+ All Categories
Home > Documents > MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic...

MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic...

Date post: 01-Oct-2020
Category:
Upload: others
View: 0 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
38
MHID: Misuse of Psychotropic Medications Jarrett Barnhill MD UNC School of Medicine Jarrett [email protected] November 19, 2013
Transcript
Page 1: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

MH‐ID: Misuse of Psychotropic Medications

Jarrett Barnhill MDUNC School of Medicine

Jarrett [email protected] 19, 2013

Page 2: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Goals

• To explore the complex relationship between challenging behaviors and psychiatric disorders 

• To look into the relationship between psychopharmacological and behavioral interventions‐ behavioral pharmacology

• Use findings from both to address the problems of treatment resistance

Page 3: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

What We Know?

• Basic elements of brain development• Earlier onset has a greater impact of subsequent 

development• Challenging behaviors are heterogeneous 

conditions• Psychiatric disorders pose real challenges for 

children with ID

Page 4: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

What We Don't Know

• Causes of mental disorders and IDD • Exact mechanisms of drug action ‐ we know what 

we have studied and can measure• Long term impact on brain development, especially 

in young children 

Page 5: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

What We Need to Remember

• The brain is adaptive organ, is constantly rewiring itself, functions in an integrated, hierarchical fashion

• No single transmitter or lesion• Psychopharmacological agents are generally "dirty" 

agents whose effects are still under investigation

Page 6: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Developmental Issues

• Primer on brain development ‐ it matters what, where, and when something goes awry

• Problems with defining psychiatric disorders ‐hitting a moving target

• Pharmacokinetic v. pharmacodynamics• Placebos, families, and learning curves

Page 7: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

IDD ‐ Brain Development

• Mild ID ‐ environmental stimulation, nutrition, gestational problems, exposure to toxins (FAS), genetic disorders

• Severe ID ‐ frequent brain developmental abnormalities, epilepsy, motor disorders are more common

• Degenerative disorders may cross boundaries

Page 8: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Behavior and Brain Abnormalities

• Disruption of emerging skills ‐ deficits• Decreased top down regulation of affect or impulse 

control ‐ excesses• Temperamental factors ‐ lesions less relevant today 

than coherence issues• Behavioral phenotypes ‐ effects of specific genetic 

disorders on substrate

Page 9: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Brain and Psychiatric Disorders

• Dual heterogeneity of psychiatric disorders, epigenesis

• Multiple brain networks and systems are involved ‐lesions rarely reproduce a primary psychiatric disorder

• Single neurotransmitter abnormalities are not causes of psychiatric disorders

• Brains disorders presentation, course, and prognosis  

Page 10: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Another Look at Antecedents and Behavior

• Antecedents or trigger events, positive/negative experience, setting, memory, conditioning experiences, social factors

• Classical conditioning (initiating)‐ CS/CR impact motivation (escape); intensity of reward potential (approach); Temperamental and presence of psychiatric disorders

• Fear conditioning‐ LTP (panic disorder)

Page 11: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Other Factors Affecting Consequences 

• Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning• Operant learning‐ valence of reinforcer• Extinction‐ LTD (long term depression)• Extinction spurt or increased appetitive behaviors • Multiple layers of conditioning‐ panic disorder with 

agoraphobia 

Page 12: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Analysis of Function

• Function of behavior‐ arousal, reactivity, motivational state, approach‐avoidance, autonomic regulation

• Drive or craving, reward potential, hedonic drive• Neuroticism‐ emotional reactivity• Behavioral inhibition, conflict• Escape behaviors‐sensitivity, threat perception 

Page 13: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Analysis of Functional Behavioral Analysis

• Function: approach‐avoidance, intensity of drive, valence of reinforcement, arousal, positive negative affective state  

• Antecedents: assessment of stimulus/setting, pos/negaffective valence

• Behaviors: careful subtyping• Consequences: ease of reinforcement; resistance to extinction

Page 14: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Pharmacology of Learning

• Motivational states‐ reward potential (BFS), inhibition (BIS)• Linkage to VTA‐n accumbens: reward pathways• Septo‐hippocampal system, memory circuitry, LTP/LTD• MPF/orbital cortex‐ top down regulation • Attachment/social pathways

Page 15: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Theories

• Intrinsic reinforcement‐ shift from positive to negative maintenance strategies; what happens to endorphins

• Factors that trigger SIB‐ stress, urge to act, balance between aggression and SIB when restricted; craving and HPA axis

• Problem with extinction‐ requires learning at a molecular biological level, LTD; Glutamate/NMDA activity; ACTH/AVP

Page 16: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Challenging Behavior‐ Treatment Issues

• Limited success finding drugs for specific behaviors• Most challenging behaviors are extremely heterogeneous 

conditions• Functional Behavioral Analysis is a critical step but more 

information is needed• Relationship between brain function, neurochemistry, and 

target behavior

Page 17: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Challenging Behaviors and Syndromes

• SIB• Aggression• ADHD• Tic ‐ repetitive behavior spectrum• Anxiety disorders• Mood disorders• Psychoses

Page 18: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

SIB: A Diverse Collection of Behaviors

• Topography, typology, intensity, frequency, setting and trigger events

• Functional Behavioral Analysis is a critical tool but has limits• Relationship to genetic disorders‐ specific topographies• Developmental models‐ do not always address special 

vulnerabilities 

Page 19: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

SIB: Behavioral Pharmacological Dissection

• Why do some people develop progressive SIB when others in the same environment don’t?

• Why does it persist in spite of pain, tissue destruction?• What initiates and maintains this particular typography?• What gets in the way of extinction‐ self‐restraint? 

Page 20: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Behavioral Pharmacology of Self‐Injurious Behaviors

• Complex relationship between SIB, behavioral phenotypes, and environment

• Gene expression is continually influenced by environmental events and learning

• Temperamental style influences helps shape life experiences and learning environment

• Think in terms of an ecosystem 

Page 21: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Behavioral Pharmacology of Self‐Injurious Behaviors

• Complex relationship between SIB, behavioral phenotypes, and environment

• Gene expression is continually influenced by environmental events and learning

• Temperamental style influences helps shape life experiences and learning environment

• Think in terms of an ecosystem 

Page 22: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Basics of psychopharmacology

• Drug mechanisms‐more complex than originally described• Pharmacokinetics‐ how do the drugs get there; genetic 

differences in rates• Pharmacodynamics‐ what the drugs do when they get there; 

genetics of receptor variability• Pharmaco‐genomics

Page 23: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Anxiety Disorders

Page 24: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Anxiety: Fear

• Anxiety ‐ a ubiquitous human affective ‐cognitive response to threat

• Fears change during development• Life experiences plus temperament shape 

personality• Neurobiology of threshold, reactivity, self ‐

regulation, sensitivity to distress

Page 25: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Anxiety Disorders

• Development, age of onset, severity • Duration or frequency of symptoms• Genetic risk ‐ OCD, panic disorder • Trauma, abuse/neglect, attachment• Regulation ‐ top down regulation of limbic system, 

cortical activation

Page 26: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Common Anxiety Disorders

• Separation anxiety ‐ exaggerated attachment distress, age limits?

• Social anxiety ‐ social cues• Phobias ‐panic attacks‐ PTSD: fear conditioning, 

sensitization• OCD, repetitive behaviors, tics• PTSD 

Page 27: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Treatment Issues

• Attachment behaviors• Panic ‐fear ‐phobia• Anticipatory, conditioned fear• Hypervigilance GAD, social anxiety, BDD, AN• Avoidance behaviors• Mood disorders

Page 28: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Mood Disorders

Page 29: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Mood Disorders

• Biological risk factors ‐ family history, early losses • Gender differences, effects of puberty• Genetic risks ‐ BD>MDD• Polarity, severity, comorbidity, longitudinal course• Psychopharmacology

Page 30: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

• High rates of comorbidity with anxiety disorders, CD/ADHD, trauma 

• Neg affect plus anhedonia in MDD• M=F prior to puberty, high rates ADHD• 50 ‐75% relapse within 5 years• 20% develop BD

Page 31: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

MDD‐ID

• Recognition ‐ irritability and endocrine, cortical asymmetry, epilepsy and RX

• Primary sleep v mood disorders• Life experiences, temperament, self ‐regulation, 

educational/social stresses• Recurring disorder ‐ SAD, comorbid anxiety, 

externalizing symptoms• Parent recognition

Page 32: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Treatment Approaches

• Medication trials, high placebo response, cognitive ‐interpersonal Rx

• Environmental/ecological, iatrogenic issues• SSRIs mainstay, drug interactions, disinhibition, ? 

prolonged Rx course• Recurrence, duration of RX, remission

Page 33: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Psychotic Disorders

Page 34: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

What are Psychoses?

• Severe disturbances in brain function• Disorders of thought, mood, behavior, motivational 

states• Hallucinations, delusions, bizarreness, affective 

changes• Genetic risk, timing of insults• Continuity with adult disorders

Page 35: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Schizophrenias

• Childhood onset forms ‐ rare • Common features with autistic spectrum disorders• Ontogeny of symptoms ‐ emergence of secondary 

features• Genetic risk• Temporal profile ‐ clinical course

Page 36: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Treatment Issues

• Positive symptoms ‐ APDs work best • Negative symptoms ‐ EPS ‐related v. core features 

schiz, cognition, chronicity• Comorbidity ‐ OC, anxiety, mood disorders, 

aggression, SIB• Complications ‐ obesity, TD

Page 37: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

What exactly is a nonresponder?

• Wrong person, wrong diagnosis or learning model, wrong drug or intervention

• Incomplete functional behavioral analysis• Incomplete understanding of the bio‐behavioral issues• Drug issues‐ wrong dose; theory of drug effect and connection 

between it and behaviors is incomplete 

Page 38: MH ID: Misuse Psychotropic Medicationsncpic.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/2013_11_19-Barnhill... · • Ease of conditioning, extinction, reversal learning • Operant learning‐valence

Conclusions

• The assessment is the most important part of psychopharmacology

• Medication selection‐ evidence, experience• Limited knowledge of neuropharmacology• There are no cures, improvement is far more common than 

remission‐ there are no silver bullets• More is not better• All drugs are poison with positive side effects.   


Recommended