Mher Sahakyan:THE USA POLICY ON IRANIAN NUCLEAR ISSUE (2000-2014)

8/9/2019 Mher Sahakyan:THE USA POLICY ON IRANIAN NUCLEAR ISSUE (2000-2014)

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PBJ Z[D ^HCEKU

HM E\DMEDM MZKCJD\ E[[ZJ

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Fbjr [dbdaydm

Ditjr 45:; wbjm tbj Z[D―s KED wds bjdvecy emvhcvj` em tbj khup tbdt

thppcj` Erdmedm ^refj Femestjr Fhbdffd` Fhsd``jq dm` rjturmj` tbj

phwjr th tbj [bdb Fhbdffd` \jzd ^dbcdve, tbj Z[D emkrjdsj` ets em-

icujmkj em Erdm dm` sthh` pdtrhm dm` prhtjkthr, hr dt cjdst d rjcedlcj sup-

pcejr hi wjdphms. Pbj Z[D odvj d``j` efpjtus th Erdm mukcjdr dfle-

tehms. Z[D dm` wjstjrm phwjrs ceaj Ij`jrdc \jpulcek hi Ojrfdmy,

Irdmkj, Lretdem, dm` Kdmd`d bjcpj` Erdm `jvjchp ets mukcjdr prhordf. Em

Pjbrdm tbj Z[D luect Mukcjdr \jsjdrkb kjmtjr wbekb wds jqueppj`

wetb : fjodwdtt rjsjdrkb rjdkthr. Ihr tbes mukcjdr idkecety urdmeuf wds

suppcej` ly tbj Z[D. Hm Gucy 4, 4592 Erdm seomj` tbj Prjdty hm tbj Mhm

-^rhceijrdtehm hi Mukcjdr _jdphms (M^P) dm` rdteiej` et em Ijlrudry

45?>. Pbj Z[D khmtemuj` th supphrt Erdm em ets mukcjdr prhordf tecc

45?5. Ljkdusj hi tbj Escdfek \jvhcutehm, tbj Z.[. pdrtmjr [bdb

Fhbdffd` \jzd ^dbcdve wds thppcj` ly Dydthccdb Abhfjeme dm` icj`

irhf Erdm. Ds d rjsuct tbj Z.[.-Erdmedm strdtjoek pdrtmjrsbep khccdpsj`.

Dfjrekdms sthppj` bjcpemo Erdm em ets mukcjdr prhordf dm` usj` tbjer

emicujmkj th prjssurj htbjr khumtrejs th bdct khhpjrdtehm wetb Erdm em

* ^b@ kdmè`dtj, Emstetutj hi Emtjrmdtehmdc \jcdtehms, Mdmgemo Zmevjrsety, Kbemd.



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«<4st KJMPZ\U±, ℙ < (49), <>40 F.[dbdaydm

tbj iejc` hi mukcjdr rjsjdrkb. _dsbemothm stdrtj` th jxprjss ium`dfjm-

tdc èsdpphemtfjmt dlhut Pjbrdm―s mukcjdr pcdms.

Hm Fdrkb 40, <>>>, Z.[. ^rjse`jmt Lecc Kcemthm seomj` Pbj Erdm

Mhmprhceijrdtehm Dkt hi <>>>. Pbj dkt dutbhrezjs tbj ^rjse`jmt hi tbj

Zmetj` [tdtjs th tdaj pumetevj dktehm dodemst emèveùdcs hr hrodmezdtehms

amhwm th lj prhveèmo fdtjredc de` th wjdphms hi fdss `jstruktehm prh-

ordfs em Erdm4. _etb tbes stjp Z.[. @jfhkrdts è` tbj ierst doorjssevj

stjp th emtjrrupt hr `jcdy tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf. Pbj Z[D khmtem-

uj` ets dmte-prhceijrdtehm phceky dodemst Erdmedm mukcjdr dfletehms wbjm\jpulcekdms whm tbj jcjktehms dm` kdfj th phwjr. Lusb―s d`femestrd-

tehm trej` th tdaj tbj Erdmedm kdsj tbj ZM [K, lut JZ thha rjsphmselecety

th shcvj Erdmedm mukcjdr prhlcjf stdrtemo JZ;-Erdm mjohtedtehms. \ussed

wds dodemst tdaemo tbj Erdmedm kdsj th ZM [K, ljkdusj \ussed wds khm-

struktemo Lusbjbr rjdkthr em Erdm dm` pcdmmj` th luec` up th ievj htbjr

rjdkthrs sefecdr th Lusbjbr. Kbemd wds mht emtjrjstj` em tdaemo tbj Erd-medm essuj th ZM [K hr efphsemo dmy sdmktehms, ljkdusj hi jmjroy dm`

jkhmhfek emtjrjsts em Erdm.

Pbj JZ ;-Erdm mjohtedtehms idecj`7

doorjssevj phsetehm hi tbj Z[D

<>>;-<>>9 JZ ; Zmetj` Aemo`hf, Irdmkj dm` Ojrfdmy trej` th tdaj

emetedtevj em tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj dm` stdrtj` mjohtedtehms èrjktcy

wetb Erdm, lut ditjr chmo-cdstemo mjohtedtehms tbj pdrtejs wjrj umdlcj th

dkbejvj tbj iemdc rjsuct. Pbj Z[D wds dodemst tbjsj mjohtedtehms dm`

kdccj` uphm JZ ; th jm` mjohtedtehms wetb Erdm dm` th tdaj tbj Erdmedm

kdsj th ZM [K. Pbes bdppjmj` wbjm hm Gdmudry 4>, <>>9 tbj Erdmedms

4 Erdm Mhm ^rhceijrdtehm Dkt hi <>>>, Z.[ @jpdrtfjmt hi [tdtj, 40 Fdrkb <>>>, dvdecdlcj dt7bttp7//www.stdtj.ohv/t/esm/k4:<;0.btf (Dkkjssj` hm Gucy 44, <>40).



F.[dbdaydm «<4st KJMPZ\U±, ℙ < (49), <>40

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lrhaj EDJD sjdcs dt Mdtdmz jmrekbfjmt idkecety dm` rjstdrtj` tbj whra

hm tbjer prhgjkts tbjrj.

Pbj Z[D wds dodemst tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj, dm` tbj cjd`jrs hi

_dsbemothm khmse`jrj` tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf d mukcjdr tbrjdt th

tbj Z[D dm` Esrdjc. Dfjrekdm phcekyfdajrs stdrtj` th usj –Mukcjdr

Bhchkdust‖ ds d symhmyf ihr Erdmedm mukcjdr dfletehms. Z[ZM jx-

dfldssd`hr Ghbm Lhcthm em bes lhha quhtj` Lusb―s whr`s rjodrèmo th

Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf7 –E tbhuobt wj drj gust ljoemmemo th wdtkb tbj

ljoemmemo hi d Bhchkdust. Pbjrj bds th lj mh dfleouety dm` mh rjwdr`sumcjss tbjrj es d khfpcjtj èsfdmtcjfjmt.‖ Q4, p. 40>V

Erdmedm kdsj em tbj ZM [K7

\jshcutehm 4959

Em <>>9 tbj setudtehm khmkjrmemo Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf thtdccy

kbdmoj` wbjm EDJD @erjkthr Ojmjrdc mhtj` tbdt ditjr mjdrcy tbrjj

yjdrs hi emtjmsevj vjreiekdtehm dktevety, tbj Dojmky es mht yjt em d phse-

tehm th kcdreiy shfj efphrtdmt essujs rjcdtemo th Erdm's mukcjdr prhordf4.

4 Efpcjfjmtdtehm hi tbj M^P [dijoudr`s Dorjjfjmt em tbj Escdfek \jpulcek hi Erdm \jshcutehm

d`hptj` hm 0 Ijlrudry <>>9, Emtjrmdtehmdc Dthfek Jmjroy Dojmky, OHY/<>>9/40, dvdecdlcj

hmcemj, dt7 bttp7//www.edjd.hro/ûlcekdtehms/@hkufjmts/Lhdr`/<>>9/ohv<>>9-40.pì).

Pbj `hkufjmt stdtj` tbj ihcchwemo7

(i) \jkdccemo tbdt em rjphrts rjijrrj` th dlhvj, tbj @erjkthr Ojmjrdc mhtj` tbdt ditjr mjdrcy tbrjjyjdrs hi emtjmsevj vjreiekdtehm dktevety, tbj Dojmky es mht yjt em d phsetehm th kcdreiy shfj efphr-

tdmt essujs rjcdtemo th Erdm's mukcjdr prhordf hr th khmkcu`j tbdt tbjrj drj mh um`jkcdrj` mu-

kcjdr fdtjredcs hr dktevetejs em Erdm,

(o) \jkdccemo Erdm―s fdmy idecurjs dm` lrjdkbjs hi ets hlceodtehms th khfpcy wetb ets M^P [dij-

oudr`s Dorjjfjmt dm` tbj dlsjmkj hi khmie`jmkj tbdt Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf es jxkcusevjcy ihr

pjdkjiuc purphsjs rjsuctemo irhf tbj besthry hi khmkjdcfjmt hi Erdm―s mukcjdr dktevetejs, tbj md-

turj hi tbhsj dktevetejs dm` htbjr essujs dresemo irhf tbj Dojmky―s vjreiekdtehm hi `jkcdrdtehms

fd`j ly Erdm semkj [jptjfljr <>><, Efpcjfjmtdtehm hi tbj M^P [dijoudr`s Dorjjfjmt em tbj

Escdfek \jpulcek hi Erdm \jshcutehm d`hptj` hm 0 Ijlrudry <>>9, Emtjrmdtehmdc Dthfek Jmjroy

Dojmky, OHY/<>>9/40, dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.edjd.hro/ûlcekdtehms/@hkufjmts/Lhdr`/<>>9/ohv<>>9-40.pì



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_bjm EDJD èrjkthr ojmjrdc Fhbdfj` jc Ldrd`je vesetj` Erdm em fe`-

Ijlrudry <>>;, bj wds sbhwm dm hpjrdtemo 490-kjmtreiuoj kdskd`j, dm`

bj dm` tbj EDJD tjdf sdw khfphmjmts ihr up th hmj tbhusdm` d`è-

tehmdc kjmtreiuojs. Fhrjhvjr, Erdm dcsh rjvjdcj` et bd` rjkjevj` ZI9 (tbj

ods usj` em tbj jmrekbfjmt prhkjss) irhf Kbemd yjdrs jdrcejr, tbj prehr

khmkjdcfjmt hi wbekb hlvehuscy vehcdtj` Erdm―s [dijoudr`s Dorjjfjmt

Q4, p. 4;:V. Em <>>9, ditjr chmo chllyemo ly tbj Z[, tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr

essuj wds lrhuobt th tbj [jkurety Khumkec dm` dt ets ::>>tb fjjtemo hm

Gucy ;4, <>>9 tbj Mh. 4959 rjshcutehm wds d`hptj`. Et kdccj` uphm dcc[tdtjs, em dkkhr`dmkj wetb tbjer mdtehmdc cjodc dutbhretejs dm` cjoescdtehm

dm` khmsestjmt wetb emtjrmdtehmdc cdw, th jxjrkesj veoecdmkj dm` prjvjmt

tbj trdmsijr hi dmy etjfs, fdtjredcs, ohh`s dm` tjkbmhchoy tbdt khuc`

khmtrelutj th Erdm―s jmrekbfjmt-rjcdtj` dm` rjprhkjssemo dktevetejs dm`

ldccestek fessecj prhordfs. Et kdccj` Erdm wetbhut iurtbjr `jcdy th tdaj

tbj stjps rjquerj` ly tbj EDJD Lhdr` hi Ohvjrmhrs em ets rjshcutehmOHY/<>>9/404. Ditjr vhtemo tbj Z.[. Dfldssd`hr Ghbm Lhcthm sde`

–Ihur fhmtbs bd` pdssj` semkj tbj Khumkec bd` kdccj` hm Erdm th sus-

pjm` ets mukcjdr prhordf. Pwh fhmtbs bd` pdssj` semkj tbj JZ-;

(Irdmkj, Ojrfdmy, Zmetj` Aemo`hf) + ; (Kbemd, \ussedm Ij`jrdtehm,

Zmetj` [tdtjs) bd` fd`j ets ojmjrhus hiijr. Pbdt èpchfdtek jiihrt bd`

ljjm prjkj`j` ly fhrj tbdm tbrjj yjdrs hi Erdmedm mhm-khfpcedmkjwetb Mhm-^rhceijrdtehm Prjdty dm` ets Emtjrmdtehmdc Dthfek Jmjroy

Dojmky (EDJD) sdijoudr`s dorjjfjmt. Pbj pursuet hi mukcjdr wjdphms

khmstetutj` d èrjkt tbrjdt th emtjrmdtehmdc pjdkj dm` sjkurety, dm` `j-

fdm`j` d kcjdr stdtjfjmt ly tbj Khumkec em tbj ihrf hi d thuob rjshcu-

tehm. Et sjmt dm umdfleouhus fjssdoj th Erdm, mdfjcy th tdaj tbj stjps

4 \jshcutehm 4959 (<>>9), ZM [K, ;4 Gucy <>>9. Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7bttp7//www.um.hro/Mjws/^rjss/`hks/<>>9/sk2?5<.`hk.btf




00

sjt hut ly tbj EDJD Lhdr` hi Ohvjrmhrs, emkcuèmo iucc dm` sustdemj`

suspjmsehm hi dcc jmrekbfjmt-rjcdtj` dm` rjprhkjssemo dktevetejs, dm`

suspjm` khmstruktehm hi ets bjdvy-wdtjr rjdkthr. Erdm sbhuc` um`jrstdm`

tbdt tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs dm` htbjrs whuc` jmsurj tbdt iemdmkedc trdmsdk-

tehms dsshkedtj` wetb prhceijrdtehm dktevetejs whuc` lj efpj`j`.‖4 Kbemd

uroj` Erdm th prdktekj rjstrdemt, jdrmjstcy efpcjfjmt tbj rjquerjfjmts

hi tbj rjshcutehm dm` fdaj dm jdrcy rjsphmsj th tbj –pdkadoj prhphsdcs‖.

_dsbemothm è` mht ljcejvj em Erdmedm kevec mukcjdr jmjroy7

\jshcutehm 4?;?

Em tbj Khumkec, tbj Z.[. drouj` tbdt sdmktehms sbhuc` lj ds we`j dm`

thuob ds phsselcj. Em ojmjrdc tbj Z[D è` mht dkkjpt Pjbrdm―s droufjmt

tbdt Erdm mjj`s kevec mukcjdr jmjroy, ljkdusj _dsbemothm tbhuobt tbdt

Erdm bd` buoj dfhumt hi jmjroy rjshurkjs dm` tbjy ljcejvj` tbdt Erdm

wds ohemo th luec` mukcjdr wjdphms.

\ussed dm` Kbemd prjijrrj` fhrj cefetj` dm` cjss sjvjrj fjdsurjs

dm` kjrtdemcy mht tbj hmjs tbdt whuc` diijkt tbjer jkhmhfek emtjrjsts em

Erdm. Et sjjfs tbdt tbj Jurhpjdms drj em ljtwjjm tbjsj twh dpprhdkbjs<.

\jshcutehm Mh. 4959 wds ihcchwj` ly \jshcutehm Mh. 4?;? d`hptj`

ly tbj [jkurety Khumkec dt ets :94<tb fjjtemo, hm @jkjfljr <;, <>>9.

Pbj ZM [K pcdkj` d ldm hm sdcj dm` trd`j hi mukcjdr tjkbmhchoejs,

wbekb kdm lj usj` ly Erdm th dkkhfpcesb bjdvy wdtjr rjcdtj` dktevetejs

hr th `jvjchp mukcjdr wjdphm `jcevjry systjfs. Ly tbes \jshcutehm ZM

[K hiijrj` th dcc stdtjs th pcdkj vhcumtdry ldm hm emèveùdcs, wbh wjrj

4 –[jkurety Khumkec @jfdm`s Erdm [uspjm` Zrdmeuf Jmrekbfjmt Ly ;4 Duoust, hr Idkj ^hsselcj

Jkhmhfek, @epchfdtek [dmktehms‖, [jkurety Khumkec ::>>tb fjjtemo, dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7

bttp7//www.um.hro/Mjws/^rjss/`hks/<>>9/sk2?5<.`hk.btf< –Fe``cj Jdst, Erdm‖, [jkurety Khumkec \jphrt, Fhmtbcy Ihrjkdst , Mhvjfljr <>>9, Dvdecdlcj

hmcemj, dt 7 bttp7//www.sjkuretykhumkecrjphrt.hro/fhmtbcy-ihrjkdst/<>>9-44/chhaupXkXocA_CjFPEsOXlX<45;90?.pbp (dkkjssj` hm Gumj 4:, <>40).



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jmodoj`, dsshkedtj` wetb hr prhve`j` supphrt th Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf.

Pbj \jshcutehm Mh. 4?;? efphsj` iemdmkedc sdmktehms hm emèveùdcs dm`

khfpdmejs jmodoj` wetb Erdm―s mukcjdr dm` ldccestek fessecj emùstrejs4.

Hm Ijlrudry <<, <>>?, Jc Ldrd`je rjphrtj` tbdt Erdm khmtemuj` th

jmrekb urdmeuf dt tbj Mdtdmz idkecety dm` rjiusj` th prhve`j `jtdecs rj-

querj` ihr vjreiekdtehm purphsjs pjr EDJD LO @hkufjmt OHY/<>>2/2

(Ijlrudry <<, <>>?). Pbj Z.[. dm` ets pdrtmjrs shuobt d ldm hm drfs sdcjs

th Erdm dm` cefets hm jxphrt krjèts ihr ierfs emvhcvj` em khffjrkedc

`jdcs em tbj khumtry. Pbes phsj` pdrtekucdr prhlcjfs ihr ^\K, wbekb bd`jxestemo khmtrdkts th suppcy tbj E\E wetb vdrehus wjdphms, emkcuèmo

dmte-wdrsbep dm` suridkj-th-der fessecjs. Kbemd―s jxphrts th Erdm ds d

wbhcj bd` emkrjdsj` `rdfdtekdccy, resemo irhf $?4; feccehm em <>>> th

$?.<5 leccehm em <>>?. Ds d rjsuct, hm Fdrkb 5, _dmo Oudmoyd sde` tbdt

bj è` mht –sjj tbj mjj` th jxpdm` Qtbj fjdsurjsV th dm drfs jfldroh‖

dm` hlgjktj` th d prhbeletehm hm jxphrt krjèts Q<, p. 42;V<

.

ZM[K Jfldroh hm Drfs Jxphrts irhf Erdm7

\jshcutehm 4?0?

Ditjr tbj mjohtedtehms, hm <0 hi Fdrkb, <>>?, tbj [jkurety Khumkec dt ets

:90?tb fjjtemo d`hptj` \jshcutehm 4?0? (<>>?) wbekb `jke`j` tbdt

Erdm fust mht suppcy, sjcc hr trdmsijr dmy drfs hr rjcdtj` fdtjrejc. Et

kdccj` uphm dcc stdtjs dm` emtjrmdtehmdc iemdmkedc emstetutehms mht th jmtjr

emth mjw khffetfjmts ihr ordmts, iemdmkedc dssestdmkj, dm` khmkjssehmdc

chdms, th tbj Ohvjrmfjmt hi tbj Escdfek \jpulcek hi Erdm, jxkjpt ihr bu-

fdmetdredm dm` `jvjchpfjmt purphsjs. Pbj mjw cest hi 4; jmtetejs dm`

4 \jshcutehm 4?;? (<>>9),ZM [K, <; @jkjfljr <>>9, Dvdecdlcj hmcemj, dt7

bttp7//`dkkjss-``s-my.um.hro/`hk/ZM@HK/OJM/M>9/924/0</^@I/M>99240<.pì8HpjmJcjfjmt

(dkkjssj` hm Gumj 49, <>40).< Dvdecdlcj hmcemj, dt7 bttp7//dkd`jfekkhffhms.khcufled.jù/kdtdcho/dk74;<>45

(dkkjssj` hm Gucy 4:, <>40).




09

4: pjrshms emvhcvj` em mukcjdr hr ldccestek fessecjs dktevetejs wds d``j`

th rjshcutehm 4?0? tbdt whuc` sulgjktj` th iemdmkedc cefetdtehms Q44V. Ei

Erdm wds prhbeletj` th sjcc, suppcy hr trdmsijr wjdphms, dcc htbjr khum-

trejs wjrj kdccj` ihr –veoecdmkj‖ em drfs sdcjs th Erdm dm` th hfet d ldm

hm jxphrt krjèts. _bdt wds tbj prhlcjf tbdt Z[D, tbhuob tjfphrdry,

dorjj` mht th prhbelet lut dlstdem irhf sjccemo wjdphms th Erdm8 Pbj

rjdshm wds \ussed dm` Kbemd tbdt khuc` bdvj put d vjth ei tbj Z[D trej`

th emkcu`j tbes phemt emth tbj rjshcutehm tjxt. Em tbes rjodr` tbj Z[D,

Orjdt Lretdem dm` Irdmkj emsurj` tbjfsjcvjs irhf tbj phsselcj vjth hi\ussed dm` Kbemd.

Kbemd―s dfldssd`hr em ZM _dmo Oudmoyd sde` tbdt bes khumtry

bd` dcc dchmo supphrtj` sdijoudrèmo tbj emtjrmdtehmdc mukcjdr mhm-

prhceijrdtehm fjkbdmesf dm` hpphsj` tbj prhceijrdtehm hi mukcjdr wjdp-

hms. Kbemd è` mht wesb th sjj mjw turlucjmkj em tbj Fe``cj Jdst, dm`

idvhrj` d pjdkjiuc shcutehm th Erdm―s mukcjdr essuj tbrhuob phcetekdc dm`èpchfdtek jiihrts dm` mjohtedtehms. Bj bd` vhtj` em idvhr hi tbj rjshcu-

tehm, ds et ldsekdccy rjicjktj` tbhsj vejws.

Bhwjvjr Erdm―s ihrjeom femestjr Fdmhukbjbjr Fhttdae, stdtj`

tbdt –Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf es khfpcjtjcy pjdkjiuc‖4.

ZM[K emkrjdsj` veoecdmkj hvjr Erdmedm ldmas.

Kdccemo ihr vhcumtdrecy kdroh emspjktehm7

\jshcutehm 42>;

Fhvjfjmt thwdr`s iurtbjr ZM [K sdmktehms wds spurrj` ly dm Erdmedm

rhkajt cdumkb hm Ijlrudry 0 tbdt tbj Z.[. dm`, mhtdlcy, \ussed wjrj

khmkjrmj` feobt lj d tjst hi ldccestek fessecj tjkbmhchoy Q<, p. 429V.

4 [jkurety Khumkec, :90?tb Fjjtemo (^F), [K/252>, et es dvdecdlcj hmcemj, dt7bttp7//www.um.hro/Mjws/^rjss/`hks/<>>?/sk252>.`hk.btf



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Hm ; Fdrkb <>>2 tbj [jkurety Khumkec d`hptj` \jshcutehm 42>; dt

ets :202tb fjjtemo. Pbj rjshcutehm `jke`j` tbdt dcc [tdtjs sbdcc tdaj tbj

mjkjssdry fjdsurjs th prjvjmt tbj suppcy, sdcj hr trdmsijr fdtjredcs

wbekb kdm lj usj` ihr prhùkemo mukcjdr wjdphms. Et kdccj` uphm dcc

[tdtjs th jxjrkesj veoecdmkj hvjr tbj dktevetejs hi iemdmkedc emstetutehms em

tbjer tjrrethrejs wetb dcc ldmas `hfekecj` em Erdm, dm` tbjer lrdmkbjs dm`

sulseèdrejs dlrhd`, em hr`jr th dvhe` sukb dktevetejs khmtrelutemo th tbj

prhceijrdtehm sjmsetevj mukcjdr dktevetejs,. Et dcsh kdccj` ihr vhcumtdry

kdroh emspjktehms. D mjw cest hi hiiekedcs, emèveùdcs dm` jmtetejs em-vhcvj` em mukcjdr hr ldccestek fessecjs dktevetejs wds dttdkbj` em Dmmjxjs

E, EE, EEE em \jshcutehm 42>;, tbdt whuc` lj sulgjktj` th iemdmkedc cefetd-

tehm Q4<V4. Kbemd―s rjprjsjmtdtevj em ZM [K _dmo Oudmoyd fjmtehmj`

tbdt bes khumtry wjckhfj` tbj khhpjrdtehm ljtwjjm Erdm dm` EDJD, lut

tbj rjphrt bd` dcsh stdtj` tbdt Erdm bd` mht suspjm`j` ets jmrekbfjmt

dktevetejs, ds rjquerj` ly [jkurety Khumkec rjshcutehms, dm` et bd` stdrtj``jvjchpfjmt hi kjmtreiuojs. Ds tbj efpdssj bd` mht ljjm lrhajm, tbj

emtjrmdtehmdc khffumety wds kdccemo ihr fhrj èpchfdtek jiihrts. Z.[.

rjprjsjmtdtevj em ZM [K Wdcfdy Abdceczd` sde` tbdt, emstjd` hi suspjm`-

emo ets jmrekbfjmt dm` rjprhkjssemo dktevetejs, ds rjquerj` ly tbj Khum-

kec, Erdm bd` kbhsjm th `rdfdtekdccy jxpdm` ets mufljr hi hpjrdtemo kjm-

treiuojs dm` th `jvjchp dm` tjst d mjw ojmjrdtehm hi kjmtreiuojs. Et khm-temuj` tbj khmstruktehm hi ets bjdvy-wdtjr rjsjdrkb rjdkthr dt Drda dm`

et stecc bd` mht efpcjfjmtj` tbj D`ètehmdc ^rhthkhc. Pbj cdt-

jst EDJD rjphrt stdtj` tbdt Erdm bd` mht fjt ets hlceodtehm th iuccy ès-

kchsj ets pdst mukcjdr wjdphms prhordf. Bj sde` tbdt, hm tbj khrj essuj

hi wbjtbjr Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf wds strektcy pjdkjiuc, tbj rjphrt bd`

mht sbhwm sjrehus prhorjss. EDJD bd` prjsjmtj` Erdm wetb `hkufjmts

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.edjd.hro/mjwskjmtjr/ihkus/edjderdm/umskXrjs42>;-<>>2.pì




02

`jtdecemo Erdm―s jiihrts th `jvjchp d mukcjdr wdrbjd` dm` htbjr phsselcj

um`jkcdrj` dktevetejs wetb mukcjdr fdtjredc. Erdmedm cjd`jrs, ds d ierst

stjp, fust kjdsj jmrekbfjmt dm` rjprhkjssemo dktevetejs dm` fdaj d iucc

èskchsurj hi dcc hi ets wjdphms-rjcdtj` whra, bj sde`. Bj sde` tbj

Zmetj` [tdtjs rjkhomezj` Erdm―s reobt th `jvjchp mukcjdr jmjroy ihr

pjdkjiuc purphsjs. Pbj ievj pjrfdmjmt fjfljrs hi tbj Khumkec dm`

Ojrfdmy bd` hiijrj` th bjcp Erdm th `jvjchp kevec mukcjdr phwjr, dm`

tbj \ussedm Ij`jrdtehm bd` suppcej` iujc ihr Erdm―s mukcjdr phwjr pcdmt

em Lusbjbr. Pbdt bd` jxphsj` Erdm―s idcsj kcdef tbdt et mjj`j` th jmrekburdmeuf ihr kevec mukcjdr phwjr 4.

Mjw hiijrs irhf ^:+Ojrdfmy7

\jshcutehm 42;:

Hm Gumj 40, <>>2 [jkrjtdry Ojmjrdc dm` beob rjprjsjmtdtevj hi tbj JZ

Gdvejr [hcdmd `jcevjrj` th Erdmedm ohvjrmfjmt tbj tjxt hi tbj cjttjr

wbekb wds khfpecj` ly Kbemd, Irdmkj, Zmetj` Aemo`hf, \ussedm Ij`-

jrdtehm, Ojrfdmy, Zmtej` [tdtjs dm` [jkrjtdry Ojmjrdc dm` beob rjprj-

sjmtdtevjs hi tbj JZ. Pbj sex phwjrs hiijrj` Erdm prhvesehm tjkbmhchoe-

kdc dm` iemdmkedc dssestdmkj mjkjssdry ihr Erdm―s pjdkjiuc usj hi mukcjdr

jmjroy, supphrt ihr tbj rjsufptehm hi tjkbmekdc khhpjrdtehm pcdms em

Erdm ly tbj EDJD, supphrt ihr tbj khmstruktehm hi tbj ceobt-wdtjr rjdk-

thr, prhvesehm hi cjodccy lemèmo mukcjdr iujc suppcy oudrdmty, khhpjrd-

tehm em rjodr` wetb tbj fdmdojfjmt hi spjmt iujc dm` rdèhdktevj wdstj,

ei Erdm iucieccs tbj rjquerjfjmts hi rjshcutehms d`hptj` ly ZM [K Q40V<.

4 ZM [K, [K/5<92, ; Fdrkb <>>2. Et es dvdecdlcj hmcemj, dt7

bttp7//www.um.hro/Mjws/^rjss/`hks/<>>2/sk5<92.`hk.btf (dkkjssj` hm Gumj 42, <>40).< Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7

bttp7//www.edjd.hro/ûlcekdtehms/@hkufjmts/Emikerks/<>>2/emikerk?;>.pì.(dkkjssj` hm Gumj <>, <>40).



05


Erdm dsaj` th oevj emihrfdtehm em `jtdecs dm` ZM [K `jke`j` tbdt Erdm

trejs th odem tefj, dm` d`hptj` \jshcutehm 42;: (<>>2) wbekb kdccj` Erdm

th khfpcy iuccy dm` wetbhut `jcdy wetb ets hlceodtehms um`jr tbj dlhvj-

fjmtehmj` rjshcutehms hi tbj [jkurety Khumkec, dm` th fjjt tbj rjquerj-

fjmts hi tbj EDJD Lhdr` hi Ohvjrmhrs Q4;V4. Chmo cdstemo mjohtedtehms

ljtwjjm ^:+Ojrfdmy dm` Erdm wjrj umsukkjssiuc. Pbj pdrtejs khuc`

mht iem` mjw wdys ihr shcvemo Erdmedm mukcjdr èsputj. D ghemt stdtjfjmt

essuj` ly tbj O2 khumtrejs ihcchwemo d suffet em Etdcy sjt d `jd`cemj ihr

[jptjfljr 4: ihr Erdm th jmodoj em mjohtedtehms hr idkj tbj phsselecety hiemkrjdsj` sdmktehms. Hldfd dssjrtj` tbdt tbj Z.[. wds –mht ohemo th gust

wdet em`jiemetjcy‖ ihr Erdm th rjsphm`. _etb _jstjrm strdtjoy rjvjrtemo

th d pumetevj dpprhdkb, tbj ldses hi d èpchfdtek khmirhmtdtehm wetb

Kbemd wds cde`. Zmceaj prehr kdsjs, wbekb wjrj rjshcvj` rjcdtevjcy

quekacy, et whuc` tdaj memj fhmtbs ihr tbj ^: th sjkurj dm dorjjfjmt

hm d``j` prjssurj dodemst Pjbrdm Q<, p. 454V.

Drfs jfldroh7

\jshcutehm 45<5

Hm Gumj 5, <>4>, tbj ZM[K dpprhvj` \jshcutehm 45<5 ly d vhtj hi 4< em

idvhr. Pwh khumtrejs (Purajy dm` Lrdzec) hpphsj`, dm` hmj (Cjldmhm)

dlstdemj`. Ceaj tbj tbrjj rjshcutehms tbdt prjkj`j` et semkj <>>9, ly tbj

\jshcutehm 45<5 ZM [K `jke`j` tbdt Erdm sbhuc` mht dkquerj dm emtjrjst

em dmy khffjrkedc dktevetejs em htbjr [tdtjs emvhcvemo urdmeuf fememo

dm` fust bdct ets urdmeuf jmrekbfjmt dktevetejs dkkhrèmo th EDJD em-

spjktehm oue`jcemjs.

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.edjd.hro/mjwskjmtjr/ihkus/edjderdm/umskXrjs42;:-<>>2.pì(dkkjssj` hm Gumj <>, <>40).




:>

Pbj \jshcutehm `jke`j` tbdt dcc stdtjs sbhuc` prjvjmt tbj èrjkt hr

emèrjkt suppcy, sdcj hr trdmsijr th Erdm hi dmy ldttcj tdmas, drfhrj`

khfldt vjbekcjs, cdroj kdceljr drteccjry systjfs, khfldt derkrdit, dttdka

bjcekhptjrs, wdrsbeps, dm` fessecj systjfs. \jshcutehm 45<5 kdccj` uphm

dcc stdtjs th emspjkt dcc kdroh th dm` irhf Erdm. Pbj \jshcutehm kdccj`

uphm stdtjs th tdaj dpprhpredtj fjdsurjs th prhbelet hpjmemo hi mjw

lrdmkbjs hi Erdmedm ldmas em tbjer tjrrethrejs wbekb khuc` bdvj dmy khm-

mjktehm wetb Erdmedm prhceijrdtehm essuj. Pbj rjshcutehm put iemdmkedc

rjstrektehms hm shfj Erdmedm jmtetejs dm` emèveùdcs. Pbj Z.[. rjprjsjm-tdtevj [usdm \ekj spjdaemo ditjr tbj vhtj strjssj` tbdt tbj sdmktehms

wjrj mht defj` dt Erdm―s reobt th usj mukcjdr jmjroy ihr pjdkjiuc pur-

phsjs, lut squdrjcy dt khmkjrms tbdt et bd` dfletehms th `jvjchp mukcjdr

wjdphms. Pbj fjdsurjs wjrj thuob, sfdrt dm` prjkesj. Pbj rjshcutehm

hiijrj` Erdm d kcjdr pdtb th tbj suspjmsehm hi sdmktehms dm` rjdiierfj`

tbj weccemomjss hi tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs dm` htbjr khumtrejs th khmtemuj è-pchfdky ihr tbdt purphsj. [bj prdesj` tbj whra hi Purajy dm` Lrdzec,

lut sde` tbjer prhphsdc è` mht rjsphm` th tbj vjry rjdc khmkjrms dlhut

Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf. –Pbes rjshcutehm `hjs,‖ sbj sde`, jfpbdsezemo tbdt

rjspjkt ihr tbj Prjdty hm tbj Mhm-^rhceijrdtehm hi Mukcjdr _jdphms fust

rjfdem dt tbj kjmtrj hi jiihrts th khmtrhc mukcjdr wjdphms Q4:V4. Kbemd―s

ZM dfldssd`hr Ce Ldh`hmo stdtj`, tbdt ceaj prjvehus tjxts, tbj kurrjmthmj rjicjktj` emtjrmdtehmdc khmkjrms, ds wjcc ds tbj `jserj hi dcc pdrtejs

th rjshcvj tbj fdttjr tbrhuob èdchouj dm` mjohtedtehms<. Erdm―s thp mu-

kcjdr hiiekedc cdsbj` hut dt Ljegemo, wdrmemo tbdt –Kbemd es ordùdccy chs-

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj1 dt7 bttp7//www.edjd.hro/mjwskjmtjr/ihkus/edjderdm/umskXrjs45<5-<>4>.pì

(dkkjssj` hm Gumj <<, <>40).< [jkurety Khumkec, 9;;:tb Fjjtemo* (DF),[jkurety Khumkec Efphsjs D`ètehmdc [dmktehms hm

Erdm, Gumj 5, <>4>, dvdecdlcj hmcemj1 dt7

bttp7//www.um.hro/Mjws/^rjss/`hks/<>4>/sk5502.`hk.btf ( dkkjssj` hm Gucy 40, <>40).



:4


emo ets rjspjktdlcj phsetehm em tbj Escdfek whrc`.‖ Lut Dbfdèmjgd` wds

phcetj em [bdmobde. "_j bdvj vjry ohh` rjcdtehms wetb Kbemd dm` wj

bdvj mh rjdshm th wjdajm hur rjcdtehms wetb Kbemd.... Pbj prhlcjf es

tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs," sde` Dbfdèmjgd`, wbh sde` [jkurety Khumkec khum-

trejs bd` ljjm sulgjkt th prjssurj dm` emtefe`dtehm, dkkhrèmo th

tbj Dsshkedtj` ^rjss Q4?V4.

Z[D-Kbemd khmtrdèktehm dm` khhpjrdtehm em Erdmedm essuj

Em tbj ZM [K tbj Z[D pcdys dm doorjssevj rhcj tryemo th efphsj bjdvysdmktehms hm Erdmedm jkhmhfy. Pbj Z[D trejs th efphsj sdmktehms em

sukb d wdy tbdt Kbemd dorjjs wetb tbhsj sdmktehms. Hm hmj bdm` Kbemd

jxjrts jiihrts th jdsj tbj sdmktehm hm tbj wbhcj, hm tbj htbjr bdm`,

Kbemd dvhe`s khmtrdèktehms wetb tbj Z.[. dm` JZ;, wbekb es jdojr th

put rhuob sdmktehms up th tbj fecetdry emvhcvjfjmt. Et es efphrtdmt th

fjmtehm tbdt Kbemd purkbdsjs fhst hi ets hec irhf tbj Fe``cj Jdst.Kbemd es emtjrjstj` em tbj stdlecety hi tbj rjoehm, sh ds th ojt tbj Fe``cj

Jdstjrm jmjroy shurkjs wetbhut d resa.

Irhf fy phemt hi vejw Kbemd em tbj ZM [K wecc usj vjth hmcy ei

Z[D trejs th put sdmktehms hm efphrt dm` jxphrt hi Erdmedm hec dm` ods. Et

es tbj rj` cemj wbekb wds `rdwm ly Kbemd. Zmcjss tbj Z[D `hjs mht

stdm` dodemst tbj emtjrjst hi Kbemd dm` `hjs mht suoojst ldmmemo efphrt

dm` jxphrt hi Erdmedm hec dm` ods, Kbemd wecc supphrt rjshcutehms. Erdm,

hm ets turm, fust iem` mjw shcutehms wetb ^:+4, ds et es beobcy phsselcj

tbdt Kbemd wecc rjùkj tbj efphrts hi Erdmedm jmjroy shurkjs dm` em-

krjdsj efphrts irhf \ussed dm` Kjmtrdc Dsedm khumtrejs, ljkdusj hi um-

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj1 dt bttp7//www.ksfhmethr.khf/_hrc`/Dsed-^dkeiek/<>4>/>944/Dt-[bdmobde-

Jxph-Dbfdèmjgd`-phcetj-`jspetj-Kbemd-s-supphrt-ihr-Erdm-sdmktehms

(dkkjssj` hm Gucy 4:, <>40).




:<

stdlcj setudtehm em Fe``cj Jdst dm` ljkdusj hi tbj efphrtdmkj hi [emh-

Dfjrekdm rjcdtehms. Et fdy bdppjm tbdt Erdm wecc chsj dm emtjrjstj`

pdrty em tbj ZM [K, wbekb dcwdys trejs th shitjm sdmktehms dm` jxkcu`j

jfldroh hm Erdmedm hec dm` mdturdc ods. Dmywdy, et es efphrtdmt th fjm-

tehm tbdt tbj Z[D es tbj ierst trd`j pdrtmjr hi Kbemd dm` JZ es tbj sjk-

hm` trd`j pdrtmjr hi Kbemd, sh em Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj Kbemd trejs mht th

kbhhsj dmy se`js, lut et es kcjdr tbdt ihr Erdm Kbemd wecc mht stdrt khm-

irhmtdtehms wetb ets ierst dm` sjkhm` fhst efphrtdmt trd`j pdrtmjrs.

Kbemd es emtjrjstj` em fdemtdememo stdlecety em tbj Fe``cj Jdst dm` ^jr-sedm Ouci, sh tbdt et kdm lremo jmjroy shurkjs wetbhut prhlcjfs. Kbemd es

dodemst tbj prhceijrdtehm em tbj Fe``cj Jdst.

D chha irhf _ dsbemothm

Pbj Z[D pcdys krukedc dm` efphrtdmt rhcj hm Erdmedm mukcjdr kreses. Pbj

Z.[. emvhcvjfjmt dm` phsetehm bds d èrjkt emicujmkj hm Erdmedm mukcjdrprhordf. Em hur hpemehm tbj Z.[. phceky kdm lj ève`j` em ; pjreh`s7

4. Pbj ierst pjreh` kdm lj hutcemj` irhf 45:> up th 45?5, wbjm Z[D

wds supphrtemo Erdm th rjsjdrkb mukcjdr tjkbmhchoejs dm` th luec`

mukcjdr idkecetejs.

<. Pbj sjkhm` pjreh` kdm lj hutcemj` irhf 45?5 up th <>>>, wbjm

ditjr tbj Escdfek rjvhcutehm em Erdm tbj rjcdtehms ljtwjjm tbj

mjwcy ihrfj` Escdfek \jpulcek hi Erdm dm` Z[D `jtjrehrdtj` dm`

Dfjrekdms sthppj` supphrtemo Erdm em ets mukcjdr prhordf dm`

stdrtj` th prjssurj hm htbjr stdtjs wbekb whuc` ceaj th khhpjrdtj

wetb Erdm em tbj mukcjdr iejc`.

;. Pbj tber` pjreh` kdm lj hutcemj` irhf <>>> th prjsjmt. @uremo tbj

tber` pjreh` Z.[. èpchfdky hm Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf kdm lj

`jskrelj` ds –khjrkevj èpchfdky‖.



:;


Em tbes pdrt hi tbj pdpjr tbj tber` pjreh` wecc lj khmse`jrj` dm` dm

dttjfpt wecc lj fd`j th dmswjr tbj ihcchwemo qujstehms7 _by `hjs

_dsbemothm tbema tbdt Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj es d tbrjdt ihr Z[D dm` Es-

rdjce sjkurety8 Bhw `hjs tbj Z[D try th sthp Erdmedm mukcjdr prhlcjf8

_bekb es tbj Z.[. strdtjoy em tbj ZM [K8

Ihr fdmy `jkd`js Z[D wds tryemo th khmtrhc Fe``cj Jdst ljkdusj

tbes rjoehm bds rekb jmjroy shurkjs dm` et es dm efphrtdmt khffumekd-

tehm lreòj ljtwjjm Jdst dm` _jst. Em tbj Fe``cj Jdst tbj Z.[. strdtjoy

kdm lj `jskrelj` ds ihcchws7 Z.[. trejs th bjcp tbj phcetekdc hr rjceoehuspdrtejs wbekb bdvj prh-Dfjrekdm stdmkj dm` kdm emkrjdsj tbj Dfjrekdm

emicujmkj em tbj wbhcj rjoehm. Pbj Z.[. phceky fdajrs tbema tbdt `jvjc-

hpfjmts em tbj Fe``cj Jdst kdm phsj d tbrjdt ihr tbj Z[D dm` ets dccejs

ljkdusj tbes rjoehm kbdmojs vjry idst dm` kdm ljkhfj dm dmte-Dfjrekdm

dm` dmte-Esrdjce bhtlj`, wbjrj jxtrjfest dmte-Dfjrekdm Escdfests kdm

tdaj hvjr. Ihr tbes rjdshm Z.[. khmtemujs th bjcp ohvjrmfjmts hi Esrdjc,Purajy, [duè Drdled, Ghr`dm, dm` htbjr khumtrejs tbdt bjcp tbj Z.[. th

fdemtdem emicujmkj em tbj Fe``cj Jdst. Pbj Z.[. tbemas tbdt dmy ohvjrm-

fjmt em tbj Fe``cj Jdst wbekb `hjs mht pcdy dkkhrèmo th tbj rucjs `j-

seomj` ly Z[D es `dmojrhus dm` fust lj jcefemdtj`. Em tbj Fe``cj Jdst

[yred dm` Erdm bdvj tbjer em`jpjm`jmt phceky dm` tbjy `h mht kdrj dlhut

–Z.[. stycj `jfhkrdky‖ dm` ihr tbes rjdshm tbjy drj stecc em tbj Z.[. cest hish kdccj` –rhouj stdtjs‖.

Pbj `jvjchpfjmts drhum` Erdm emicujmkj tbj jmjroy sjkurety hi

tbj whrc`. Erdm khmtrhcs ^jrsedm Ouci, wbekb es tbj fdem –jmjroy rhd`‖

ihr jxphrt dm` efphrt hi tbj Fe``cj Jdstjrm jmjroy rjshurkjs. Pbdmas

th iemdmkedc odems Erdm―s emicujmkj sprjd`s hvjr Cjldmhm, [yred dm` ^dc-

jstemj. Erdm bjcpj` [bed Fuscefs th khfj th tbj phwjr em Erdq, dm` Pj-

brdm jxjrts ets emicujmkj em Diobdmestdm. Erdm dcsh bds emicujmkj em ph-




:0

cetekdc `jvjchpfjmts em Ldbrdem dm` Ujfjm. Ceaj htbjr emtjrmdtehmdc

phcetekdc pcdyjrs, Erdm struoocjs ihr d phcetekdc phwjr th dkbejvj ets ohdcs1

et fdajs emvjstfjmts em kjrtdem phcetekdc ihrkjs em tbj Fe``cj Jdst, Cdtem

Dfjrekd, Direkd. Pbj ^jrsedm Ouci es tbj pucsj hi tbj jmjroy trd`j dm` et

es em tbj bdm`s hi Erdmedms. Pbj sh-kdccj` Erdmedm tbrjdt sjjfs th lj

fhrj rjdcestek, wbjm Erdmedm hiiekedcs tbrjdtjm th kchsj [trdet hi Bhrfuz

hr thtdccy jcefemdtj Esrdjc. Pbj dlhvj fjmtehmj` droufjmts drj tbj rjd-

shms, wby tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf es d rjdc bjd`dkbj ihr tbj emtjr-

mdtehmdc khffumety.

Bhw `hjs tbj Z.[. try th sthp Erdmedm mukcjdr dfletehms8

Z[D trejs th prjvjmt Erdmedm rjsjdrkb hm mukcjdr tjkbmhchoejs dm` sthp

jmrekbfjmt hi urdmeuf usemo sdmktehms dm` khjrkevj èpchfdky. Pbj

Dfjrekdm skbhcdr \hljrt Gjrves ljcejvjs tbdt –Z.[. phcekyfdajrs khuc`

dcsh sthp pulcekcy jxprjssemo tbjer rjcuktdmkj th usj ihrkj dm` emstjd`jfpbdsezj tbdt tbjy tbema dm dttdka hm Erdm whuc` ljmjiet tbj Zmetj`

[tdtjs. Pbjy khuc` kcdef th jxpjkt tbdt d Z.[. streaj whuc` `jdc d `rd-

fdtek lchw th Erdm―s mukcjdr jiihrt, sjrvj ds d phwjriuc wdrmemo th htbjr

phtjmtedc prhceijrdthrs, strjmotbjm tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs― ochldc rjputdtehm

ihr rjshcvj, dm` phsselcy jvjm treoojr dm Erdmedm rjvhcutehm.‖ Q;, p. 0?V

Irhf tefj th tefj Z.[ cjd`jrs tbrjdts Erdm tbdt tbjy bdvj dm hp-

phrtumety th sthp mukcjdr prhordf usemo ihrkj, ei èpchfdky idecs. Hm

[jptjfljr <:, <>4<, Z.[. ^rjse`jmt Ldrdka Hldfd thc` tbj ZM Ojmjrdc

Dssjflcy. –Dfjrekd wdmts th rjshcvj tbes essuj tbrhuob èpchfdky, dm`

wj ljcejvj tbdt tbjrj es stecc tefj dm` spdkj th `h sh. Lut tbdt tefj es mht

umcefetj`. _j rjspjkt tbj reobt hi mdtehms th dkkjss pjdkjiuc mukcjdr

phwjr, lut hmj hi tbj purphsjs hi tbj Zmetj` Mdtehms es th sjj tbdt wj

bdrmjss tbdt phwjr ihr pjdkj. Dm` fdaj mh festdaj d mukcjdr-drfj`



::


Erdm es mht d kbdccjmoj tbdt kdm lj khmtdemj`. Dm` tbdt―s wby tbj

Zmetj` [tdtjs wecc `h wbdt wj fust th prjvjmt Erdm irhf hltdememo d

mukcjdr wjdphm.‖ Q49V4 Pbj Z.[. `jkesehm fdajrs ljcejvj tbdt ei Erdm ojts

d mukcjdr lhfl tbjy wecc stdrt sh kdccj` –mukcjdr bhchkdust‖ dm` Esrdjc

wecc lj `jstrhyj`. Pbj Dfjrekdm trhhps chkdtj` em tbj Fe``cj Jdst dm`

em tbj Z.[. dccej` khumtrejs kchsj th Erdm wecc lj em `dmojrhus setudtehm ds

wjcc. Dfjrekdm skbhcdr Fdttbjw Arhjmeo ljcejvjs tbdt Erdm khuc`

kbhhsj th spur prhceijrdtehm ly trdmsijrremo mukcjdr tjkbmhchoy th ets

dccejs -- htbjr khumtrejs dm` tjrrhrest orhups dceaj. Bdvemo tbj lhflwhuc` oevj Erdm orjdtjr khvjr ihr khmvjmtehmdc doorjssehm dm` khjrkevj

èpchfdky, dm` tbj ldttcjs ljtwjjm ets tjrrhrest prhxejs dm` Esrdjc, ihr

jxdfpcj, khuc` jskdcdtj Q:V<. _j khfpcjtjcy èsdorjj wetb Arhjmeo, lj-

kdusj wj ljcejvj Erdm gust mjj`s th rjsthrj tbj èsturlj` ldcdmkj hi

phwjrs em tbj Fe``cj Jdst. Ihr tbes rjdshm Erdmedm ohvjrmfjmt wdmts th

fdaj mukcjdr wjdphms dm` th rjsthrj tbj ldcdmkj ljtwjjm Erdm dm` Es-rdjc. _j ljcejvj Erdm wecc mht prhve`j mukcjdr tjkbmhchoejs th dmy tjr-

rhrest hrodmezdtehm ljkdusj ùremo tbj cdst `jkd`js Erdm dcsh suiijrj`

irhf tjrrhrest dttdkas. Ds [yredm `jvjchpfjmts sbhw, et es vjry bdr` th

kdckucdtj wbjm dm` dodemst wbhf tjrrhrest hrodmezdtehms wecc usj wjdp-

hms. Fdylj tbjy wecc usj et dodemst tbj hmj tbjy wjrj emtjm`j` ihr, lut

fdylj tbjy wecc usj et dodemst tbj hmj wbh prhve`j` tbjf wetb tbjsjvjry wjdphms.

Pbj Z.[. bdwas ceaj th sdy tbdt tbjrj es stecc tefj th dttdka Erdm,

ljkdusj Erdm `hjs mht bdvj mukcjdr wjdphms, yjt. Pbjy tbema tbdt ei

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.wbetjbhusj.ohv/tbj-prjss-hiiekj/<>4</>5/<:/rjfdras-

prjse`jmt-um-ojmjrdc-dssjflcy (Dkkjssj` hm 2 Gucy <>40).

< Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.ihrjeomdiiders.khf/drtekcjs/4;954?/fdttbjw-arhjmeo/tefj-th-dttdka-erdm.( Dkkjssj` Gucy 44, <>40)




:9

tbjy dttdka Erdm tbjy kdm `jstrhy mukcjdr idkecetejs dm` `jtjr Erdm. Pbj

Zmetj` [tdtjs dcrjd`y bdvj d cdroj prjsjmkj jmkerkcemo Erdm. Ihrty tbhu-

sdm` Z.[. trhhps drj stdtehmj` em tbj Ouci, dkkhfpdmej` ly streaj der-

krdit, twh derkrdit kdrrejr streaj orhups, twh Djoes ldccestek fessecj `j-

ijmsj sbeps, dm` fuctepcj ^dtreht dmtefessecj systjfs. Hm Erdm's jdstjrm

icdma, _dsbemothm bds dmhtbjr 5>,>>> trhhps `jpchyj` em Diobdmestdm

dm` tbhusdm`s fhrj supphrtemo tbj Diobdm wdr em mjdrly Kjmtrdc Dsedm

stdtjs Q9V4. Et es rjdshmdlcj th tbema tbdt ei tbj Z[D stdrts d wdr dodemst

Erdm th prjvjmt iemdc `jvjchpfjmt hi mukcjdr wjdphms tjkbmhchoy, sukb`jkesehm wecc lj `dmojrhus dm` d`vjmturhus, ljkdusj em tbes kdsj Erdm

wecc try th kchsj ^jrsedm Ouci dm` wecc lhfl tdmajrs trdmsphrtemo jmjroy

shurkjs. Fecetdry dktehms kdm prhvhaj ochldc jmjroy kreses, tbes wdr wecc

sbdpj tbj emtjrjsts hi wbhcj whrc` dm` kdm lj rjdshm ihr `dmojrhus dm`

chmo-tjrf khmirhmtdtehm. Ihr emstdmkj, Kbemd luys hec irhf Erdm dm` em

tbj ZM [K Ljegemo dorjj` th vhtj ihr sdmktehms hmcy wbjm Kbemjsj èp-chfdts bd` jcefemdtj` dmy phsselcj sdmktehms dodemst Erdmedm jmjroy

prhùktehm. Kbemd, JZ dm` htbjr khumtrejs luy hec dm` ods irhf khum-

trejs chkdtj` em tbj ^jrsedm Ouci, sh tbjy wecc lj dodemst th dmy phsselcj

wdr em tbj ^jrsedm Ouci ds wjcc. Z[D strdtjoests kdm drouj tbdt tbjer

fecetdry mdvdc ihrkjs kdm `jijdt Erdmedm mdvdc ihrkjs em d sbhrt pjreh` hi

tefj dm` hpjm tbj [trdet hi Bhrfuz, lut Erdm bds dcrjd`y `jvjchpj`Chmo \dmoj fessecjs dm` kdm streaj Z.[ mdvdc ihrkjs dpprhdkbemo tbj

Erdmedm khdst, dm` Pjbrdm whuc` `jiemetjcy streaj Esrdjc.

[hfj spjkedcests tbema tbdt ei tbj Z[D sjm`s fdmy trhhps th tbj

Fe``cj Jdst, Erdm wecc lj emtefe`dtj` dm` wecc fdaj khmkjssehms, lut et

`hjs mht sjjf th lj tbj reobt èrjktehm th shcvj tbj prhlcjf. _j dorjj

4 Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//www.ihrjeomdiiders.khf/drtekcjs/4;?>;4/khcem-b-adbc/mht-tefj-th-dttdka-erdm.( Dkkjssj` Gucy 4<, <>40)



:?


wetb \hljrt Gjrves tbdt –Lut lucaemo up Z.[. kdpdlecetejs dodemst Erdmedm

fessecjs em tbj jdstjrm Fjètjrrdmjdm dm` tbj ^jrsedm Ouci feobt dcsh

sjm` tbj hpphsetj seomdc‐tbdt tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs es prjpdremo mht th dt-

tdka, lut rdtbjr th cevj wetb (dm` `jtjr) d mukcjdr-drfj` Erdm. Kdmkjcemo

tbj `jpchyfjmt hi systjfs `jseomj` th `jijm` dodemst Erdmedm fessecjs,

em idkt, whuc` lj d strhmo dm` `rdfdtek seomdc tbdt tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs bds

mh emtjmtehm hi dcchwemo d mukcjdr Erdm dm` es weccemo th streaj prjvjm-

tevjcy th bjd` hii sukb d prhspjkt.‖ Q;, p. 05V Et dppjdrs pcduselcj tbdt ei

tbj Z[D khmtemujs th tbrjdtjm Erdm wetb fecetdry emvdsehm, Pjbrdm `jie-metjcy wecc bdvj d ohh` rjdshm th luec` mukcjdr drsjmdc th `jtjr Z[D.

Erdm dcsh khuc` mht bdvj idecj` th mhtekj tbdt tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs è`

mht dttdka Mhrtb Ahrjd ds et `jvjchpj` ets mukcjdr wjdphms, jvjm ditjr

bdvemo rjpjdtj`cy essuj` strhmo tbrjdts tbdt et whuc` `h sh. Fhrjhvjr,

_dsbemothm bds ljjm tryemo th khjrkj Erdm emth oevemo up ets mukcjdr

prhordf ihr `jkd`js mhw, th cettcj dvdec, fdaemo et bdr` th emstecc d sjmsjhi urojmky em ets kurrjmt jiihrts Q;, p. 09V.

_bdt dlhut sdmktehms8

Drj tbjrj dmy rjsucts8

Ditjr tbj Erdmedm Escdfek \jvhcutehm, tbj Z.[. stdrtj` th prjssurj stdtjs

dm` jmtetejs wbekb bd` khmmjktehms wetb tbj Erdmedm mukcjdr prhordf.

Pbj Z.[. efphsj` sdmktehms hm khfpdmejs, pjrshms dm` Erdmedm ohvjrm-

fjmtdc dm` mhm-ohvjrmfjmtdc hrodmezdtehms diiecedtj` wetb Erdm―s mu-

kcjdr prhordf. Hm <>>9, ditjr chmo tjrf mjohtedtehms wetb JZ;, Kbemd

dm` \ussed, tbj Z.[. wds dlcj th dkbejvj ets ohdc dm` Erdmedm essuj dp-

pjdrj` em ZM [K. Irhf <>>9 th <>4> tbj ZM [K d`hptj` rjshcutehms

4959, 4?;?, 4?0?, 42>;, 42;: dm` 45<5, wbekb efphsj` bjdvy sdmktehms

hm Erdm―s fecetdry, jkhmhfek, iemdmkedc systjfs. Pbhuob Erdmedm cjd`jrs




:2

ceaj th fjmtehm tbdt sdmktehms drj mht d prhlcjf, lut tbj Erdmedm jkhm-

hfy bds ljjm jiijktevjcy bet bdr` ly tbjsj sdmktehms. Erdmedm jkhmhfy

wds fhstcy `jkcemj` wbjm JZ fjfljr stdtjs efphsj` dm hec jfldroh

hm Erdm. Kbemd dcsh rjùkj` ets dvjrdoj hec efphrt cjvjcs irhf Erdm em d

èsdorjjfjmt hm Erdm's mukcjdr prhordf. Pbj `jprjkedtehm hi Erdmedm

\edc, rjùktehm hi hec jxphrts dm` sbhrtdojs hi ihrjeom kurrjmky bdvj

krjdtj` bdr` shkedc-jkhmhfek setudtehm em Erdm. [h sdmktehms drj whraemo

dm` fdylj et wds tbj fdem rjdshm wby Erdm dorjj` th tbj Emtjref

dorjjfjmt4. Erdm dorjj` th kbdmoj ets mukcjdr phceky wbekb wecc oevj dmhpphrtumety th suspjm` bjdvy sdmktehms hm Erdmedm jkhmhfy dm` wecc

sdvj Erdmedm phcetekdc systjf irhf d iemdc khccdpsj.

4 _bdt bds Erdm vhcumtdrecy khffettj` th um`jrtdaj ds d ierst stjp8

Ds d ierst stjp, Erdm khffets th um`jrtdaj fjdsurjs em tbj ihcchwemo drjds, th d``rjss tbj emtjr-

mdtehmdc khffumety's fhst prjssemo khmkjrms rjodrèmo Erdm's mukcjdr dktevetejs7

[uspjm` jmrekbfjmt dlhvj :% jvjrywbjrj em Erdm

Irjjzj ets jmrekbfjmt kdpdkety (e.j. mh emstdccdtehm hi mjw kjmtreiuojs, mh mjw kjmtreiuojs

wetb mdturdc urdmeuf, prhùktehm hi kjmtreiuojs hmcy ihr rjpcdkjfjmt hi `dfdoj` fdkbemjs)

\jùkj seomeiekdmtcy ets sthkapecj hi jmrekbj` urdmeuf (dcc tbj <>% jmrekbj` urdmeuf sthka-

pecj mjj`s th lj khmvjrtj` hr ècutj`1 dcc mjwcy jmrekbj` ljchw :% urdmeuf wecc lj khm-

vjrtj` th urdmeuf hxe`j).

Fdaj mh iurtbjr d`vdmkjs em tbj `jvjchpfjmt hi tbj Bjdvy _dtjr \jdkthr dt Drda (mh khf-

fessehmemo hi tbj rjdkthr, mh emstdccdtehm hi iurtbjr khfphmjmts, mh prhùktehm dm` tjstemo

hi iujc, mh trdmsijr hi bjdvy wdtjr th tbj rjdkthr).

Mh rjprhkjssemo hr khmstruktehm hi d idkecety kdpdlcj hi rjprhkjssemo.

Dcchw jmbdmkj` fhmethremo dm` vjreiekdtehm fjdsurjs wbekb oh ljyhm` tbj kurrjmt cjvjc hi

khhpjrdtehm wetb tbj EDJD (prhvesehm hi emihrfdtehm dlhut tbjer mukcjdr idkecetejs th tbj

EDJD, fhrj dkkjss ihr EDJD emspjkthrs th ajy mukcjdr setjs).

_bdt bdvj tbj J;/JZ+; vhcumtdrecy khffettj` th um`jrtdaj ds d ierst stjp8

Em rjsphmsj, tbj J;/JZ + ; wecc um`jrtdaj tbj vhcumtdry fjdsurjs ds spjkeiej` em tbj Ghemt ^cdm

hi Dktehm. Pbes emkcu`js fjdsurjs dt tbj cjvjc hi tbj JZ dm` tbj Z[, ds wjcc ds tbj khffetfjmt

mht th pursuj mjw mukcjdr-rjcdtj` ZM[K sdmktehms7

Em tbes khmtjxt, tbj Jurhpjdm Zmehm wecc um`jrtdaj tbj ihcchwemo fjdsurjs7

Mht pursuj mjw mukcjdr-rjcdtj` JZ sdmktehms. Pbes khffetfjmt wecc lj wetbhut prjguèkjth tbj iucc efpcjfjmtdtehm hi tbj rjstrektevj fjdsurjs wbekb wecc rjfdem em ihrkj.



:5


Z.[. Khjrkevj @epchfdky

Dfjrekdm strdtjoests kbhsj d vjry emtjrjstemo wdy ihr mjohtedtemo wetb

Erdm. [hfj skbhcdrs kdccj` et d khjrkevj èpchfdky. Chmo-tjrf Erdmedm

èpchfdky khuc` wem tbj tefj ihr ets mukcjdr prhordf. Et sjjfs tbdt

jvjry tefj Erdm es rjd`y th efetdtj mjohtedtehms, lut ditjr d chmo tefj

Pjbrdm kdm wetb`rdw wetbhut dmy iemdc rjsucts. Pbus, hm hmj bdm` tbjy

wjrj mjohtedtemo wetb JZ; hr wetb ^:+4 dm` hm tbj htbjr bdm` tbjy

whuc` khmtemuj tbjer rjsjdrkb em tbj iejc` hi mukcjdr tjkbmhchoejs. Em

trdèmo et es d vjry khffhm wdy th `h sh em tbj Erdmedm kucturj. Erdmedm

sjccjrs wecc mjvjr sdy th d luyjr tbdt tbjy `h mht bdvj tbj prhùkt tbj

luyjr es chhaemo ihr. Pbjy wecc mjohtedtj wetb tbj luyjr umtec tbjy iem`

tbj prhùkt dm` sjcc et th tbj luyjr, hr, ei tbjy mht iem` et em d sbhrt pj-

reh` hi tefj, tbjy wecc dsa tbj luyjr th oevj tbjf fhrj tefj sh tbdt

[uspjm` kjrtdem mukcjdr-rjcdtj` sdmktehms (pjtrhkbjfekdcs dm` ohc` dm` prjkehus fjtdcs).Pbj JZ wecc suspjm` tbj prhbeletehm hm tbj efphrt, purkbdsj hr trdmsphrt hi Erdmedm pjtrh-

kbjfekdc prhùkts. Pbj suspjmsehm wecc dcsh khvjr tbj prhvesehm hi dcc rjcdtj` sjrvekjs sukb ds

iemdmkemo, iemdmkedc dssestdmkj, emsurdmkj dm` rjemsurdmkj, emkcuèmo ihr tber` [tdtjs. Pbj JZ

wecc suspjm` tbj prhbeletehm hm trd`j em ohc` dm` prjkehus fjtdcs wetb tbj ohvjrmfjmt hi

Erdm, ets pulcek lhèjs dm` tbj Kjmtrdc Ldma hi Erdm, hr pjrshms dm` jmtetejs dktemo hm tbjer

ljbdci. Pbj suspjmsehm wecc dcsh khvjr rjcdtj` sjrvekjs sukb ds trdmsphrtdtehm. Pbj etjfs khm-

kjrmj` drj cestj` em tbj JZ cjoescdtehm.

Idkecetdtj iemdmkedc trdmsijrs ihr mhm-sdmktehmj` trd`j, emkcuèmo ihr bufdmetdredm purphsjs,

sukb ds ihh` dm` fjèkemjs.

JZ wecc emkrjdsj tjmihc` dcc tbj JZ dutbhrezdtehm tbrjsbhc`s wetb d vejw th dcchwemo fhrj ie-

mdmkedc trdmsijrs th dm` irhf Erdm th lj prhkjssj` wetbhut dutbhrezdtehm rjquerjfjmts dm`

tbjrjihrj idkecetdtemo mhm-sdmktehmj` trdmsdktehms.

Hec sdmktehms

Pbj JZ wecc suspjm` tbj prhbeletehm hm tbj prhvesehm hi emsurdmkj dm` trdmsphrt em rjcdtehm th

Erdmedm kru`j hec –J;/JZ +; mukcjdr mjohtedtehms wetb Erdm7 Pjrfs hi tbj dorjjfjmt hm d Ghemt

^cdm hi Dktehm, emkcuèmo fjdsurjs th lj um`jrtdajm ly tbj Jurhpjdm Zmehm‖, Jurhpjdm Zmehm

Jxtjrmdc Dktehm [ystjf. Dvdecdlcj hmcemj dt7 bttp7//jjds.jurhpd.ju/stdtjfjmts/`hks/<>4;/4;4<45X><Xjm.pì




9>

tbjy khuc` iem` tbj prhùkt dm` rjdp tbj ljmjiets. Pbes dppjdrs th lj tbj

rjdshm tbdt Z[D kbdmoj` tbj mjohtedtehm stycj. Pbj Z[D usj` ets emicu-

jmkj dm` wds dlcj th efphsj sdmktehms em tbj ZM [K, dm` d`ètehmdccy

tbj Z[D dm` ets dccejs efphsj` fdmy lecdtjrdc dm` fuctecdtjrdc sdmktehms

hm Erdm ds wjcc. Ditjr tbj sdmktehms, tbjy khmtemuj th mjohtedtj wetb

Erdm, lut tbes tefj hmcy hmj se`j es chsemo tefj dm` fhmjy, wbekb es

Erdm. Pbj sdmktehms khjrkj Erdm th dmmhumkj dlhut ets def th fdaj d mu-

kcjdr wjdphm dm` dt tbj sdfj tefj prjvjmt Erdm irhf tbj iemdc stjp hi

`jvjchpemo mukcjdr lhfls. Em Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj tbj Z.[. khjrkevjèpchfdky es dm jiijktevj hmj.

Et es efphrtdmt th fjmtehm tbdt mjohtedtehms ljtwjjm Z[D dm`

Erdm drj vjry bdr`. [efpcy put, tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs dm` Erdm `h mht trust

jdkb htbjr. Pbes es jve`jmt irhf tbjer ljbdvehr ihr tbj cdst ;0 yjdrs

semkj tbj Escdfek \jvhcutehm. Festrust es sh `jjpcy rhhtj` em lhtb se`js

tbdt et bds hitjm tbrjdtjmj` th fdaj dmy sjrehus mjohtedtehms efphsselcj.Pbj Zmetj` [tdtjs mjj`j` th sjj tbj Erdmedms tdaj fjdmemoiuc stjps th

sthp tbjer pursuet hi mukcjdr-wjdphms kdpdlecety ds rjdssurdmkj tbdt Erdm

wds rjd`y th oevj et up ds pdrt hi d khfprjbjmsevj dorjjfjmt. [efecdrcy,

Erdm mjj`j` shfj seom tbdt tbj _jst (pdrtekucdrcy tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs)

whuc` lj rjd`y th prhve`j Pjbrdm wetb fjdmemoiuc rjceji hi sdmktehms em

jxkbdmoj ihr fdghr khmkjssehms hm ets mukcjdr prhordf Q;, p. ?;V.[hfj spjkedcests try th iem` sefecdretejs ljtwjjm mukcjdr prhordfs

hi tbj @^\A dm` Erdm, tbhuob tbj ihrfjr bd` `jfhmstrdtevjcy `jkcdrj`

dlhut ets wetb`rdwdc irhf tbj Prjdty hm tbj Mhm-^rhceijrdtehm hi Mu-

kcjdr _jdphms, wbjrjds Erdm sjvjrdc tefjs dmmhumkj` tbdt et iumktehms

em khrrjsphm`jmkj wetb tbj M^ Prjdty dm` Erdm―s mukcjdr prhordf es

khfpcjtjcy pjdkjiuc. Em tbes rjodr` Erdmedm ihrjeom femestjr Fhbdffd`

Gdvd` Wdrei fjmtehmj`7 –Esrdjc dm` tbj Zmetj` [tdtjs sjja th `jcjoetefezj



94


Erdm ly phrtrdyemo et ds d tbrjdt th tbj ochldc hr`jr . Esrdjc dm` ets Dfjre-

kdm ljmjidkthrs, wbh sjja th –sjkuretezj‖ Erdm‐tbdt es, th `jcjoetefezj

tbj Escdfek \jpulcek ly phrtrdyemo et ds d tbrjdt th tbj ochldc hr`jr. Pbj

fdem vjbekcj ihr tbes kdfpdeom es tbj –kreses‖ hvjr Erdm―s pjdkjiuc mu-

kcjdr prhordf‐d kreses tbdt, em Erdm―s vejw, es wbhccy fdmuidkturj` dm`

tbjrjihrj rjvjrselcj.‖ Q0, p. :9V Wdrei dcsh stdtj` tbdt –Erdm bds mh emtjr-

jst em mukcjdr wjdphms dm` es khmvemkj` tbdt sukb wjdphms whuc` mht

jmbdmkj ets sjkurety. Erdm `hjs mht bdvj tbj fjdms th jmodoj em mukcjdr

`jtjrrjmkj‐èrjktcy hr tbrhuob prhxejs‐dodemst ets d`vjrsdrejs. Iur-tbjrfhrj, tbj Erdmedm ohvjrmfjmt ljcejvjs tbdt jvjm d pjrkjptehm tbdt

Erdm es sjjaemo mukcjdr wjdphms es `jtrefjmtdc th tbj khumtry―s sjkurety

dm` th ets rjoehmdc rhcj, semkj dttjfpts ly Erdm th odem strdtjoek supjrehr-

ety em tbj ^jrsedm Ouci whuc` emjvetdlcy prhvhaj rjsphmsjs tbdt whuc`

èfemesb Erdm―s khmvjmtehmdc fecetdry d`vdmtdoj Q0, p. :2V.

D chha irhf Pjbrdm

E bdvj trdvjcj` th Erdm fdmy tefjs ihr iejc` whra dm` rjsjdrkb. E kdm

tjsteiy tbdt tecc <>4> Erdm wds d khumtry tbj ohvjrmfjmt hi wbekb wds em

khmirhmtdtehm wetb tbj Z.[., lut Erdmedm pjhpcj ceaj` tbj Z[D dm`

Dfjrekdm `rjdf. Pbes setudtehm bds kbdmoj` wbjm tbrhuob Z.[. orjdt

jiihrts tbj ZM [K, JZ d`hptj` bjdvy sdmktehms dodemst Erdmedm jkhmhfy

dm` ditjr tbjsj sdmktehms kdusj` bypjremicdtehm, kurrjmky krdsb, dm`

prhùkt sbhrtdojs tbdt bet hrèmdry Erdmedms dm` `jtjrehrdtj` tbjer cevjs.

Erdmedm ohvjrmfjmt khuc` fdaj d prhpdodm`d phemt tbdt dcc Erdmedms―

èiiekuctejs drj khfemo irhf tbj Z.[. Em <>4< wbjm E wds em Erdm, pjh-

pcj―s dttetu`j thwdr`s Z[D bds thtdccy kbdmoj`. Hrèmdry pjhpcj ceaj th

fjmtehm tbdt ditjr tbj sdmktehms ohvjrmfjmt hr rucemo jcetj stecc cevj

vjry wjcc dm` hmcy tbj Erdmedm pjhpcj suiijr irhf tbjsj sdmktehms.





9;


twjjm Erdm dm` Z[D/Esrdjc wecc kdusj tbj feccehms hi `jdtbs, dm` sukb

wdr fdy kdusj dm jkhmhfek kreses dm` wecc krjdtj errjvjrselcj jmverhm-

fjmtdc prhlcjfs. Ei Erdm fdajs mukcjdr wjdphms, mukcjdr drfs rdkj wecc

stdrt em tbj Fe``cj Jdst. Pbes stjp hi Erdm wecc lj ihcchwj` ly Purajy

dm` [duè Drdled. Pbjy wecc stdrt th sjdrkb wdys th iem` tjkbmhchoejs ihr

mukcjdr wjdphms. Et es whrtb fjmtehmemo tbdt tbjsj twh drj tbj fdem

hpphmjmts hi Erdm em tbj Fuscef whrc`. Htbjr khumtrejs tbdt bdvj cef-

etj` iemdmkedc dm` skejmteiek kdpdlecetejs dm` mht dlcj th iemdmkj tbjer

hwm mukcjdr wjdphms prhordf wecc suiijr orjdtcy irhf tbj phsselcj mu-kcjdr drfs rdkj. Em d`ètehm, tbj shvjrjeomty hi tbj sfdcc stdtjs wetb

cefetj` kdpdlecetejs wecc lj em `dmojr ljkdusj hi tbj mukcjdr tbrjdt irhf

tbjer mjeoblhrs. Pbj fdem tdsa ihr tbj emtjrmdtehmdc khffumety es th

jmkhurdoj supjrphwjrs th kut `hwm tbjer mukcjdr drsjmdcs dm` th dvhe`

sukb `jvjchpfjmts. ^jdkj dm` stdlecety em tbj Fe``cj Jdst es phsselcj ei

emtjrmdtehmdc khffumety prjssjs Esrdjc dm` Erdm th tdaj stjps th jcefe-mdtj hr mht fdaj mukcjdr wjdphms. Pbus ldcdmkj ljtwjjm phwjrs khuc`

lj stdlecezj` dm` tbj mukcjdr drfs rdkj em tbj Fe``cj Jdst wecc lj

sthppj`. Khumtrejs wecc stdrt th sjj tbj shcutehm hi tbjer sjkurety prhl-

cjfs wetbhut mukcjdr wjdphms. [h ei tbj Z[D rjdccy wdmts th prjvjmt

prhceijrdtehm hi Fe``cj Jdst, et fust ierst stdrt mjohtedtehms wetb Esrdjc

ihr èsfdmtcjfjmt Esrdjc―s mukcjdr drsjmdc ds wjcc. E tbema tbj ljst hp-tehm ihr shcvemo Erdmedm mukcjdr essuj es èpchfdky.

Gumj <>40



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Mher Sahakyan:THE USA POLICY ON IRANIAN NUCLEAR ISSUE (2000-2014)

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