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WORLD BANK ASSISTED HYDROLOGY PROJECT – II

Relative Study Of Groundwater Dynamics In The EarthQuake Affected Area Of Latur District, Maharashtra

Watershed Area – MR-35 (2/5)

SENIOR GEOLOGIST GROUND WATER SURVEYS AND DEVELOPMENT AGENCY

LATUR (M.S.)

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CONTENTS

Sr. No. Subject Page No.

I Introduction 03

II Location and Demography 06

III Rainfall and Climate 07

IV Physiography And Drainage 07

V Geomorphology 08

VI Geology 09

VII Baseline Hydrogeological Survey 11

i) Objective 11

ii) Methodology 12

iii) Hydrogeology 13

iv) Cropping pattern 21

v) Geophysical Investigation studies 22

vi) Water Quality studies 28

vii) Isotope and hydrochemical investigation 36

VIII Conclusions and recommendations 42

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ANNEXURE Sr.No. Subject Page No.

I Photo House near Epicentre of Earthquake

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II Photo Surface Rupture Developed Near Epicentre of Earthquake

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III Photo ESR Fallan at Kawtha

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RELATIVE STUDY OF GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN THE EARTHQUAKE AFFECTED AREA OF LATUR DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA

INTRODUCTION:

The 1993, earthquake, in central peninsular India in Latur district, of Maharashtra is one of the

latest intra tectonic event, responsible for a large disaster. In spit of heavy losses of human and animal

lives as well as property, a positive side of this tragedy, provided new insights into Geologic,

Engineering and Cultural factor that controlled the distribution and degree of damage.

*This earthquake nucleated at a shallow depth (5 Km) was associated with hundred of after

shocks. The rupture area was fairly small 38.5 Sq.km involving only a fault length of 5.5 km.

Deeper trenches exposed layers of Basalt, thrust in similar fashion, suggesting repetiton of

movements. A wide impact zone comprising minute fragments of rocks and grounded mass with

yellowisth clay was an indication of repeated faulting- evidences of thrusting were observed in few

quarries and open wells.

LATUR EARTHQUAKE 1993. A GLIMPSE:

On 30 Th September 1993 the main shock centered near the village Killari, in Latur district at

local time 00:03:053 (22:25:53 GMT, September 29)

Ma-6.4, Mb-6.3, Mw-6.1, centroid depth 5 Km, moment tensor solution, yielding an almost

pure thrust, with Quasi - horizontal P-axis striking N 31 E.

A widespread death and destruction, death toll about 10,000 or even more and more than

15,000 injured highest relative death toll 35 % in Killari (Latur) and chincholi (Osmanabad).

Historic seismicity suggests, that casualties and damages, from earthquakes with magnitude of

5.5 or greater occur, relatively offen in cratonic India. Thus the Ma-6.4 event is satisfactorily

consistent, with general level of seismicity in cratonic India, but is unusual in the larger number of

casualties.

SURFACE RUPTURE:

The shallow depth of rupture which reached the surface and cultural and typical rural setting

combined with traditional housing design of the epicentral area,as well as the timing of the earthquake,

(in the middle of the night) when most of the people were indoor, is particularly vulnerable. There was

a complete destruction of Stone/Mud structures in an area of about 15.0 Kms wide.

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From the investigations of the surface rupture after a few weeks, the main shock,

discontinuous scarps were discernible along W-NW Zone about 1 Km long, starting 1.5 KM west of

village Killari. The surface trace of the rupture was very complex, multibranched, double vergent and

discontinous. Most scarps trend approximately E-W, a few N - NE trending scarps showed evidence of

predominant horizontal components of motion. The sense of movements was consistent in each case,

with the interpretation as Transform Faults connecting diffrent branches of system.

STRUCTURAL DEFORMATION:

From investigations along the exposures along 3 Trenches (1-1.5m deep) two distinct modes

of faulting would be identified in the weathered basalt and shearing in the pre existing fractures, was

accomplished where pre-existing and newly splintered fragments were rotated these zones had lost

cohesion (and probably density as well) and were easily identified on the trench walls.

As surface ruptre was identified and mapped near the village Killari and inferred to extend, at

least to the village of Talani. Surface deformation features reflect a Reverse Fault dipping to the SW.

It was noted that the zone of highest relative fatalities (20-30 %) is centered South West of the trace of

the”Thrust” above the infered Rupture. Also this rupture was centered about 10.00 Km from the lower

Terna Dam (at Makani).

Except for the precursory activity in 1992* The area was not known for prior earthquakes

during the historic, period neither any evidence of Holocene ruptures nor accumulated neocene

deformation in the form of prehistoric scarps or a topographic rise. No evidence of pre – 1993 faulting

of the late cretaceous Deccan traps has been reported. Hence the 1993 rupture might have represented

as a new fault. All though it could have reactivated a pre-cenozoic fault in the basement below the

traps.

A very active swarm between August and October 1992 (125 events in Killari) the largest

event on 18 Th October 1992 (Mb 4.5) caused damage to many stone & mad buildings in Killari.

Reference: - From EERI SPLEQ Report EERI News Letter vol/28.No-1 Jan 1994

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HISTORY OF EARTHQUAKES IN THE STUDY AREA

On September 29, 1993 (local time Sep. 30, 4.29 h) an earthquake of magnitude Ms=6.3 struck

the Latur region of Maharashtra, India and claimed about 10,000 lives and injured 30,000 people. This

is the highest death toll due any stable continental region earthquake, so far. After Mohan and Rao

(1994) the earthquake had severely damaged the villages Killari, Sastur, Holli, Yekundi, Kawtha,

Rajegaon, Mudgar, Makni and others (Figure 1).There is some evidence for the occurrence of

earthquakes in this region in historical times (Rajendran,

et al.1996, Gupta et al., 1998). The closest seismological observatory in Hyderabad, about 200 km east

of the epicentre, is in operation since December 11, 1967. This observatory did not record any tremors

from the Latur region till 1992. In 1992, 26 tremors with magnitudes ranging from 2.0 to 4.0 were

recorded from this region.

A team of the German Task Force for earthquakes installed in co-operation with the National

Geophysical Research Institute Hyderabad (NGRI) a temporary seismic network that recorded

aftershocks from Oct. 10, 1993 till Jan. 20, 1994. The network consisted of three 3-channel digital data

acquisition systems with a dynamic range of 114 dB (PDAS), 9 analogue data acquisition system

(MLR, Frankfurt University) which recorded the vertical component continuously on magnetic tape at

3 different gains, thereby increasing the dynamic range of the system. These two recording system

were equipped with short-period 1-Hz seismometer MARK L4-3D or MARK L4, respectively. Four

strong motion recording instruments (SYSCOM MR2002) lent by the Swiss Seismological Service

were installed. These are three-component digital instruments with a 12 Bit AD converter. The NGRI

installed five single component drum recorder with a vertical 1-Hz seismometer S-13.The following

important conclusions can be drawn from the German-Indian studies:

1. The p-value, a characteristic feature describing the decay of the aftershock activity with time is

estimated as 0.8 for the 1992 sequence and 0.9 for the aftershock sequence of 1993. Nearly the same

p-values for both 1992 and 1993 sequence indicated that the stress regime did not change in the Latur

region remarkably. It can also be inferred that the 1992 sequence cannot be assumed to be a precursor

to the 1993 sequence.

1. A total of 187 aftershocks were located in this study. The majority of aftershocks clustered close to

the point of confluence of the two tributaries of the Terna River south of Killari village.

2. The high precision determination of the hypocentres of 72 micro-earthquakes with a small aperture

network (Figure 1) shows that the aftershocks lie on a plane striking 125°E and dipping 45° towards

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SW. They are assumed to mark the fault plane of the main shock. When extended to the surface, the

plane reaches the surface deformation zone. (Figure 2). The two angels estimated agree well with the

strike of 134° and the dip of 47° as derived by Dziewonski et. al (1994) from the centroid moment

tensor solution.

Figure 1 : Village (O) in a densely populated area of about 6 km radius completely destroyed during the Killari main shock ( ). The small aperture seismic network ( ) used for the high precision determination of aftershock hypocentres. The red curve encircles the aftershocks that occured on the main shock fault plane.

LOCATION AND DEMOGRAPHY:

The project area selected for study of dynamics of groundwater under the hydrology project is

located at a distance of about 50 km from district headquarters due SW Latitude 18°04’50” N to 18°

9’ 51” , Longitude 76°33’19” E to 76° 37’ 37”E and are accessible throughout the year by metalled

road. It is located in Manjara sub basin which is a part of Godavari basin in Latur district of

Maharashtra.The Watershed no. MR-35 in the Manjara Subbasin (Godavari Basin) has been selected

and the detailed study confined to the Mini Watershed 2/5 is considered comprising 4 villages namely-

Rajewadi, Lamjana, Sirsal and Chincholi Jogan and two Wadis Gotewadi and Hatkarwadi (Map 1).

Covering an area of 39.52 Sq.Km. Out of a total area of 179.64 Sq.Km. of the watersheds.It is exactly

due north of the epicentral area at Killari. The area falls in Toposhet No 56 B/2 the concept of study is

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to establish the changes in the Geomorphology, Drainage network and the Structural controls in the

area and their reflection on the Water Table Flucuation and the Chemical quality changes in the

ground water (both in shallow and deep aquifers) and to find out the suitable remedial measures to

restore the groundwater table and Chemical quality potable for drinking water and allied purposes.

MAP 1: Index Map Of Project Area.

RAINFALL AND CLIMATE:

The nearest Rainguage Station is at Ausa Taluka place and the normal rainfall as per the IMD

recording is 813.90 mm and the actual rain this year only 517 mm. The rainfall is mainly from the

SW-NE Monsoon during the months June to October with very low or rare rainfall in the non

monsoon season.

The climate is Arid to Semiarid with temperatures 25-40 degrees.The maximum temperature is

during the month of May.

PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE:

The topography in the study area exhibits a low steep to moderate gentle sloping terrain. The

general slope being towards South.The maximum Altitude is about 675 mt in Rajewadi and lowest is

585 mt in Sirsal village.The local hillock in Rajewadi is due to lateritic cappings extending to about

half a km almost EW. The whole study area is almost a plateau with small local structural outcrops of

massive basalt capping. The gradient is more in the northern part from Rajewadi to Lamjana and low

in the southern part in Chincholi Jogan and Sirsal village area.

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Map 2 : Drainage Map Of Project Area.

The drainage pattern in the area of study is typical dendritic ( Map 2) starting with Ist order

stream in Rajewadi and Tamberwadi,flowing towards SW and meeting the main nala at Lamjana

flowing NS and onwards, the same nala flows towards south towards Chincholi Jogan and Sirsal that

altimately meets Terana River down to East of Killari village. This nala is only seasonal and flows

upto December.However in the sourtern part of the project area in Sirsal and Chincholi Jogan the local

nalas meet the main nala at almost right angles showing their courses along the lineaments (Joints).In

majority of the area the nala courses are controlled by lineaments.

GEOMORPHOLOGY:

The Geomorphology of the area indicates the plateau comprising a EW running lateritic

outcrops in Rajewadi gaothan and one or two local structural outcrops of massive basalt in the western

and south western part otherwise majority of the area comprises a plateau type of terrain. The terrain

falls under Recharge morphozone. (Map 3)

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Map 3: Geomorphology Map Of Project Area.

GEOLOGY:

The surface geology denotes except for single outcrops of laterite in Rajewadi the shallow

black cotton soil of 0.3 mt -1.5 mt and a deep soil cover upto 6 m in the nala banks at Chincholi J and

Sirsal villages. The rest of the area is covered by weathered and fractured massive basalt.From the

well sections and nala cuttings it is observed that the massive basalt is underlaid by vesicular basalt

mix with red bole and clay which is about 15 -20 m thick at places. Only single flow of Deccan trap is

observed in the open dugwells in the area. (Map 4)

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Map 4 : Geology Map of Project area.

GEOLOGY MAP GEOLOGY MAP –– PDS PROJECT, LATURPDS PROJECT, LATUR

Lineament

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BASELINE HYDROGEOLOGICAL SURVEY

OBJECTIVE:

The objective of this project is to study groundwater dynamics after the earthquake of Latur in

1993.

1) To study the changes in the lateral and vertical movement of groundwater after the earthquake

event through different parameters.

2) The changes in the quality of groundwater after the earthquake event and present status of

Quality for drinking and Irrigation purpose.

3) The study of long term water level trend and also yield from dug wells and bore wells after the

1993 earthquake.

4) Changes in the cropping pattern and also economic status of the peoples affected.

5) Action plan for improving the groundwater conditions by studying recharge conditions of area.

6) Investigation of ground water of deep bore wells in the study by carbon 14 method.

7) To study ground water dynamics in earth quack affected areas of Manjara basin in Latur

district.

8) To study chemical quality of water and to compare it with standards prescribed by Beauro of

Indian Standards.

9) To find suitability of water in the aquifer system for drinking and irrigation purposes.

10) To study Hydro geochemical aspects of the present aquifer.

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METHODOLOGY:

1) Four Rain gauge units install in 4 villages.

2) Under this project at the dist.level various field investigations have been carried out, to study

the shallow aquifer conditions, Systematic Hydro geological survey through 100% well

inventories of dugwells (both Domestic & Irrigation) in 4 villages Namely Lamjana,

Rajewadi, Chincholi (Jo) and Sirsal, covering about 40.00 sq.Km and investigation of about

354 dug wells in the study area, where in the depth, winter and summer static water levels,

discharge and recuperation parameters along with the study of surface and subsurface

lithology has been carried out. These wells have been connected to MSL for the mapping

purpose.

3) Construction of 4 piezometers and fixing of 8 observations well in 4 villages.

4) Aquifer performance tests of about 8 dug wells have been carried out in the pre monsoon

period of 2010 to study the aquifer parameters like transmissivity, storage capacity and

specific yield, in the study area. Again the same test has been (of the 8 dug wells in the

project area) conducted during the Rabi season of this year to get an overall idea about the

behavior of ground water.

5) Water level monitoring is being carried out by establishing 4 piezometers and 8 observation

wells in the 4 villages, where the water level monitoring is done every month since January

2009, apart from periodical observation of pre & post monsoon water levels in the Taluka.

6) Chemical quality monitoring of the above piezometers and observation wells(by collection of

water samples) is being done during the post monsoon and pre monsoon periods by collection

of water samples & analysis at the Regional lab G.S.D.A.Aurangabad & detail report from

the concerned.

7) Geophysical investigations in the 4 villages have been carried out by making grids of 1*1

Km. on the composite map. In all about 6 VLF profiles and 44 VES have been carried out in

May 2010. The maps & reports have been completed.

8) MOU was done with NGRI, Hyderabad for the one time Isotope study & Hydro chemical

investigations of deep groundwater in project area. Accordingly 10 water samples from the

deep irrigation bore wells in the project area were collected by their technical team led by

Dr.D.V.Reddy, Scientist “F” NGRI during May 2011 & June 2011. The analytic result and

report have been completed in Nov- December 2011.

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HYDROGEOLOGY:

In four villages namely- Rajewadi, Lamjana, Chincholi J and Sirsal a detailed hydrogeological

study by observation/survey of domestic and agricultural wells have been carried out.

Table 1 Details Of Drinking Water Sources In The Project Area

Sr. No Village Population (2001)

Pipe Water Supply Scheme

Hand Pumps

Power Pumps Remarks

1 Lamjana 7289 1 11 9

2 Rajewadi 491 1 0 0

3 Chincholi J. 862 1 3 0

4 Sirsal 1767 1 2 0

Table 2

Dugwell Surveryed in Project Area.

Sr.No. Village Taluka WS No. Area of Survey

Sq.Km Dugwell surveyed Rem.

1 Rajewadi Ausa MR-35 2.40 24

2 Lamjana & Hatkawadi

Ausa MR-35 21.87 199+16

3 Chincholi J & Gotewadi

Ausa MR-35 5.42+2.25 58+13

4 Sirsal Ausa MR-35 3 Sq.km part 34

Table 3

Performance Of Dugwells in Project Area.

Sr.No Village Depth of Wells in Mtrs

Aquifer thickness in

Mtrs

Yield range in KLPN

Winter/Summer

Percentage of Seasonal wells

1 Rajewadi 5.80-17.50 1.00-7.60 30-300/15-150 30%

2 Lamjana/

Hatkarwadi 6.00-26.00 0.50-15.50 50-600/15-100 68%

3 Chincholi Jo. /Gotewadi

6.00-19.40 1.00-6.50 30-200/15-120 58%

4 Sirsal 9.00-35.00 1.00-8.60 50-600/15-80 25%

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The detailed investigations of the domestic shown in (Table No1) and irrigation wells Shown

in (Table No 2 & 3) reveals that majority of wells are functioning only seasonally due to desaturation

of the shallow aquifer by the end of January i.e.Rabi season and only a few of the wells are perennial

and some of the dugwells being augumented through moderate to deep borewells for the cultivation

crops in summer season.This is mainly due to the scanty rainfall in the area and overexploitation of

groundwater for perennial crops like Sugarcane and Grapes. Even the supporting borewells are not

yielding to the expectation due to poor recharge condition and desaturation of deeper aquifer. (Map

No. 5 & 6). This shows a deteriorating depleting trend of water levels of both shallow and deep

aquifers.

Table 4

Observation Well Data of Project Area.

Chincholi Jo Karla Killari

1990 2.3 0.8 1990 5.4 2.9 1990 13 8.3 1991 7.9 3.78 1991 5.2 2.9 1991 14.65 8.3 1992 9.2 4.95 1992 3 1.7 1992 18.7 16.4 1993 13.9 1.65 1993 9.3 6.1 1993 18.7 18.7 1994 13.9 7 1994 9.3 8.55 1994 18.7 18.7 1995 13.9 3.6 1995 9.3 4.4 1995 18.7 18.7 1996 9.6 1 1996 7.2 3.1 1996 16.1 15.3 1997 7.4 7.85 1997 5.3 6.8 1997 16.1 18.7 1998 9.05 0.9 1998 9.3 3.4 1998 18.7 9 1999 7.2 1.25 1999 6.2 4.05 1999 18.7 11.8 2000 8.5 3.1 2000 9.3 4 2000 18.7 10.65 2001 9.3 2.7 2001 9 3.65 2001 18.7 18.7 2002 8.85 6 2002 9.3 4.2 2002 18.7 18.7 2003 13.9 2.05 2003 9.3 4.15 2003 18.7 18.7

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Map 5: Winter Static Water Level (2010-11) of Project area

Map 6: Summer Static Water Level Map Year (2010-11) Of Project Area

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Drastic fluctuations in the water table conditions in the pre and post monsoon static water

levels recorded in the observation wells in Ausa Taluka as well as the observation wells fixed in four

villages,shown in (Table 4&5) indicate a significant change in the water table conditions after the

main earthquake event followed by a few small scale tremors afterwards in the almost every year in

this area.Though this situation is partly refered to as, due to the fluctuating rainfall conditions year

after year which are seasonal,repeated tremors have affected in the opening and closing up the

fractures and joints already disturbed during the main event and after shocks, which must have

resulted in the desaturation of aquifer even before the onset of summer in this area as shown in (Map

No 7) Table 5

Water Table Fluctuation in the Observation Wells Of Project Area Taluka Ausa

Sr.No.

OBW village

SWL May 2009

(mt bgl)

Avg of SWL of

May 2004-2008

Diff. SWL

SWL Oct. 2009

(mt bgl)

Avg of SWL of Oct 2004-

2008

Diff. SWL

1 Masurdi 9.60 8.44 1.16 8.10 5.85 2.25

2 Ausa 10.50 9.68 0.82 4.80 2.69 2.11

3 Borfal 18.40 16.30 2.10 4.90 3.40 1.50

4 Talni 17.00 16.14 0.86 13.40 11.42 1.98

5 Chincholi J 9.30 9.00 0.30 3.55 2.18 1.37

Map: 7 Water table Fluctuation Map Post & Pre Monsoon season of the Project area.

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Hydrograph No. 1 and 2

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Hydrograph No. 3 & 4

Village Lamjana – SWL gone downed from 6 m to 8 m

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Hydrograph No. 5 & 6

Village Talani – SWL gone down 12 to 16 m and Waterlevel trend change from rising to falling

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Likewise a drastic depletion in water yields and depth of water struck (Water bearing zone)

have been reported in the area of study.From the statistics of domestic borewells taken in four villages

for the drinking water purpose,depth of borewells after the earthquake events seem to have increased

from 60-90 mt to as deep as 184 mt.bgl., and yield from such deep borewells have minimized in

contrast to the yields that were reported earlier to the main earthquake event.This year deep borewells

upto 200 mt are being dug in the area for the irrigation purpose with very low success ratio.

Table 6

Details Borewell Taken Before & After Earthquake

Sr.No Village Details of BW taken before

1993 No./Depth/yield(lph)

Details of BW taken after 1993 No./Depth/yield(lph) Rem.

1 Sirsal 10 /39-91 / 3378-9310 5 / 58-120 / 597 2 Chincholi J 4 / 60-80 / 33505-42494 6 / 60-120 /597-1250 3 Lamjana 5 / 71-93 / 3378-33570 25 / 49-184 / 597-3382 4 Rajewadi 4 / 75-84 / 597-9376 5 / 75-120 / 1648

CROPPING PATTERN:

In project area kharif, Rabbi and Summer Crops are also taken by villagers. The change in

cropping is observed in the comparative statement given below.

Table 7

Comparision of Cropping pattern Before and After Earthquake event

Sr. No. Village Kharip Crops

Rabbi Crops

Summer Crops

Sprinkler Sets

Rem.

Cropping pattern after Earthquake event 1 Lamjana 2290 1160 65 Main summer crop

was sugarcane on flood irrigation from dugwell with 200 to 300 ft deep borewell

2 Sirsal 700 235 33 3 Chincholi

Jo 329 160 12

4 Rajewadi 210 58 6 Total 3529 1613 116

Cropping pattern after Earthquake event 1 Lamjana 1608 1050 62 54 Sugarcane crop is

shift to Horticulture and sprinkler use and lift irrigation through chincholi Tank

2 Sirsal 627 340 45 162 3 Chincholi

Jo 380 150 22 158

4 Rajewadi 243 82 8 7 Total 2858 1592 137 381

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GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATION STUDIES:

Vertical Electrical Soundings were carried out in the project area Watershed no 35, Mini

Watershed no 2/5 of Manjara Sub basin, Ausa Taluka, District Latur to understand the subsurface geo-

electrical layer distribution. Total six villages namely Lamjana, Chincholi (J), Sirsal, Rajewadi,

Hatkarwadi and Goewadi fall in the study area,.The entire area is covered by 43 Vertical Electrical

Soundings. Schlumberger electrode array with a maximum half current electrode separation of 200 m

(AB/2) was used in carrying out Vertical Electrical Soundings. (Map No) A pre determined set of

current electrode separations with calculated geometric factors is used for collection of sounding data.

The instrument for the collection of data used is CRM 500 (make of ANVIC systems Pune). The

instrument directly gives the resistance value for each current electrode separation which is further

multiplied with the geometric factor gives the apparent resistivity. The sounding data is interpreted

by partial curve matching technique, using Orellana and Mooney Standard Graphs for Schlumberger

sounding data. The raw data and the interpreted results are used for qualitative and quantitative

interpretation. The raw data is used in preparing the Iso-resistivity maps using the values of particular

separation, which gives the variation of resistivity values within the area, in terms high and low

resistivity zones.The interpreted results show the true resistivity values and its thickness. The results

are further utilized for preparing geo-electric section, which gives the idea of subsurface formations.

ISO RESISTIVITY MAPS

Iso Resistivity maps for different half current electrode separations namely 1.5m, 2m, 10m,

15m, 20m, 30m, 40m, 50m, 60m, 70m, 80m, 90m, 100m, 120m, 150m, 180m and 200m were

prepared using the obtained apparent resistivity values. The obtained apparent resistivity values are in

the range of 8 ohm-m to 535 ohm-m. Four resistivity zones were marked based on the resistivity

ranges. Table 8

Resistivity Range, Type Zone & Colour Code Used.

Resistivity Range ( ohm-m ) Type of Zone Colour code used

> 20 ( ohm-m ) Very Low Yellow

20 to 50 ( ohm-m ) Low Green

50 to 70 ( ohm-m ) Medium Blue

< 70 ( ohm-m ) High Red

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Map 8: Iso Resistivity Maps of Project Area

AB/2 – 80 m

ISO RESISTIVITY MAP , PDS, LATURISO RESISTIVITY MAP , PDS, LATUR

AB/2 – 150 m

AB/2 – 50 mAB/2 – 15 m

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GEO-ELECTRIC CROSS SECTION A-AL

A geo-electric cross section is drawn along A-Al direction comprising of 8 Vertical Electrical

soundings (namely VES 2, VES 6, VES 12, VES 18, VES 24, VES 31, VES 37 and VES 41) passing

through the villages Lamjana, Chincholi and Sirsal. The Reduced level of these VES spots varies

from 602 m to 640 m above Mean sea level.

The thickness of the top layer comprising of topsoil is in the range of 1.2 to 4.7 m. The second

layer is highly conductive (in the range of 9 to 39 ohm-m) upto VES No. 12 having thickness from 8

to 23 m. But from VES No. 12 to VES 31 there exists a highly resistive zone ( 91 to 245 Ohm-m)

having thickness of 13 to 20 m. At VES No. 37 a low resistive zone of 16 Ohm-m having thickness

29 m is observed. Again at VES No. 41 a very high resistive zone in the range of 260 ohm-m having

thickness of 14 m is observed.

The third layer up to VES No. 12 is highly resistive in the range of 80 to100 ohm-m. The third

layer from VES no 18 to VES no 31 is highly conductive in the resistive range of 28 to 33 Ohm-m.

The third layer at VES No. 37 is highly resistive in the range of 85 Ohm-m. The third layer at

VES No. 41 highly conductive with resistivity value at 40 m.

Section No 1 :

Geo Electrical Section Along A-A’ of Project Area.

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GEO-ELECTRIC CROSS SECTION B-BL

A Geo-electric cross section is drawn along B-Bl comprising of 6 Vertical Electrical soundings

namely VES 22, VES 23, VES 24, VES 25, VES 26 and VES 27 passing through the villages

Lamjana and Hatkarwadi. Reduced levels’s of these VES spots varies from 614 m to 642 m above

mean sea level.

The thickness of the top layer comprising of top soil varies from 1.6 to 2.7 m.The second layer

is highly resistive (in the range of 91 to 600 ohm-m ) having thickness in the range of 10 to 35 m.

Third layer is of low resistive zone in the range of 20 to 64 ohm-m.

Section No-2

Geo- electrical section Along B-B’

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INTERPRETATION OF VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING CURVES USING FACTOR INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUE

The obtained VES curves have also been interpreted using Factor interpretation technique. Few

prominent deeper low resistivity zones have been picked up by this technique. The flat portion in the

FACTOR plots gives prominent low resistive zones. The different low resistivity zones obtained

through this interpretation technique is shown in the below table.

GEO-ELECTRIC CROSS SECTION A-A.

A geo-electric cross section is drawn along A-A direction comprising of 8 vertical Electrical

sounding’s (nameiy VES 2,VES 6, VES 12, VES 18, VES 24, VES 31, VES 37 and VES 41) passing

through the village Lamjana, Chincholi and Sirsal. The Reduced level of these VES spots varies from

602 m to 640m above mean sea level.

The thickness of the top layer comprising of topsoil is in the range of 1.2 to 4.7m. the second

layer is highly conductive (in the range of 9 to 39 ohm-m) upto VES No.12 having thickness from 8

to 23m. But from VES No.12 to 31 there exists a highly resistive zone (91 to 245 ohm-m) having

thickness of 13 to 20m. At VES No.37 a low resistive zone of 16 ohm-m having thickness 29 m is

observed. Again at VES No.41 a very high resistive zone in the range of 260 ohm-m having thickness

of 14 m is observed.

The third layer up to VES No.12 is highly resistive in the range of 80 to 100 ohm-m. The third

layer from VES no 18 to VES no 31 is highly conductive in the resistive range of 28 to 33 ohm-m.

The third layer at VES No.37 is highly resistive in the range of 85 ohm-m. The third layer at

VES No 41 highly conductive with resistivity value at 40 m.

GEO-ELECTRIC CROSS SECTION B-B.

A geo-electric cross section is drawn along B-B comprising of 6 vertical Electrical sounding’s

nameiy VES 22,VES 23, VES 24, VES 25, VES 26, and VES 27 passing through the village Lamjana

and Hatkarwadi. Reduced level’s of these VES spots varies from 614 m to 642m above mean sea

level.

The thickness of the top layer comprising of top soil varies from 1.6 to 2.7m. The second layer is

highly resistive (in the range of 91 to 600 ohm-m) having thickness in the range of 10 to 35m.

Third layer is of low resistive zone in the range of 20 to 64 ohm-m.

27

INTERPRETATION OF VERTICAL ELECTRICAL SOUNDING CURVES USING FACTOR INTERPRETATION TECHNIQUE. The obtained VES curves have also been interpreted using Factor interpretation technique. Few

prominent deeper low resistive zones have been picked up by this technique. The flat portion in the

Factor plots gives prominent low resistive zones. The different low resistive zones obtained through

this interpretation technique is shown in the below table.

Table 8

Different Low Resistive Zones Obtained Through This Interpretation Technique

VES.No Village Low Resistive Zones in m 1 Lamjana 8-10,95-120 2 Lamjana 40-50,80-90 3 Lamjana 45-50,80-90,105-120 4 Lamjana 30-35,100-110,140-150 5 Lamjana 70-80,100-120 6 Lamjana 8-10,20-30 7 Lamjana 18-22 8 Lamjana 140-150 9 Lamjana 20-30,60-70,140-150

10 Lamjana 70-80,90-130 11 Lamjana 95-120 12 Lamjana 60-70,90-120 13 Lamjana 20-30 14 Rajewadi 20-30,50-60 15 Rajewadi 20-30 16 Lamjana 40-50,140-150 17 Lamjana 60-70,140-150 18 Lamjana 90-110 19 Lamjana 140-150 20 Lamjana 60-70 21 Lamjana 20-30,140-150 22 Lamjana 70-90 23 Lamjana 40-50,60-70,100-120 24 Lamjana 60-70 25 Lamjana 20-30 26 Hatkarwadi 20-30,80-90 27 Hatkarwadi 20-30,70-80 28 Gotewadi 140-150 29 Gotewadi 85-95,140-150 30 Chincholi (J) 20-30,60-70 31 Chincholi (J) - 32 Chincholi (J) 140-150 33 Gotewadi 140-150 34 Gotewadi 10-15,90-100 35 Gotewadi 90-110

28

36 Gotewadi 12-15 37 Sirsal 20-30 38 Sirsal - 39 Sirsal 60-65,90-100,140-150 40 Sirsal 60-70,90-110 41 Sirsal 85-95,105-120,130-140 42 Sirsal 140-150 43 Sirsal 20-30,40-50,100-120

WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS REPORT:

Chemical quality parameters of the drinking water wells mainly observation wells are tested

periodically by the regional laboratory situated at Aurangabad.Recently the water samples of 7

observation wells in 4 villages of the study area have been analyzed for the period 2005-2009.

METHODOLOGY: Total four villages namely Sirsal, Rajewadi, Lamjana and Chincholi jogan of Ausa Taluka from

Latur District were selected for the study. In all 15 water samples covering 4 bore well (deeper

aquifer) and 11 water samples from dug well (shallow aquifer) for premonsoon and postmonsoon

(Feb. and Dec.-10) period were collected by District Senior Geologist Office Latur and accordingly

all samples were analysed for chemical parameters i.e. pH, Electrical conductivity, TDS, Total

Hardness, Ca, Mg, Fe, Total Alkalinity, F, CO3, HCO3, Na, K, Cl, SO4, NO3 etc in regional chemical

laboratory, G.S.D.A., Aurangabad.

In order to find suitability of water for irrigation purposes Percent Sodium and SAR were

calculated. The analyses of various parameters were carried out using standard procedures prescribed

by APHA.

Map No-09 Iso Nitrate Map Dugwell of Project area.

29

Map No- 10 Iso Nitrate Map Borewell of Project area

Map No-11 showing Quality of Ground Water – Nitrate (Source Wise) of Project area

30

Map No-12 Total Dissloved Solid from Dugwell of Project area

Map No-13 Total Dissloved Solid from Borewell of Project Area

31

Table 9

Groundwater quality type in the studied watershed

S.N. village/owner well depth, m Water type

L-1b Lamjana Surface Water

Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3

L-1a Lamjana Drug well 12

Ca-Mg-HCO3

L-4a Sirsal Arvind Drug Well 10

Ca-Mg-HCO3

L-3 Chincholi J. Bhima R.Patil 91

Ca-HCO3

L-2 Chincholi J.Vithal Bhujbal 146

Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl

L-4b Sirsal VenkatBivaji Hande

Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4

L-10 Rajwadi SanjayBajugal 177

Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3

L-10a Rajwadi SanjayBajugal 2 122 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3

32

L-9 Rajwadi Padmakar 160 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3

L-7 Sirsal Vijayanad Hagre 125

Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl

L-6 Sirsal Shashikant Dhanure 123

Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3

L-8 Yelwat Sachin F.Shinde 177

Na-Cl-CO3

L-1 Lamjana Thamboli 210

Na-Cl-SO4

L-4 Sirsal, Arvind Dhanure 198 Na-Cl-SO4

OBSERVATIONS:

1) PH- pH varies from 7.36 to 8.2 for borewell and 7.67 to 8 for dug well samples suggests alkaline

in nature of water.

2) TDS – TDS varies from 313 mg/L to 437 mg/L for shallow aquifer (BW) and 247 mg/L to 689

mg/L for deeper aquifer (DW) indicating water is in the permissible limit for potability and

irrigation.(Map No-12 &13).

3) TH – TH observed in the range of 168 mg/L to 224 mg/L for borewell and 172 mg/L to 460 mg/L

for dug well indicating that water is suitable for potability.

4) Ca – Calcium content in the study area varies in between 34 mg/L to 66 mg/L for borewell and

19.2 mg/L to 149 mg/L for dug well .

5) Mg – Magnesium content varies from 14 mg/L to 29 mg/L for borewell and 9 mg/L to 85 mg/L

for dug well . Which are in the permissible limit?

6) Na & K- Sodium concentration varies from 13 mg/L to 16 mg/L for borewell and 11 mg/L to

90.9 mg/L for dug well and potassium concentration varies from 25 mg/L to 33 mg/L for

borewell and 0.4 mg/L to 34 mg/L for dug well .

7) Fe – Maximum concentration found is 0.30 mg/L in dug well and 0.21 mg/L in borewell which

are within permissible range.

33

8) TA –Almost all samples have alkalinity value both for borewell and dug well are in permissible

range.

9) Cl – The chloride content of the area varies from 22 mg/L to 24 mg/L for borewell and 20 mg/L to

140 mg/L for dug well which are within the permissible range.

10) SO4 – The sulphate content varies from 7 mg/L to 22 mg/L for borewell and 14 mg/L to 154

mg/L for dug well which are in desirable limit.

11) NO3 – The presence of NO3 in ground water particularly in shallow aquifer (DW) may be linked

with excessive use of NO3 based fertilizer to increase agricultural product and improper disposal

of human and animal wastes. The maximum value found in dug well samples is 120 mg/L from

village Sirsal-2 of taluka Ausa.(Map No- 9,10 & 11)

12) F- The maximum fluoride concentration found in borewell sample is 2.30 mg/L from village

Sirsal-03 and 1.23 mg/L from village Chincholi jogna of dug well sample of taluka Ausa.

It is observed that Percent sodium values for deeper aquifer (BW) is 12 % and for shallow

aquifer (DW) maximum value found is 38 % ( i.e. Chi-02).

Similarly, the SAR and RSC values for deeper aquifer (BW) is very low while for shallow

aquifer ( DW) the SAR values lies between 0 to 2 and RSC values is very low.

Water quality data has been plotted on Hill Piper diagram and Hydrochemical facies have

evaluated it shows that the predominant cation facies for deeper aquifer (BW) and for shallow aquifer

(DW) is Ca+++ Mg++ , Na+ + k+ suggesting recharge to ground water from surface to water bodies.

Majority of the study area is covered for borewell by CO3-- + HCO3

-, Cl- + SO4- - and for Pre

mansoon 4 dug well samples & Post mansoon 3 samples shows CO3-- + HCO3

-, Cl- + SO4- - and for

Pre mansoon 3 dug well samples & Post mansoon 1 sample shows Cl- + SO4- - , CO3

-- + Hco3-

indicating the hard water.

Similarly, 4 samples for Pre mansoon & 3 samples for Post mansoon covered in C2S1 for

Dug well and 3 samples of Dug well for Pre mansoon & 1 sample for Post mansoon of Dug well

shows C3S1. 3 samples for Post mansoon of bore well in Post mansoon is in C2S1 & 1 sample for bore

well is in C3S1 for Post mansoon.

34

Table 10 Pre EarthQuake Chemical quality Analysis Report

S N

Para- meters

Water sample

collection Year

Pre - Earthquake Chemical quality Analysis report

1982 1982 1982 1887 1887 1887 1990 1990 1990 1990 1993

Name of Village Karla Bore-

gaon Talni Karla Bore- gaon Talni Karla Sangav

i Jawli Lamjana

Chincholi Jo

1 pH 8 8.7 8.6 8.1 7.8 8.1 8.8 8.5 8.8 8.7 7.4

2 Conductivity/ Micromos/ cms

865 645 1093 839 615 297 316 487 654 518 405

3 TDS mg/l 554 413 700 537 394 191 202 312 413 332 259

4 Hardness mg/l 496 340 440 360 388 176 140 128 340 80 84

5 Calcium mg/l 114 - 88 65.6 102 35.2 24 28.8 - 11.2 20.8

6 Magnesium mg/l 50.9 - 52.8 47 35.5 21.1 19.2 13.4 - 12.4 7.7

7 Sodium mg/l 6.6 3.3 4.45 - - - 10 19.5 3.3 100 110

35

8 Potassium mg/l 7.5 0.69 0.71 - - - 1.2 1.5 0.69 0.6 7

9 Iron mg/l 0.1 0.16 0.27 0.44 0.94 0.44 0.3 1.46 0.16 1.14 0.15

10 Alkalinity mg/l 276 230 220 176 332 200 152 124 230 200 72

11 Carbonate mg/l - - - - - - 40 16 - 40 32

12 Bicarbonate mg/l - - - - - - 112 104 - 160 40

13 Chloride mg/l 144 15 20 166 60 30 28 56 15 40 106

14 Sulphate mg/l - 100 150 110 32.5 10 7.2 79.8 100 24 58.8

15 Flouride mg/l - - - 0.19 0.05 0.33 0.39 0.1 - 0.58 1.62

16 Turbidity NTU - - - - - - 0.3 1.1 - 0.1 0

17 Nitrate mg/l - - - 6.2 6.67 6.36 7.2 5.4 - 1.2 8

Table 11 Post EarthQuake Chemical quality Analysis Report

Sr. No.

Para-

meters

Water sample

collection Year

Post Earthquake Chemical quality reading

2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011

Name of Village Rajewadi Lamjana Chincho

li j. Sirsal Rajewadi Lamjana

Chincholi j. Sirsal

1 pH 8 7.9 7.9 7.9 7.4

7.8 8.2 7.6

2 Conductivity/ Micromos/cms

680 550 380 1050

673

606 482 597

3 TDS mg/l 442 358 247 683

437

394 313 388

4 Hardness mg/l 252 268 180 384 224

220 168 184

5 Calcium mg/l 19.2 37 25.6 60.8 42

66 34 46

6 Magnesium mg/l 49.6 42.8 28.2 56.4 29

14 20 17

36

7 Sodium mg/l 40 22 13.6 85 16

16 13 13

8 Potassium mg/l 1.6 1.3 0.4 2.3 25

28 30 33

9 Iron mg/l 0.21 0.2 0.24 0.21 0.06

0.11 0.21 0.1

10 Alkalinity mg/l 200 228 192 236 264

228 184 180

11 Carbonate mg/l 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0

12 Bicarbonate mg/l 200 228 192 236 264

228 184 180

13 Chloride mg/l 60 32 20 134 22

24 24 24

14 Sulphate mg/l 14.08 23.6 24.4 101 7

20 19 22

15 Flouride mg/l 0.91 0.7 1.23 0.97 0.33

0.01 0.45 2.3

16 Turbidity NTU 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6

0.2 0.8 0.6

17 Nitrate mg/l 83 57 5 105 28

40 32 38

ISOTOPIC AND HYDROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF DEEP GROUNDWATER IN

PROJECT AREA, TALUKA AUSA, LATUR DISTRICT

C14 dating of groundwater was carried out by NGRI in response to PDS project. NGRI carried

out isotope studies of deep groundwater (maximum of 8 samples) and for one time study. No repeat

samples and analyses. In consultation with GSDA hydrologist, the well locations were finalized (Map

No- 14) and sampling was carried out for isotope analyses during May/June 2011.

SAMPLE COLLECTION

In order to assess the deep groundwater residence time in the aquifer and connectivity between

aquifers, 10 samples are collected from the private deep agricultural wells. The well details are given

in (Table 12). As can be seen from the table, the well depths are ranging from minimum 75 m to

maximum 210 m.

Map No- 14 locations for carbon-14 dating in Project Area

37

Table 12

Details of Bore wells sampled for carbon-14 dating in project area, Ausa Taluka, Latur District.

.Sr. No

Village/ Owner Depth mts

Yield Lit/hr

Water Struck m

Sampling Dt.

Sample Quan., lts.

1 Lamjana Sri Tamboli 210 7770 198 19/05/11 170 2 Chincholi J Sri Vitthal Nhubal 146 750 110 19/05/11 170 3 Chincholi J Sri Bhima R. Patil 91 930 72 19/05/11 120 4 Sirsal Sri Arvind Dhanure 198 7770 183 18/05/11 1010 4b Sirsal Sri Venkat B. Hande 75 15/06/11 100 6 Sirsal Sri Shashikant Dhanure 123 1656 75 15/06/11 230 7 Sirsal Sri Vijayanand Hagre 125 1656 80 15/06/11 230 8 Yelwat

(Killari) Shi Sachin F. Shinde 177 4930 140

20/05/11 560

9 Rajewadi Sri. Padmakar Rudbe 160 7770 107 18/05/11 300

10 Rajewadi Sri. Sanjay Bajulge 177 15950 122 19/05/11 100

FIELD AND LABORATORY PROCESSING

38

In general, about 100 liters of sample is enough for the C-14 dating. Due to the low bi-

carbonate content in these deep groundwaters, quantity of samples increased to as high as 1000 liters

(Table 1). Even after a few hundred liters of water sample collection, no CO2 was yielded for two

samples. The collected samples are chemically treated in the field and the bicarbonate precipitation

transferred to the laboratory. 14C activity is measured using the low-level Liquid Scintillation Counter

at NGRI with Benzene as the measuring medium. The sample collection, processing, and

measurement are discussed by Sukhija et al., (2006) and Gupta and Polach (1985).

About 100 ml water sample also collected to measure the hydrochemistry and ~100 ml sample for

stable isotope (oxygen-18 and deuterium) analyses. pH, conductivity, and total dissolved solids (TDS)

were measured immediately after samplings and dissolved anions (F, Cl, NO3 and SO4) and cations

(Na, K, Ca, Mg) were measured using Ion chromatography (Dionex IC-90 and IC-2500) in our lab at

NGRI with an analytical uncertainty of <3%. The Oxygen-18 (δ18O) and Deuterium (δD) in water

samples were determined using Isoprime stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer and values are

reported relative to standard mean ocean water (SMOW) with uncertainty of ±0.1‰ for δ18O and

±1‰ for δD.

Based on the different chemical parameters in the collected groundwater samples, over all

chemical quality is assessed using the aquachem software and presented in Fig. 2. As can be seen from

the Table the surface water, dug well waters and shallow bore well waters are calcium - bicarbonate

type indicating the recent rainfall recharge contribution. The remaining borewell waters are dominated

by sodium from the cations and bicarbonate / chloride from anions. These waters may have small

residence time in the aquifer as the ionic exchange from calcium to sodium will take some time.

Relatively the waters of sodium – bicarbonate type indicate some recent recharge contribution, where

as the waters of sodium chloride or sodium – chloride – sulphate may have little longer residence time.

However, due to the mixing of water from different basaltic flows may change its chemical properties.

39

Fig. 2 Piper diagram indicating water quality distribution of different samples

Table 13

Groundwater Quality Type in Project Area. S.no Village /owner Well depth, meter Water type L-1b Lamjana / Surface Water Ca-Mg-Na-HCO3 L-1a Lamjana / Drug well 12 Ca-Mg-HCO3 L-4a Sirsal / Arvind Drug Well 10 Ca-Mg-HCO3 L-3 Chincholi J. / Bhima R.Patil 91 Ca-HCO3 L-2 Chincholi J./ Vithal Bhujbal 146 Ca-Na-HCO3-Cl L-4b Sirsal / VenkatBivaji Hande Ca-Mg-HCO3-SO4 L-10 Rajwadi / SanjayBajugal 177 Na-Ca-Mg-HCO3 L-10a Rajwadi / SanjayBajugal 2 122 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3 L-9 Rajwadi / Padmakar 160 Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3 L-7 Sirsal / Vijayanad Hagre 125 Na-Ca-HCO3-Cl L-6 Sirsal/ Shashikant Dhanure 123 Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3 L-8 Yelwat / Sachin F.Shinde 177 Na-Cl-CO3 L-1 Lamjana / Thamboli 210 Na-Cl-SO4 L-4 Sirsal,/ Arvind Dhanure 198 Na-Cl-SO4

The relation between δ18O and δD of the sampled groundwaters (Fig 3) indicate that, except two

samples all other samples are grouped down side of the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL)

indicating rainwater recharge with evaporation. The sample Arvid Dhanure from Sirsal with δ18O -

3.14‰ and δD -17.45‰ show relatively less evaporation in comparison to other studied groundwaters.

However, the sample Tamboli from Lamjana village is quite different from all other samples with

highly depleted delta values. Though carbon-14 dating was tried for all the 10 groundwater samples

40

from the study area, we could not date the two samples Tamboli and Arvind Dhanure, due to their low

bicarbonate content and poor CO2 yield. Rest of 8 samples, yielded modern age (≤ 60 yr BP).

However, few of them may have short residence time in the aquifer which cannot be resolved through

C-14 dating. Incidentally, the two wells (Tamboli and Arvid Dhanure) deeper than the other wells and

met the water yielding zones at much greater depths i.e., 198 and 183 m respectively than others

(Table 13), and it may not have direct contribution from the recent recharge.

Mixing of groundwater from different flow regimes can be possible, by considering the well

depths, where each well might have penetrated more than two basaltic lava flows. Between these

flows, there exist weathered medium from which groundwater flow takes place. Existence of various

basaltic layers in the studied region is evident from the 617 m deep bore well drilled at Killari by the

National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), Hyderabad and Atomic Minerals Directorate

(AMD), Hyderabad (Gupta et al., 2003). It was observed that 338 m thick Deccan trap sequence

covered with eight lava flows. Based on the density measurements on samples from entire borehole

depth, it was assessed that the basaltic flows contain 53% of massive variety and the remaining 47%

vesicular and amygdaloidal (non-massive) variety. Due to this high porosity, there is scope for

connectivity between different flows. Hence the studied bore wells whose depth ranging from 75 to

210 m might have encountered more than two flows and might have encountered the different fracture

systems. Due to the different flows contacts and the fracture network encountered by each well, there

may be some possibility of mixing of groundwater. Due to this mixing, the measurements made on

these waters may show mixed characteristics and the ages may be younger.

41

Fig. 3 δ18O and δD values of groundwaters from the studied mini-watershed.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The chemical and isotopic data of the collected samples is presented in Table 2. In general, the

quality of groundwater in the watershed is quite good with the total dissolved solids raging from 200

to 500 mg/l. The groundwater pH varies between 7 and 8 except 3 samples (Tamboli, A. Dhanure and

Sachin F. Shinde) whose values are 8 to 9.5. Sodium values are ranging from 20 to 160 mg/l and

calcium from 8 to 100 mg/l (but in one sample Ca measured as 150 mg/l). Magnesium and potassium

42

concentrations are relatively low, where its concentrations ranged from 0.1 to 37 mg/l, and 0.5 to 2.4

mg/l respectively. In general, bicarbonate is dominating anion among collected samples ranging from

140 to 567 mg/l, except 3 samples (mentioned under pH) whose concentrations are quite low (18 – 40

mg/l). Chloride and sulphate concentrations are almost same where its rages are 15 to 120 mg/l, and

18 to 120 mg/l respectively. Considerable concentrations of nitrates measured in all the samples i.e., 6

to 74 mg/l, except one sample for which it is zero. Fluoride concentration is ranging from 0.2 to 1.4

mg/l (within permissible limits of drinking water standards, BIS, 2003), except one sample Arvind

Dhanure where it is 1.9 mg/l.

The stable isotope values i.e., oxygen-18 (δ18O) measured in the groundwaters (barring two wells)

ranging from -0.31‰ to -2‰ and the deuterium (δD) values varies from -8.5‰ to -11.5‰. Two

samples, Thamboli from Lamjana village and Arvind Dhanure from Sirsal village deeper than other

wells have highly depleted δ18O (-7.27‰ and -3.14‰) and δD (-39.1‰ and -17.5‰) values

respectively (Fig 3). As expected, the stable isotope value for the surface water is more positive side

(δ18O +4.49 and δD +16.51‰) due to evaporation. Out of 10 samples collected for carbon-14 dating,

only 8 samples were dated due to the less CO2 yield from other 2 samples (Thamboli and Arvind

Dhanure). The measured 8 samples also yielded modern age. i.e., the actual age anything between 0 to

60 years before present.

CONCLUSION:

Inferences drawn after the various investigations

1. Water level depletion observed in shallow and Deeper aquifers after the earthquake May one of

the cause by earthquake.

2. Decline in the water level trend in the observation wells in the taluka pre and post earthquake

periods (Hydrographs No 1 to 6 ).

3. Sudden change in the depth & yields of borewells not observed after the earthquake events

43

4. A significant change observed in the chemistry of groundwater in the regard to the component

like Ca, Mg, Na, K, Hco3, Cl, So4 & total Hardness (CaCo3). (Table No. 9 &13)

5. No drastic change in the Temperature after the earthquake event however an increase of about

0.5o C temperature of groundwater in the earthquake affected area has been reported after the

study water sample immediately after the earthquake.

6. Significiant change in the crop patterns due to change in yields of wells & borewells (Table –

7 Crop patterns page No. 20 ).

7. Water level rise in bore wells in few locations reported by villagers immediately after the

earthquake event.

8. Based on the density measurement of samples from entire area it was observed that the zeolitic

formations contain 53 % of massive basalt and 47% of vesicular amygdolydal basalt.

9. It is observed that in the study area the ground water quality is suitable for drinking and

irrigation purposes (Table No 10 &11).

10. 14C dating of the sampled bore well waters showed most of them are of Modern age (≤ 60 yr

BP). Therefore the residence time of these groundwaters is short.

11. Stable isotope signatures depicted quite evaporation of rain water before entering the aquifer.

12. The deepest well among the sampled wells show different isotopic signatures, which may

indicate paleo-recharge (its 14C date is not obtained to substantiate the stable isotope

signatures).

13. .Chemical parameters/species of groundwaters indicate recent recharge component and facies

evaluation during transit through fracture/intra Basaltic flow media.

RECCOMENDATIONS/REMEDIAL MEASURES

1. In the area where groundwater levels shows declining trend are proposed to be recouped by

undertaking artificial recharging measures like percolation trenches, cement bandharas.

44

2. Chemical quality of ground water sources from study area can be improved by restricting the

pollution (due to use of Chemical Fertilizer and Sevage) and by artificial recharge method like

rain water harvesting etc.

FUTURE PLAN

1. Recharge measures and water management techniques to restore the water table in the

study area as well as the recharging of deeper aquifers in the study area.

2. Capacity building and awareness of the local people and non officials in the earthquake

affected area and develop their mind set the restoration of groundwater table and

planned used of shallow and deeper aquifer and to manage with water scarcity

conditions.

ANNEXURE - 1

45

I

Photo No.-1 House Near Epicentre of Earthquake.

ANNEXURE - 2

Photo No 2 Surface Rupture developed Near Epicentre of Earthquake.

ANNEXURE - 3

46

Photo No 3 ESR Fallan at village Kawtha .

54.3006..59.0005 54.3006..59.0005

49.6006..54.3006 49.6006..54.3006

44.9007..49.6006 44.9007..49.6006

40.2008..44.9007 40.2008..44.9007

35.5009..40.2008 35.5009..40.2008

30.8010..35.5009 30.8010..35.5009

26.1011..30.8010 26.1011..30.8010

21.4012..26.1011 21.4012..26.1011

16.7013..21.4012 16.7013..21.4012

12.0014..16.7013 12.0014..16.7013

DUGWELL_NITRATE

DUGWELL_NITRATE

1212

DUGW

DUGW