideas into

account.d. Make all major decisions themselves.


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8. Leaders who do not allow employees to share in the decision- making area. Democratic leaders.b. Autocratic leaders.c. Participative leaders.d. Consultative leaders.


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9. The leadership style that falls midway between autocratic and democratic styles is thea. Person-centered leader.b. Subordinate-oriented leader.c. Consultative leader.d. Task-oriented leader.


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10. All of the following are true about the Japanese Performance-Maintenance (PM) theory of leadership EXCEPTa. The Performance-Maintenance (PM) theory of leadership represents a Japanese

perspective on leadership.b. PM theory has two dimensions, the performance function (P) and the maintenance

function (M), which are the basic aspects of the theory.c. The maintenance function (M) is similar to task-centered leadership.d. PM theory suggests that groups perform best when both P and M are present.


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11. Contingency theoriesa. Look for leadership behaviors that work in all countries.b. Focus on which leadership traits or behaviors define excellent in Japan.c. Assume that different styles and different leaders are more appropriate for

different situations.d. None of the above


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12. All of the following are true about Fiedler's Leadership Effectiveness theory EXCEPTa. Fiedler proposed that managers tend to be either task or person-centered leaders.b. The success of leadership styles depends on three characteristics of the work

situation.c. Effective leadership occurs when the leadership style matches the situation.d. Task-centered leadership works best in mixed conditions.


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13. Path-Goal Theorya. Is a popular US contingency theory.b. Identifies four types of leadership styles that a manager might choose depending

on the situation.c. Key contingency or situational factors that determine the choice of the best

leadership styles are: the nature of the subordinates and the characteristics of the subordinates’ tasks.

d. All of the above


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14. Which of the following is NOT one of the leadership styles of the path-goal theory of leadership?a. Directive styleb. Supportive stylec. Task-oriented styled. Participative style


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15. Consulting with subordinates, asking for suggestions, encouraging participation in decision making, represent which leadership style in path-goal theory?a. Directive styleb. Supportive stylec. Participative styled. Achievement-oriented style


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16. Key leadership suggestions based on path-goal theory include all of the following EXCEPTa. When subordinates have high achievement needs, successful leaders adopt the

achievement-oriented style.b. When subordinates with have high social needs, they respond best to the

supportive leadership style.c. When the subordinate's job is unstructured, the theory suggests using a supportive

style.d. When the subordinate's job is highly structured, the theory suggests using

instrumentality.


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17. The National Context Contingency Model of Leadershipa. Assumes that successful leaders need not modify their behaviors or develop

particular leadership traits to succeed in different nations.b. Includes two contingencies: the characteristics of subordinates and the nature of

the work setting.c. Includes factors related to the national culture and social institutions.d. Only B and C are correct


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18. All of the following are true about leadership traits in various national settings EXCEPTa. People from different cultural backgrounds prefer certain traits.b. In Germany, a desired leadership trait is modesty.c. In France, leaders are considered different based on social class distinctions

between cadres and non-cadres.d. In the US, assertiveness is valued as a leadership trait.


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19. U.S. managers' favored influence tactics include the following EXCEPTa. Assertiveness.b. Reasoning.c. Aggressiveness.d. Bargaining.


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20. Building support for ideas and networking and using friendships involve the use of which influence tactics?a. Assertivenessb. Friendlinessc. Sanctioningd. Coalitions


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21. All of the following statements regarding subordinates expectations in different countries are true EXCEPTa. In counties with high power distance values, including many of the Latin and

Asian countries, subordinates expect autocratic leadership.b. In low power distance countries, such as Sweden and Norway, subordinates

expect the leader to be more like them.c. Weak masculinity norms often lead to the acceptance of more authoritarian

leadership.d. Strong uncertainty avoidance norms may cause subordinates to expect the leader

to provide more detail in directions.


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22. When managers use rewards or punishment to influence their subordinates, they are engaging ina. Rewards oriented leadership.b. Transformational leadership.c. Transactional leadership.d. Charismatic leadership.


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23. Transformational leadershipa. Means that managers use rewards or punishments to influence their subordinates.b. Is similar to transactional leadership.c. Succeeds because subordinates respond to the leader with high levels of

performance, personal devotion, and excitement.d. Is one leadership style of Fieldler's leadership theory.


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24. Behaviors and characteristics of transformation leaders include the all of the following EXCEPTa. Articulates a vision.

b. Breaks from the status quo.c. Uses rewards or punishments to influence subordinates.d. Provides goals and a plan.


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25. The attribution approach to leadershipa. Emphasizes the leader's attributions regarding the causes of subordinates’

behaviors.b. Focuses on using rewards or punishments to influence the attributes of

subordinates.c. Is similar to the trait approach, except that it focuses on a person's attributes.d. Represents one key aspect of transformational leadership.


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26. Explaining a person's behavior based on factors outside the person and beyond the person's control (e.g., natural disasters, illness, faulty equipment, etc.) is a/ana. Internal attribution.b. External attribution.c. Fundamental attribution error.d. Attribution effect.


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27. According to the text, if a leader perceives the cause of a subordinate's behavior based on an internal attribution, then most leaders willa. Tend to correct or reward the worker.b. Modify the work environment.c. Do nothing.d. Use transformational leadership.


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28. The fundamental attribution errora. Is a tendency for managers to believe that most people act because of internal

motivations.b. Is a tendency for managers to believe more often that people behave in certain

ways because of outside factors, such as poor working conditions.c. Occurs most often in Asian cultures.d. Concerns primarily external attributions.


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29. According to the text, all of the following statements about leadership styles in different cultures are true EXCEPTa. In high power distance countries, leaders generally behave more autocratically.b. In high uncertainty avoidance national cultures both leaders and subordinates

often feel more comfortable when the leader initiates structure.c. In low uncertainty avoidance countries leaders tell subordinates exactly what to

do.d. In high power distance countries, person-centered leadership works best in large

groups.


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30. The recommended leadership style for a country low on power distance and low on uncertainty avoidance isa. The democrat - supportive, participative, and achievement.b. The master - directive and supportive.c. The professional- directive, supportive, and participative.d. The boss- directive.


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31. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE regarding leadership in various cultures?a. In countries with high power distance, subordinates expect leaders to be more like

them.b. Strong masculinity norms often lead to the acceptance of more authoritarian

leaders.c. In countries with high uncertainty avoidance, subordinates expect detail and

directions to perform their tasks.d. All of the above are true.


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32. A multinational manager discovers that his leadership style is more effective when he displays visible sign of status (e.g chauffeur driven cars) and he behaves as an authoritarian leader. The manager is most likely leading in which of the following cultures?a. A feminine cultureb. A high uncertainty avoidance culturec. A low power distance cultured. A high power distance culture

AACSB Analytic, Leadership principles

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33. Which of the following is NOT one of the behaviors/characteristics of transformational leader as discussed in the text?a. Takes riskb. Demonstrates high ethical and moral standardsc. Articulates a visiond. All of the above applies to transformational leaders


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34. An expatriate finds that if she gives specific directions to her subordinates, productivity is much higher. Which leader behavior is she displaying?a. Consultative leader behaviorb. Democratic leader behaviorc. Task-centered leader behaviord. Person-centered leader behavior


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35. According to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) study, which of the following leadership styles represents the leader who is modest and has a compassionate orientation?a. Team-oriented leaderb. Self-protective leaderc. Participative leaderd. None of the above


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36. Which statement regarding fundamental attribution errors is true?a. In Western nations, people tend to make external attributions.b. In Eastern nations, people tend to make internal attributions.c. In Western nations, people tend to make internal attributions.d. In Eastern nations, people tend to make external attributions.


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37. According to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE) studies, which of the following leadership style characterizes a leader who is self-centered, status conscious and procedural?a. The autonomous leaderb. The participative leaderc. The humane style leaderd. The self-protective leader


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38. Which of the following statements regarding the autonomous leader is FALSE according to the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior (GLOBE) studies?a. Autonomous leaders are independent, individualistic and unique.b. Autonomous leaders act in self-interested manner.c. Germanic and Eastern European countries have the highest scores on autonomous

leadership.d. Autonomous leadership is seen as very effective in most cultures.


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39. Which of the following examples characterize the use of assertiveness as an influence tactics?a. Example behaviors include being friendly and humble.b. Example behaviors include using logical arguments.c. Example behaviors include using threats and punishments.d. Example behaviors include being forceful and directive.


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40. The recommended leadership style for a country high on power distance and low on uncertainty avoidance isa. The boss - directive.b. The professional - directive, supportive and participative.c. The master - directive and supportive.d. The democrat - supportive and participative.


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ESSAY

1. Define leadership. How might people from different national cultures define leadership? What are the implications of these definitions for multinational leaders working in these countries?

2. Pick a national culture with which you are familiar. For this culture, identify leadership traits and behaviors that would be detrimental to organizational effectiveness.

3. From the perspective of the subordinates, discuss why culturally inappropriate leadership behaviors might be de-motivating.

4. Why do multinational managers need to understand subordinate expectations in order to lead effectively? Which leadership style works the best in countries with high power distance? Why?

5. Discuss five preferred influence tactics that U.S. managers favor. Discuss how these tactics might work in other countries.

6. Discuss whether transformational leadership qualities are culture free. That is, are transformational leaders similar regardless of cultural background or are there different types of transformational leaders for each cultural group?

7. What is attribution theory? How can leaders use attribution theory to help them be good leaders?

8. What is the fundamental attribution error? What are some implications for leadership in multinationals?

9. Compare and contrast U.S. and Japanese perspectives on leadership behavior.

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MGT/510 Midterm and Final Exam Quiz

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