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Muscle, Health, RecoveryM.H.R.
Research Manual
Muscle, Health, RecoveryM.H.R.
Table of Contents
An Introduction to Velvet Antler ...................................................... 2
Velvet Antler Constituent Summary ................................................ 3
Velvet Antler Research ........................................................................... 4
Natural IGF-1 .................................................................................. 6
IGF-1 Research ............................................................................... 7
Additional Growth Factor Research ................................................13
References ...................................................................................15
2
An Introduction to Velvet AntlerVelvet antler has been used for over two thousand years in ancient Eastern medicine and
is only second to ginseng in importance for the mainstay of Traditional Chinese Medicine.
It is considered one of the world’s oldest raw super foods because of its nutritional density
and lack of caloric impact. Velvet antler has uses ranging from safe anti-aging solutions
to enhancing the performance of many elite athletes. Thousands of papers have been
published on the composition and biochemical effects of velvet antler and its constituents.
This research has consistently revealed a host of health benefits to enhance immune and
neurological health as well as metabolic efficiency.
Velvet antler provides a more extensive collection of nutritional components than
any other single source used to provide raw materials for dietary supplements. The
biochemical matrix found in the live, growing velvet antler contains a complete range
of beneficial growth factors, saturated fatty acid molecules, phospholipids, minerals,
glycosaminoglycans, extracellular matrix components and the complete array of amino
acids.
Velvet antler supplementation may improve:
��+RUPRQDO�EDODQFH���0HWDEROLVP���5HFRYHU\�WLPH�IURP�LQMXU\�DQG�WUDLQLQJ��0XVFOH�PDVV��VWUHQJWK��DQG�ERG\�FRPSRVLWLRQ��,PPXQH�V\VWHP�IXQFWLRQ��(QGXUDQFH�FDSDFLW\���0HQWDO�DOHUWQHVV��FRJQLWLRQ��PRRG��DQG�PHPRU\��6OHHS�TXDOLW\
5HVHDUFK�VXSSRUWLQJ�WKHVH�EHQHILWV�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�RQ�SDJH����
Why antlers?
Antlers are the only mammalian appendages capable of continuous regeneration. Antlers
grow at an amount of one inch or more per day, representing the fastest rate of organ
growth in the animal kingdom. They can reach over six feet in diameter and weigh several
hundred pounds. Antlers transform each year from cartilage to a state of calcification
before naturally falling off and regenerating. During the cartilaginous state antlers are
KDUYHVWHG�DQG�SURFXUHG�LQWR�DQ�H[WUDFW��7KH�DQWOHUV�LQ�WKLV�VWDWH�DUH�QXWULHQW�ULFK�LQ�,*)����growth factors and other protein based structures.
3
Velvet Antler Constituent Summary9HOYHW�DQWOHU�LV�QRW�V\QWKHWLFDOO\�GHULYHG�,*)����7KH�DFWLYH�LQJUHGLHQWV�IRXQG�LQ�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�include growth factors, minerals, trace mineral elements, proteins, collagen, lipids, and
glycosaminoglycans.
Growth Factors�� Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)
�� Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
�� Erythropoietin (EPO)
�� Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
�� Growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF9)
�� Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I
�� Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) II
�� Interleukins
�� Nerve growth factor (NGF) and other
neurotrophins
�� Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
�� Transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-њ)
�� Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ћ)
�� Vascular endothelial growth factor
Amino Acids (Essential & Non-Essential)�� Alanine
�� Arginine
�� Asparagine
�� Aspartic acid
�� Cysteine
�� Glutamic acid
�� Glutamine
�� Glycine
�� +LVWLGLQH�� Isoleucine
�� Leucine
�� Lysine
�� Methionine
�� Phenylalanine
�� Proline
�� 6HULQH�� Threonine
�� Tryptophan
�� Tyrosine
�� Valine
Free Form Amino Acids�� Amino acid decarboxylase
�� Aminoadipic acid
�� Amino-N-butyric acid
�� Aspartic acid
�� B-aminoisobutyric acid
�� Beta-alanine
�� Beta-amino acid
�� Carnitine
�� Citrulline
�� Dihydroxy-L-phenylalinine
(DOPA)
�� Gamma-aminobutyric
acid (GABA)
�� +\GUR[\O\VLQH�� Ornithine
�� Phosphoethanolamine
�� Phosphoserine
�� 6DFURVLQH�� Taurine
�� y-Aminobutyric acid
�� ��0HWK\OKLVWLGLQH�� 3-Methylhistidine
Glycosaminoglycans�� Chondroitin sulfate
�� Dermatan sulfate
�� Proteoglycan decorin
�� +\DOXURQLF�DFLG
�� Keratan sulfate
�� ��HSL�3*(�� 3*(��� PGE2
�� 3*)�D�� 3*)�E
Phospholipids & Sphingolipids�� Cephalin
�� Ceramides
�� Lecithin
�� Lysocephalin
�� Lysolecithins
�� Lysophosphatidylcholine
�� Phosphatidylinositol
�� 6SKLQJRP\HOLQ
4
Velvet Antler Research
Wound healing
Velvet antler contains high concentrations of growth factors such as insulin-like growth
IDFWRU����,*)�����WUDQVIRUPLQJ�JURZWK�IDFWRU����7*)�����DQG�HSLGHUPDO�JURZWK�IDFWRU��(*)��that are crucial for restoring damaged tissues. Numerous studies have demonstrated the
HQKDQFHG�ZRXQG�KHDOLQJ�HIIHFWV�WKDW�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�KDV�RQ�WLVVXH�LQMXULHV��5HVHDUFK�KDV�shown significantly increased expression of growth factors in skin treated with velvet antler
versus the controls. Additionally, researchers found faster wound healing, thicker skin,
stimulated hair growth, and enhanced fibroblast activity with the use of velvet antler.
5HIHU�WR�UHIHUHQFHV�����
Skeletal system repair
Glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulphate and glucosamine chondroitin, which
KDYH�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�DV�QDWXUDO�UHPHGLHV�WR�UHGXFH�SDLQ��VWRS�MRLQW�VSDFH�QDUURZLQJ��and even alter the pathology of osteoarthritis, can be found in great abundance in velvet
DQWOHU���6WXGLHV�KDYH�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKH�HIIHFWV�WKDW�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�KDV�RQ�DUWKULWLF�MRLQWV�DQG�other skeletal system disorders. Velvet antler supplementation has been shown to reduce
RU�HOLPLQDWH�MRLQW�VZHOOLQJ�DQG�GLVWRUWLRQ��LQKLELW�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�DUWKULWLV��VLJQLILFDQWO\�increase fracture healing rates, increase bone mineral density, and even increase bone
width and osteoblast cells.
Refer to references 6-11.
Immunoprotective properties
5HFHQW�UHVHDUFK�KDV�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKH�DELOLW\�RI�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�WR�LQKLELW�PLFURELDO�DQG�IXQJDO�growth by enhancing immunological function and suppressing inflammatory cytokines.
Macrophage and splenocyte activity have been shown to improve with velvet antler
supplementation.
Refer to references 12-15.
5
Performance enhancing effects
Explosiveness, muscle recovery time, endurance capacity, strength and body composition
can all be improved with the use of velvet antler. Velvet antler supplementation has been
shown to reduce body fat and resting creatine kinase levels and increase strength, time to
exhaustion, anaerobic performance, and VO2 max.
Refer to references 16-17.
RNA synthesizing capabilities
)RU�WKH�SDVW����\HDUV��&KLQHVH�VFLHQWLVWV�KDYH�EHHQ�GHPRQVWUDWLQJ�WKDW�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�FDQ�H[HUW�DQWL�DJLQJ�DFWLRQV�E\�SURPRWLQJ�WKH�V\QWKHVLV�RI�SURWHLQ�DQG�51$��6XSSOHPHQWLQJ�ZLWK�velvet antler has been shown to increase the weight of the liver, brain, and testis as well as
HQKDQFLQJ�WKH�DFWLYLW\�RI�51$�SRO\PHUDVH�DQG�SURWHLQ�V\QWKHVLV�LQ�WKH�OLYHU�DQG�NLGQH\V��
Refer to references 18-22.
Memory
With Alzheimer’s disease becoming so widespread, products that have the ability to inhibit
the decline of cognitive function are of great interest. A recent study was conducted using
YHOYHW�DQWOHU�RQ�PHPRU\�LPSDLUHG�PLFH��5HVXOWV�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�PLJKW�KDYH�the ability to increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes, ameliorate memory deficits, and
improve long term memory.
Refer to reference 23.
Stem cell findings
The annual regeneration of antlers is a phenomenon that has fascinated scientists for ages.
Although the mechanism is not yet thoroughly understood, velvet antler polypeptides have
been demonstrated to promote differentiation of neural, osteogenic, and adipogenic cell
lines in vitro. These findings have led researchers to believe in the probability of using stem
cells derived from velvet antler in regenerative medicine.
Refer to references 24-29.
6
Natural IGF-12QH�RI�WKH�PDLQ�FRPSRQHQWV�LQ�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�LV�,*)����HVVHQWLDOO\�WKH�HQG�UHVXOW�RI�JURZWK�hormone. There has been considerable adverse publicity and misnomers about the effects
this polypeptide allegedly has on the human body, notably that it may be a cancer-causing
DJHQW��2Q�WKH�FRQWUDU\��PDQ\�VWXGLHV�VKRZ�WKDW�QDWXUDO�,*)���KDV�D�PXOWLWXGH�RI�SRVLWLYH�benefits for the treatment of several debilitating conditions. In fact, research actually
FRQFOXGHV�WKDW�LQFUHDVHG�QDWXUDO�,*)���OHYHOV�KDYH�D�SURWHFWLYH�DQG�VWLPXODWRU\�HIIHFW�RQ�the immune system.
7KH�QHJDWLYH�VLGH�HIIHFWV�WKDW�FDQ�EH�DWWULEXWHG�WR�,*)���LVRODWHV�DQG�+*+�DUH�GLUHFWO\�related to sources that come solely from the synthetic versions of the compound that are
developed in laboratories.
Velvet antler and IGF-1
9HOYHW�DQWOHU�SURYLGHV�D�QDWXUDO�VRXUFH�RI�ELR�DYDLODEOH�,*)����7KH�,*)���GHOLYHUHG�LQ�YHOYHW�antler is provided as it naturally occurs, with all of the bio-active constituents and the many
other supporting molecules in balance. Because the nutrients provided in velvet antler are
naturally derived and balanced, the nutrients your body does not use are passed through
your urine and sweat to prevent overdosing.
7
IGF-1 Research5HVHDUFK�KDV�VKRZQ�D�PXOWLWXGH�RI�EHQHILWV�QDWXUDO�,*)���FDQ�KDYH�RQ�WKH�ERG\��%HQHILWV�include: building muscle mass, improving metabolism, nerve regeneration, immune
responses, blood sugar utilization, slowing the aging process and expanding longevity.
6WXGLHV�KDYH�FRQVLVWHQWO\�FRQFOXGHG�WKH�UHPDUNDEOH�HIIHFWV�RI�QDWXUDO�,*)���IRU�FKURQLF�conditions such as heart disease, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis and obesity.
Some of the characteristics of IGF-1 deficiency include:
�� Decreased hair and nail growth
�� 'HFUHDVHG�+'/�FKROHVWHURO�� Depression
�� Elevated LDL
�� Emotional instability
�� Increased abdominal and visceral fat
�� Increased body fat percentage
�� Insulin resistance, which can
lead to type II diabetes
�� Lack of connective tissue
�� Poor memory
�� 5HGXFHG�H[HUFLVH�SHUIRUPDQFH�� 5HGXFHG�KHDUW�RXWSXW�DQG�VZHDWLQJ�� 5HGXFHG�VH[�GULYH�DQG�IXQFWLRQV�� 5HGXFHG�VNHOHWDO�PXVFOH�
strength and size
�� 5HGXFHG�WK\URLG�IXQFWLRQ�� Thin skin
Building muscle mass
There is tremendous amount of focus in the training of athletes today to get bigger, stronger
and faster by any and all means possible. Unfortunately, this often involves the use of
synthetic anabolic agents that have devastating long-term ramifications on the human body.
+XPDQ�JURZWK�KRUPRQH�LQMHFWLRQV��VWHURLGV�DQG�RWKHU�KDUPIXO�DJHQWV�KDYH�GHVWUXFWLYH�effects on muscle tissues, the endocrine system, exocrine system and even DNA.
1DWXUDO�,*)���LV�D�VDIH�DOWHUQDWLYH�WR�EXLOGLQJ�PXVFOH�PDVV�DQG�LV�PRUH�HIIHFWLYH�WKDQ�JURZWK�KRUPRQH�VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�LWVHOI��,Q�IDFW��WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�LQFUHDVHV�LQ�VWUHQJWK�DQG�muscle as well as the anti-aging effects of growth hormone are due to its ability to raise
,*)���OHYHOV�LQ�WKH�ERG\��,*)���DOVR�DFWV�DV�DQ�DQWL�FDWDEROLF�DQG�SOD\V�D�UROH�LQ�SUHYHQWLQJ�muscle atrophy, increasing muscle growth and increasing protein synthesis.
Refer to references 30-33.
8
Improving muscle building
�� Increases proliferation and growth of muscle cells
without a corresponding rise in fat tissue
�� Increases uptake of amino acids into muscle cells, helping to regenerate muscle
tissue after exercise and assure that muscle protein synthesis takes place
�� Increases uptake of glucose into muscle cells
�� Improves utilization of fat for energy
�� Decreases utilization of carbohydrates
�� 5HGXFHV�FDWDEROLVP��PXVFOH�EUHDN�GRZQ��DIWHU�WUDLQLQJ�DQG�ZRUNRXWV
Increasing human metabolism
�� Improves white blood cell production
�� 5HVWRUHV�WKH�LPPXQH�SURPRWLQJ�O\PSKRLG�WLVVXH�� 6WLPXODWHV�WKH�SUROLIHUDWLRQ�RI�ERWK�%�DQG�7�O\PSKRF\WHV�WKDW�KHOS�WR�NLOO�YLUXVHV�� Increases the uptake and degradation of dangerous LDL cholesterol by macrophages
�� Improves nitrogen retention (muscle preservation) and increase sodium excretion
�� Improves parathyroid function vitamin D interaction to produce a dense bone matrix
�� 5HGXFHV�WKH�XULQDU\�K\GUR[\SUROLQH�H[FUHWLRQ
Losing fat
2QH�RI�WKH�PDMRU�LVVXHV�ZLWK�ORVLQJ�ZHLJKW�DQG�UHVWULFWLQJ�FDORULH�LQWDNH�LV�WKH�accompanying loss in muscle mass. Muscle mass has been directly proven to stimulate
PHWDEROLVP�DQG�IDW�ORVV��6WXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�LQGLYLGXDOV�UHFHLYLQJ�KXPDQ�JURZWK�hormone experience a significant lipolysis effect. Growth hormone increases the fat burning
PHFKDQLVP�LQWULQVLF�WR�,*)����WKHUHIRUH��SUHVHUYLQJ�DQG�LQFUHDVLQJ�OHDQ�ERG\�PDVV��,*)���DOVR�UHGXFHV�FRUWLVRO�OHYHOV�DQG�LPSURYHV�DQG�UHJXODWHV�KRUPRQDO�OHYHOV��ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�affected by calorie-restricted diets.
Improving the preservation of muscle mass when fat loss is experienced also benefits the
KHDOWK�RI�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO�GXULQJ�ZHLJKW�ORVV�SURFHGXUHV��6WXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�SLWXLWDU\�gland contains the same amount of growth hormone through an individual’s lifetime. With
age, however, the ability to release that growth hormone is blocked in the feedback loop
EHWZHHQ�,*)���LQ�WKH�OLYHU�DQG�WKH�K\SRWKDODPXV�LQ�WKH�EUDLQ��,QVWHDG�RI�UHGXFHG�OHYHOV�RI�,*)���VLJQDOLQJ�WR�WKH�EUDLQ�WR�GLUHFW�WKH�SLWXLWDU\�JODQG�WR�PDNH�PRUH�JURZWK�KRUPRQH��WKLV�IHHGEDFN�ORRS�LV�EURNHQ�GRZQ�ZLWK�DJH��7KLV�LV�ZK\�VXSSOHPHQWLQJ�ZLWK�,*)���LV�QRW�associated with a negative feedback loop.
Refer to references 34-35.
9
Slowing the aging process
Growth hormone is the primary hormone of the endocrine system. As it pulsates out from
WKH�SLWXLWDU\�JODQG��LW�LV�TXLFNO\�FRQYHUWHG�E\�WKH�OLYHU�LQWR�,*)����WKH�PHWDEROLWH�IRUP�RI�WKH�KRUPRQH�WKDW�LV�UHDG\�WR�EH�XVHG�E\�WKH�ERG\��*URZWK�KRUPRQH�DQG�,*)���OHYHOV�GHFUHDVH�significantly as humans get older, especially after the age of 40. The decline in growth
hormone is directly associated with certain aging signs like wrinkling skin, graying hair,
decreased energy, decreased sexual function, increased body fat, heart disease, and weak
and brittle bones. All of these symptoms of aging can be slowed down and even reversed
ZLWK�DGPLQLVWHULQJ�QDWXUDO�,*)���WR�FRXQWHUDFW�WKH�ELRORJLFDO�DJLQJ�SURFHVV�
,Q�DGGLWLRQ��UHVHDUFK�KDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�,*)���UHYHUVHV�WKH�VKULQNLQJ�RI�WKH�WK\PXV��ZKLFK�LV�one of the most important immune modulation organs in the body. This research shows
H[FLWLQJ�EHQHILWV�RI�,*)���IRU�WKRVH�ORRNLQJ�WR�KDOW�DQG�UHYHUVH�WKH�DJLQJ�SURFHVV�
Refer to references 36-38.
Increasing lifespan
,*)���KDV�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�WR�LQFUHDVH�OLIHVSDQ��7KH�EOXHSULQW�RI�OLIH�WKDW�GHWHUPLQHV�DJH�LV�'1$��7KH�'HSDUWPHQW�RI�&OLQLFDO�5HVHDUFK�DW�WKH�/RQJHYLW\�,QVWLWXWH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�KDV�VWXGLHG�KRZ�QDWXUDO�VRXUFHV�RI�,*)���PD\�VRRQ�EH�DEOH�WR�WXUQ�ROG�FHOOV�LQWR�QHZ�RQHV��,*)���FDQ�KHOS�SURGXFH�QHZ�KHDOWK\�FHOOV�DQG�NHHS�WKHP�LQ�D�KHDOWK\�VWDWH�IRU�DV�ORQJ�DV�possible. The cells ability to function relies on the genetic material of DNA. This resides in
the nucleus of the cell that codes for all proteins, hormones and enzymes that make the
cell run. Oxygen radicals and other factors such as UV light are constantly damaging DNA.
DNA has the ability to repair itself but this ability is dramatically reduced within the aging
process. Certain antioxidants can reduce the damage to DNA, but none have been shown to
EH�DV�HIIHFWLYH�DV�,*)���
(XURSHDQ�UHVHDUFKHUV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�,*)���LV�FDSDEOH�RI�GRLQJ�ZKDW�RWKHU�DQWLR[LGDQWV�FDQQRW��,*)���LQLWLDWHV�WKH�WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ�RI�QXFOHLF�DFLGV�LQWR�WKH�QXFOHXV�RI�WKH�FHOO�ZKHUH�DNA resides. It provides the raw materials necessary to repair damage to DNA and initiate
cell division, helping to slow the aging process.
Refer to references 39-40.
10
Improving blood sugar utilization
6\QWKHWLF�KXPDQ�JURZWK�KRUPRQH�LQMHFWLRQV�FDQ�FDXVH�LQVXOLQ�UHVLVWDQFH�DQG�IXUWKHU�FRPSOLFDWH�WKH�FRQGLWLRQV�RI�W\SH�,,�GLDEHWLFV��2Q�WKH�RWKHU�KDQG��QDWXUDO�,*)���DFWXDOO\�KDV�similar properties to insulin and helps improve the blood sugar profiles in these individuals.
6WXGLHV�ZHUH�FRQGXFWHG�E\�UHVHDUFKHUV�DW�WKH�1HPRXUV�&KLOGUHQ·V�&OLQLF�LQ�-DFNVRQYLOOH��Florida, on three groups of individuals with insulin resistance. They concluded that patients
WUHDWHG�ZLWK�,*)���KDG�OHVV�PXVFOH�ORVV��LPSURYHG�RXWFRPHV�IURP�VXUJHU\�DQG�QRUPDOL]HG�blood sugar levels, even when administered with conflicting pharmaceuticals that are known
to cause insulin resistance.
Refer to reference 41-42.
Diabetic neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy is a debilitating nervous system complication experienced by both
W\SH�,�DQG�W\SH�,,�GLDEHWLFV��,*)���H[SUHVVLRQ�LQ�WLVVXH�LV�LPSDLUHG�E\�GLDEHWLF�FRQGLWLRQV�OHDGLQJ�WR�VHQVRU\�DQG�PRWRU�QHXURQ�GDPDJH��6WXGLHV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�UHVWRULQJ�VHUXP�,*)���OHYHOV�FDQ�LPSURYH�PRWRU�QHXURQ�IXQFWLRQ�DQG�SUHYHQW�QHUYH�GHP\HOL]DWLRQ��7KHVH�ILQGLQJV�KDYH�VKRZQ�WKDW�WKH�UHVWRUDWLRQ�RI�,*)���OHYHOV�PD\�EH�DQ�HIIHFWLYH�WUHDWPHQW�IRU�diabetic neuropathy.
Refer to references 43-44.
Improving heart functions
,*)���KDV�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�LPSURYH�WKH�FDUGLDF�IXQFWLRQV�RI�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�FRQJHVWLYH�KHDUW�IDLOXUH��,Q�D�UDQGRPL]HG�GRXEOH�EOLQG�VWXG\�FRQGXFWHG�DW�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�+RVSLWDO�RI�=XULFK��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�,*)���WR�SDWLHQWV�ZDV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�D�����ULVH�LQ�WKH�FDUGLDF�LQGH[�DQG�D�����ERRVW�LQ�WKH�VWURNH�YROXPH�LQGH[��7KH�KHDUW�LPSURYHG�LQ�VWUHQJWK�DQG�SXPSHG�more blood. This was also accompanied by a reduction in systemic vascular resistance,
D�����GHFOLQH�LQ�SXOPRQDU\�DUWHU\�SUHVVXUH�DQG�D�����GHFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�ULJKW�DUWHULDO�pressure, while the placebo group experienced no such improvements.
Refer to references 45-46.
11
Repairing nerve damage
,*)���KDV�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�UHSDLU�DQG�UHFRQQHFW�VHYHUHG�QHUYH�HQGLQJV�XS�WR�D�GLVWDQFH�RI�six millimeters. According to scientists at the Institute of Neurobiology at the University of
*RWKHQEXUJ��,*)���E\�LWVHOI�RU�LQ�FRPELQDWLRQ�ZLWK�RWKHU�JURZWK�IDFWRUV�FDQ�VWLPXODWH�QHUYH�UHJHQHUDWLRQ��,*)���KDV�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�KDYH�D�UHPDUNDEOH�JURZWK�HIIHFW�RQ�VSLQDO�FRUG�PRWRU�QHXURQV�E\�LQFUHDVLQJ�QHXUDO�DFWLYLW\�LQ�WKH�VSLQDO�FXOWXUH�E\�����������,W�KDV�DOVR�been shown to significantly decrease the preprogrammed cell death in embryos and has
shown a tenfold increase on the intramuscular nerve sprouting in laboratory mice.
5HVHDUFKHUV�DW�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\�RI�0LFKLJDQ�KDYH�DOVR�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW�,*)���FDQ�VWLPXODWH�the protective covering around the nerves, the myelin sheath. In debilitating diseases like
PXOWLSOH�VFOHURVLV�DQG�$/6��/RX�*HKULJ·V�GLVHDVH���GDPDJH�DURXQG�WKH�P\HOLQ�VKHDWK�SUHYHQWV�VLJQDOV�EHWZHHQ�WKH�EUDLQ�DQG�WKH�QHUYHV�IURP�EHLQJ�WUDQVPLWWHG��,*)���DQG�RWKHU�JURZWK�IDFWRUV�KDYH�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�UH�JURZ�WKLV�SURWHFWLYH�VKHDWK��,*)���ZDV�WKH�PRVW�effective of the growth factors in inducing the growth of the myelin sheath and neuron cell
and also helps the nerves remain normal and re-grow even when diabetic conditions were
present.
7KH�UHVXOWV�RI�WKHVH�VWXGLHV�DUH�WUHPHQGRXV�IRU�LQGLYLGXDOV�ZLWK�06�DQG�$/6�ZKR�experience a loss of cortical motor neurons and for victims of other diseases that affect the
peripheral nerves.
Refer to references 47-48.
Relieving fibromyalgia
,QGLYLGXDOV�ZLWK�ILEURP\DOJLD�DUH�JURZWK�KRUPRQH�DQG�,*)���GHILFLHQW��7KH\�H[SHULHQFH�muscle weakness, a reduced exercise capacity and chronic fatigue syndrome. A recent study
IRXQG�WKDW�����RI�ILEURP\DOJLD�SDWLHQWV�KDG�ORZHU�,*)���OHYHOV�ZKHQ�FRPSDUHG�WR�QRUPDOO\�healthy adults in their age and gender group. The study then looked at fifty of these same
LQGLYLGXDOV�DQG�IRXQG�WKDW�RYHU�����RI�WKHP�ODFNHG�WKH�DELOLW\�WR�SURSHUO\�VHFUHWH�JURZWK�hormone.
5HVHDUFK�KDV�VKRZQ�WKDW�,*)����WKH�PHWDEROLWH�RI�JURZWK�KRUPRQH��FDQ�LPSURYH�PXVFXODU�HQGXUDQFH��VWUHQJWK�DQG�LPPXQH�UHVSRQVH��'LUHFWO\�DGPLQLVWHULQJ�D�QDWXUDO�,*)���VXEVWLWXWH�in lieu of this lack of proper growth hormone secretion could prove to be an ideal natural
alternative for individuals suffering from fibromyalgia.
Refer to references 49-50.
12
Reducing prostate-specific antigens
,Q�D�VWXG\�FRQGXFWHG�DW�WKH�0HGLFDO�&ROOHJH�RI�:LVFRQVLQ��,*)���OHYHOV�ZHUH�IRXQG�WR�EH�XQDVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�KHLJKWHQHG�SURVWDWH�VSHFLILF�DQWLJHQ��36$��OHYHOV��7KH�ILQGLQJV��SXEOLVKHG�LQ�WKH�,QWHUQDWLRQDO�-RXUQDO�RI�$QWL�$JLQJ�0HGLFLQH��LQGLFDWH�WKDW�SURVWDWH�FDQFHU�LQFLGHQFHV�ULVH�DV�PHQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�DJH��ZKHUHDV�WKH�EORRG�OHYHOV�RI�,*)���VLJQLILFDQWO\�GHFUHDVH�RYHU�WKH�VDPH�WLPHIUDPH�DW�D�UDWH�RI�DERXW�����SHU�GHFDGH�DIWHU�WKH�DJH�RI�WKLUW\��,Q�IDFW��,*)���PD\�UHGXFH�36$�UHDGLQJV�WKDW�DUH�JUHDWHU�WKDQ�IRXU��7KH�VWXG\�DOVR�found that in over 3,000 patients, no increase in prostate cancer or any other malignancy
was found in long-term treatment.
,Q�DQRWKHU�VWXG\��'U��5RQDOG�.ODW]��3UHVLGHQW�RI�WKH�$PHULFDQ�$FDGHP\�RI�$QWL�$JLQJ�Medicine, found that there were no reported cases of cancer among 800 treated patients,
GHPRQVWUDWLQJ�WKDW�LQFUHDVHG�,*)���OHYHOV�PD\�KDYH�D�SURWHFWLYH�DQG�VWLPXODWLQJ�HIIHFW�on the immune system. Further studies have shown that alternative therapies in treating
prostate cancer with direct supplementation of endocrine hormones have actually
VLJQLILFDQWO\�UHGXFHG�36$�OHYHOV�DERYH�ILIW\�GRZQ�WR�QRUPDO�UDQJHV�RI�]HUR�WR�IRXU��7KLV�LV�attributed to the natural production of killer immune cells that were able to destroy the
cancer cells.
Refer to reference 51-52.
Improving immune system responses
7KHUH�LV�DQ�LQWHUHVWLQJ�UHODWLRQVKLS�EHWZHHQ�,*)���DQG�WKH�LPPXQH�V\VWHP��7KH�DFWLYLW\�EHWZHHQ�DOO�PDMRU�LPPXQH�FHOO�W\SHV�VXFK�DV�7�FHOOV��%�FHOOV��QDWXUDO�NLOOHU�FHOOV�DQG�PDFURSKDJHV�LV�DOWHUHG�ZLWK�LQFUHDVHG�,*)���OHYHOV��7KLV�LV�EHFDXVH�LQFUHDVHG�,*)���OHYHOV�are involved in the production of lymphocytes, and in turn, can actually produce more IGF-
���7KLV�SURYLGHV�DQ�DOWHUQDWH�VRXUFH�RI�,*)���SURGXFWLRQ�RWKHU�WKDQ�WKH�OLYHU�DQG�D�EDVHOLQH�for cellular communication between the immune system and the neuro-endocrine system.
Refer to references 53-54.
Bone fracture, density and osteoporosis
Bone related complications and illness are one of the leading concerns of the aging
population today. Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly reabsorbing and renewing
itself by principal cells that mediate this process. The three main cells involved are
RVWHREODVWV��RVWHRFODVWV��DQG�RVWHRF\WHV��,*)���SOD\V�D�FULWLFDO�UROH�LQ�ERQH�JURZWK��ERQH�PDVV�DQG�VWUHQJWK�E\�VWLPXODWLQJ�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�DQG�IXQFWLRQ�RI�WKHVH�FHOOV��6WXGLHV�KDYH�FRQVLVWHQWO\�VKRZQ�WKDW�,*)���PD\�KDYH�DQ�LPSOLFDWLRQ�LQ�WUHDWLQJ�ERQH�IUDFWXUHV�DQG�ERQH�complications like osteoporosis.
Refer to references 55-57.
13
Arthritic complications
,Q�VSLWH�RI�,*)���H[SUHVVLRQ�EHLQJ�LQFUHDVHG�LQ�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�RVWHRDUWKULWLV�DQG�UKHXPDWRLG�DUWKULWLV��WKHUH�PD\�DFWXDOO\�EH�OHVV�ELRDYDLODELOLW\�RI�,*)���LQ�WKH�ERG\·V�WLVVXHV��7KLV�LV�linked to the increased expression of insulin-like growth factor – binding protein (IGFBP),
HVSHFLDOO\�,*)%3�������ZKLFK�PD\�OLPLW�WKH�ELRDYDLODELOLW\�DQG�DIIHFW�,*)���KDV�DV�DQ�anabolic, anti-inflammatory, and tissue regenerating mechanism. Furthermore there is
VRPH�H[FLWLQJ�UHVHDUFK�RQ�,*)���VXVSHQGHG�LQ�WRSLFDO�FDUULHUV�LQFUHDVLQJ�FDUWLODJH�DQG�subchondral bone repair in osteoarthritis. On the other hand patients with chronic arthritic
FRQGLWLRQV�KDYH�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�QRW�RQO\�KDYH�D�GHFUHDVHG�H[SUHVVLRQ�RI�,*)����EXW�DOVR�D�decreased expression of other hormones like growth hormone and testosterone as well.
Refer to references 58-59.
Additional Growth Factor Research
Cosmetic and topical applications of growth factors
3KRWR�GDPDJHG�VNLQ�LV�WKH�FRQVHTXHQFH�RI�OLIH�ORQJ�H[SRVXUH�WR�WKH�VXQ��,Q�IDFW��PRVW�changes in our aging skin are accelerated by the sun’s rays. These changes come in forms
of wrinkles, dark spots, skin cancer, broken vessels, yellowing of skin tone, and leathery
VNLQ��5HVHDUFKHV�KDYH�QRWLFHG�WKDW�SKRWR�GDPDJHG�VNLQ�FRUUHODWHV�ZLWK�FHUWDLQ�DVSHFWV�of acute and chronic wound healing. Growth factors have demonstrated positive cosmetic
and clinical outcomes of topical applications for photo damaged skin. Growth factors can
initiate wound healing, promote new skin cell proliferation, increase collagen formation,
stimulate formation of capillaries under the skin for oxygen delivery and participate in
WLVVXH�UHMXYHQDWLRQ�RQ�PXOWLSOH�OHYHOV�RI�WKH�VNLQ��*URZWK�IDFWRUV�PD\�KROG�WKH�NH\�WR�reducing signs of skin aging and repairing photo damage.
Refer to references 60-63.
14
Tendon, ligament, bone and connective tissue healing
*URZWK�IDFWRUV��ERQH�PRUSKRJHQHWLF�SURWHLQ��WUDQVIRUPLQJ�JURZWK�IDFWRU����ILEUREODVW�JURZWK�factor, vascular endothelial, platelet derived growth factor, epidermal growth factor and
insulin-like growth factor) can enhance fracture-healing rates in bones, ligaments, tendons
and open wounds. Many growth factors in velvet antler initiate the tissue rebuilding process,
while reducing inflammation and stimulating collagen production. Additionally, growth
factors are present in multiple stages of the healing process and play a role in shortening
and improving the recovery from tissue laceration, ruptures, tears and inflammation.
Refer to references 64-68.
Nerve regenerating properties
Neurotropic factors isolated in velvet antler are polypeptides that support the growth,
differentiation and survival of neurons. These neuro-regenerative factors increase motor neuron
activity and support catecholamine production that enhances neurotransmitters and nerve
transmission. There is a belief that these growth factors could be used to treat mood disorders
and even more severe complications of the peripheral nervous system like neurodegenerative
diseases.
Refer to references 69-71.
15
References��� *X�/-��0R�(.��<DQJ�=+��)DQJ�=0��6XQ�%6��:DQJ�&<��HW�
al. Effects of red deer antlers on cutaneous wound healing
LQ�IXOO�WKLFNQHVV�UDW�PRGHOV��$VLDQ�$XVWUDO�-�$QLP�6FL���������������������
��� *XDQ�6:��'XDQ�/;��/L�<<��:DQJ�%;��=KRX�4/��$�QRYHO�polypeptide from Cervus Nippon Temminck proliferation
RI�HSLGHUPDO�FHOOV�DQG�1,+�7��FHOO�OLQH��$FWD�%LRFKLP�3RO��������������������
��� 0LNOHU�-5��7KHRUHW�&/��+DLJK�-&��(IIHFWV�RI�WRSLFDO�elk velvet antler on cutaneous wound healing in
VWUHSWR]RWRFLQ�LQGXFHG�GLDEHWLF�UDWV��-�$OWHUQ�&RPSOHP�0HG���������������������
��� 5RK�66��/HH�0+��+ZDQJ�</��6RQJ�++��-LQ�0+��3DUN�6*��HW�DO��6WLPXODWLRQ�RI�WKH�H[WUDFHOOXODU�PDWUL[�SURGXFWLRQ�LQ�dermal fibroblasts by velvet antler extract. Ann Dermatol
���������������������
��� <DQJ�=+��*X�/-��=KDQJ�'/��/L�=��/L�--��/HH�05��HW�DO��5HG�deer antler extract accelerates hair growth by stimulating
expression of insulin- like growth factor I in full thickness
ZRXQG�KHDOLQJ�UDW�PRGHO��$VLDQ�$XVWUDO�-�$QLP�6FL���������������������
��� )DXFKHX[�&��1HVELWW�6$��+RUWRQ�0$��3ULFH�-6��&HOOV�in regenerating deer antler cartilage provide a
microenvironment that supports osteoclast differentiation.
-�([S�%LRO�������������������
��� .LP�.:��6RQJ�.+��/HH�-0��.LP�.6��.LP�6,��0RRQ�6.��HW�DO��(IIHFWV�RI�7*)���DQG�H[WUDFWV�IURP�&HUYXV�NRUHDQ�7(00,1&.�YDU��PDQWFKXULFXV�6ZLQKRH�RQ�DFXWH�DQG�FKURQLF�DUWKULWLV�LQ�UDWV��-�(WKQRSKDUPDFRO��������������2008.
��� .LP�<.��.LP�.6��&KXQJ�.+��.LP�-*��.LP�.6��/HH�<&��HW�DO��,QKLELWRU\�HIIHFWV�RI�GHHU�DQWOHU�DTXD�DFXSXQFWXUH��the pilose antler of Cervus korean TEMMINCK var.
PDQWFKXULFXV�6ZLQKRH��RQ�W\SH�,,�FROODJHQ�LQGXFHG�DUWKULWLV�LQ�UDWV��,QW�,PPXQRSKDUPDFRO��������������2003.
��� 0HQJ�+<��4X�;%��/L�1��<XDQ�6��/LQ�=��(IIHFWV�RI�SLORVH�antler and antler glue on osteoporosis of ovariectomized
UDWV��-�&KLQ�0HGLFLQDO�0DWHULDOV����������������������
���� 6XQZRR�++��6LP�/<0��1DNDQR�7��+XGVRQ�5-��6LP�-6��Glycosaminoglycans from growing antlers of wapiti
�&HUYXV�HODSKXV���&DQ�-�$QLP�6FL����������������������
���� =KRX�4/��*XR�<-��:DQJ�/-��:DQJ�<��/LX�<4��:DQJ�<��HW�al. Velvet antler polypeptides promoted proliferation of
chondrocytes and osteoblast precursors and fracture
KHDOLQJ��$FWD�3KDUP�6LQLF���������������������
���� 'DL�7<��:DQJ�&+��&KHQ�.1��+XDQJ�,1��+RQJ�:6��:DQJ�6<��HW�DO��7KH�DQWLLQIHFWLYH�HIIHFWV�RI�YHOYHW�DQWOHU�RI�)RUPRVDQ�6DPEDU�'HHU���&HUYXV�XQLFRORU�VZLQKRHL��RQ�6WDSK\OFRFFXV�DXUHXV�LQIHFWHG�PLFH���-�(YLG�%DVHG�&RPSOHPHQWDU\�$OWHUQ�0HG���SDJHV�������
���� <DQ�)��<DQJ�04��<DQ�)��/LX�6+��.RQJ�3��/L�=&��(IIHFWV�RI�SLORVH�DQWOHU�RUDO�OLTXLG�RQ�LPPXQRORJLFDO�IXQFWLRQ�LQ�PLFH��$FWD�$JULFXOWXUDH�%RUHDOL�2FFLGHQWDOLV�6LQLFD���������
���� .LP�.+��/HH�(-��.LP�.��+DQ�6<��-KRQ�*-��0RGLILFDWLRQ�of concanavalin A-dependent proliferation by
phosphatidylcholines isolated from deer antler, Cervus
HODSKXV��1XWULWLRQ���������������������
���� 0LQ�-��/HH�<-��.LP�<$��3DUN�+6��+DQ�6<��-KRQ�*-��HW�DO��Lysophospatidylcholine derived from deer antler extract
suppresses hyphal transition in Candida albicans through
0$3�NLQDVH�SDWKZD\��%LRFKLPLFD�HW�%LRSK\VLFD�$FWD�����������������������
���� %URHGHU�&(��3HUFLYDO�5��4XLQGU\�-��3DQWRQ�/��:LOOV�7��%URZGHU�.'��(DUQHVW�&��$OPDGD�$��+DLQHV�65��DQG�6XWWLH�-0��7KH�HIIHFWV�RI�1HZ�=HDODQG�GHHU�DQWOHU�YHOYHW�supplementation on body composition, strength, and
maximal aerobic and anaerobic performance. Advances in
$QWOHU�6FLHQFH�DQG�3URGXFW�7HFKQRORJ\���������������
���� =KDQJ�5��=KDR�<+��:DQJ�==��$QWL�IDWLJXH�HIIHFWV�RI�DQWOHU�YHOYHW�ZDWHU�H[WUDFW�LQ�PLFH��6FLHQFH�DQG�7HFKQRORJ\�RI�)RRG�,QGXVWU\���������
���� &KHQ�;*��6RQJ�+3��:DQJ�%;��6WXGLHV�RQ�WKH�HIIHFW�DQG�mechanism of water extract of pilose antler (WEPA)
VWLPXODWLQJ�WKH�V\QWKHVHV�RI�SURWHLQ�DQG�51$�LQ�DJHG�mice. Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia
0HGLFD���������
���� ����:DQJ�%;��&KHQ�;*��=KDQJ�:��,QIOXHQFH�RI�WKH�DFWLYH�compounds isolated from pilose antler on synthesis of
SURWHLQ�DQG�51$�LQ�PRXVH�OLYHU��$FWD�3KDUP�6LQLF���������������������
���� :DQJ�%;��=KDR�;+��4L�6%��.DQHNR�6��+DWWRUL�0��1DPED�T, et al. Effects of repeated administration of deer
antler extract on biochemical changes related to aging
LQ�VHQHVFHQFH�DFFHOHUDWHG�PLFH��&KHP�3KDUP�%XOO�����������������������
���� :DQJ�%;��=KDR�;+��4L�6%��<DQJ�;:��.DQHNR�6��+DWWRUL�0��HW�DO��6WLPXODWLQJ�HIIHFW�RI�GHHU�DQWOHU�H[WUDFW�RQ�SURWHLQ�synthesis in senescence- accelerated mice in Vivo. Chem
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���� ;X�/��&KHQ�;*��(IIHFW�RI�SLORVH�DQWOHU�RUDO�OLTXLG��3$2/��RQ�V\QWKHVLV�RI�51$�DQG�SURWHLQ�LQ�\RXQJ�DQG�ROG�PLFH��Pharmacology and Clinics of Chinese Materia Medica
2003-03.
16
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)RRG�6FL�%LRWHFKQRO���������������������
���� Cegielski M, Calkosinski I, Dziegiel P, Gebarowki T,
3RGKRUVND�2NRORZ�0��6NDOLN�5��HW�DO��6HDUFK�IRU�VWHP�cells in the growing antler stag (Cervus Elaphus). Bull
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���� &HJLHOVNL�0��,]\NRZVND�,��']LHZLV]HN�:��=DWRQVNL�0��Bochnia M, Kalisiak O. Characteristic of antlerogenic
stem cells and their potential application. Tissue Eng,
���SDJHV�������
���� Li C. Deer antler regeneration: A stem cell-based
HSLPRUSKLF�SURFHVV��%LUWK�'HIHFWV�5HV�������������������
���� /X�/-��&KHQ�/��0HQJ�;7��)DQ�<��=KDQJ�=;��&KHQ�'��Biological effect of velvet antler polypeptides on neural
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���� 'RURQ�5��1HYR�=��)HQLFKHO�,��7KH�HIIHFW�RI�TXDOLW\�HON�velvet antlers on the proliferation and differentiation
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���� 'LN�0*��3OXMLP�60)��-RQNHU�&��'HHJ�'-+��/RPHFN\�0=��/LSV�P. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and cognitive decline in
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