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MIA 320 INDIVIDUAL
REPORT
Group 57
CHRISTIAAN ENGELBRECHT STUDENT NO: 11128862
MEGANIESE EN LUGVAARTKUNDIGE INGENIEURSWESE MECHANICAL AND AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
INDIVIDUAL COVER SHEET FOR PRACTICALS / INDIVIDUELE DEKBLAD VIR PRAKTIKA
Module code / Modulekode: Module: Practical number: Praktikum nommer:
Date of submission: Datum van inhandiging:
Student / Student
Initials / Voorletters Surname / Van Student number / Studentenommer
Declaration: 1. I understand what plagiarism is and am aware of the Universitys policy in this regard. 2. I declare that this practical report is my own, original work. 3. I did not refer to work of current or previous students, memoranda, solution manuals or any other material containing complete or partial solutions to this assignment. 4. Where other peoples work has been used (either from a printed source, Internet, or any other source), this has been properly acknowledged and referenced. 5. I have not allowed anyone to copy my work/report.
Verklaring: 1. Ek begryp wat plagiaat is en is bewus van die Universi-teitsbeleid in hierdie verband. 2. Ek verklaar dat hierdie praktikumverslag my eie, oorspronk-like werk is. 3. Ek het nie gebruik gemaak van huidige of vorige studente se werk, memoranda, antwoord-bundels of enige ander materiaal wat volledige of gedeeltelike oplossings van hierdie werkstuk bevat nie. 4. In gevalle waar iemand anders se werk gebruik is (hetsy uit n gedrukte bron, die Internet, of enige ander bron), is dit behoorlik erken en die korrekte verwysings is gebruik. 5. Ek het niemand toegelaat om my werk/verslag te kopieer nie.
Signature of Student Handtekening van Student
ECSA OUTCOME 4: INVESTIGATIONS, EXPERIMENTS AND DATA ANALYSIS Did the student:
Max
mar
k
Mar
k
awar
de
d
Ye
s
No
1 Plan and conduct his/her investigation/experiment in an appropriate and scientific manner?
10
2 Perform the necessary analyses and interpretations and/or derived valid information from the data?
50
3 Draw conclusions based on the evidence or data obtained? 20
4 Communicate the purpose, process and outcomes/conclusions in a technical report in a coherent manner?
20
Total for outcome 4 (minimum of 50% to pass) 100
Is the student capable of applying research methods, planning and conducting investigations and experiments using appropriate equipment if the answer is NO a mark of less than 50% must be awarded
Marked by
Signature
Date
ChrisjanTypewritten textIMPACT OF ENGINEERING ACTIVITY AND GROUP WORK
ChrisjanTypewritten textMIA 320
ChrisjanTypewritten textGROUP PROJECT
ChrisjanTypewritten text2014/09/04
ChrisjanTypewritten textJC
ChrisjanTypewritten textENGELRBECHT
ChrisjanTypewritten text11128862
Table of Contents
List of figures .............................................................................................................. 1
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. 1
List of forms ................................................................................................................ 1
List of Symbols and units ........................................................................................... 1
Introduction ................................................................................................................ 2
Aim ............................................................................................................................. 2
Background and Literature Study ............................................................................... 3
Storage tanks ............................................................................................................. 4
Tank specification....................................................................................................... 6
Tank placement and Supports ................................................................................... 8
Tank valves and fittings: ............................................................................................. 9
Maintenance ............................................................................................................. 12
Maintenance Checklist ............................................................................................. 14
Environmental Aspects ............................................................................................. 15
References ............................................................................................................... 16
Appendix A (Calculations) ........................................................................................ 17
Appendix B (Brochures and other info) .................................................................... 22
1
List of figures Figure 1 - Schematic of water storage tank system .................................................. 5
Figure 2 Tank 1 supplying water (all three tanks are full) ........................................ 6
Figure 3 Tank 2 supplying water (Tank 1 is being filled up and tank 3 is full) .......... 6
Figure 4 Tank 3 supplying water (Tank 2 is being filled up and tank 1 is full) .......... 6
Figure 5 Jojo Storage Tank dimensions .................................................................. 7
Figure 6 Chlorine Tank dimensions ......................................................................... 7
Figure 7 JoJo vertical water storage tank ................................................................ 8
Figure 8 - Videx Storage tank ..................................................................................... 8
Figure 9 Storage and chlorine tanks support structures. ........................................ 9
Figure 10 Cla-Val 131/631 Series Electronic Control Valve .................................... 9
Figure 11 Closed valve .......................................................................................... 10
Figure 12 Halfway open valve ............................................................................... 10
Figure 13 Fully open valve .................................................................................... 10
Figure 14 Overflow screen .................................................................................... 11
Figure 15 - Storage tanks pipe network (top-view) ................................................... 12
Figure 16 - Storage tanks pipe network (front and back views) ................................ 12
List of Tables Table 1 - Comparison of placement of tanks ....................................................... 8
List of forms Form 1 - Maintenance From to be filled in by maintenance personnel ............... 14
List of Symbols and units P = Pressure [kPa]
= Density [kg/m3]
g = Gravitational constant [m/s2]
H = Height [m]
V = Volume [m3]
r = Radius [m]
B = Width [m]
L = Length [m]
T = Temperature [K]
z = Elevation [m]
2
Introduction In South Africa, clean water sources are severely under threat. Global warming and
human consumption are probably the two primary reasons for the strain put on our
precious existing water sources. There are many villages in South Africa that are in
desperate need of clean water, but are too far away from drinking water sources.
If a water supply system can be designed and implemented that will supply one of
those villages with running and drinkable tap water, it will not only promote the
infrastructure of those villages and therefor also the future development, but it will
improve the lives of so many people that are struggling on a daily basis to survive and
get by without enough water.
Group 57 is formed for exactly that purpose.
Aim The mission -and ultimately the whole purpose- of the group is to work as a
multidisciplinary whole on this project and design a water supply system that will
provide clean, drinkable water to one of those villages stated above. As the group
consists of engineers in various disciplines, the project was divided into several parts.
Every group member will have his/her own part to which they will contribute to ensure
the successful completion of the project. This document contains the information
regarding the design of the water storage tank system.
The selected water source for the project is a river flowing out into a waterfall, where
the water will be collected and purified, stored and then supplied through a pipeline
network and collection points to the selected village.
Water tanks will be built near the village in which the clean, drinkable water will be
stored and then supplied to collection points in the village through a pipe network,
where the residents can collect the water.
Following is a list of aspects that are needed to be designed:
Storage tanks
o Design
Tank volumes
Quantity of tanks required
Tank pressures
Material selection of tanks
Placement of tanks
Synergy between tanks and other parts of the supply system
Tank valves and fittings (not related to pipe-system fittings and
valves)
o Support
Supports for storage tanks
On-site assembly of tanks
On-site assembly of supports
Fitting and final construction of tanks and supports.
3
Background and Literature Study
The average household in South Africa uses approximately 150-200 liters per person
per day. [1] This amounts for toilet-, shower- and drinking water. The minimum amount
of water needed per person per day for direct consumption, preparation of food and
for personal hygiene is defined as 25 liters per person per day.[2]
During the previous weeks the group has done research on the rate of water supply
needed to supply a whole village of clean, drinkable water:
The amount of water needed was adjusted to compensate for differences in demand
during peak and off peak times and the group decided that the above amounts will be
sufficient.
To be able to calculate the relevant dimensions and pressures, some literature
background will be required:
Volume of cylinder = V = * (r)2 * H
Volume of rectangular reservoir = V = B * L * H
Pressure at the bottom of a reservoir due to water weight:
PH2O = *g*H [3]
o H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 [4]
o g = 9.81 m/s2 [5]
Atmospheric pressure at an elevation z [m] above sea level :
Pair = Pa (1
0)
/
[6]
o
= 5.26 ( ) [7]
o T0 = 288.16 K, [8]
o B = 0.00650 K/m [9]
o Pa= 101.35 kPa [10]
o z = elevation above sea level [11]
Total pressure at the bottom of each tank: Ptotal = PH2O + Pair [12]
1 [unknown. Biolytix] 2 [Anton Earle, 2005] 3 - 12 [Frank M. White]
Rate of delivery: 10m3/h = 10000 l/h
Pressure at delivery: 240 kPa
Elevation of operational site = 2440 m
4
Storage tanks
Amount of tanks and their volumes that will be used:
The fact that we live in a non-ideal world and that failures and other problems may
arise without warning, the group decided that not one, but three tanks will be
installed at the site. Each of the three tanks will be connected to each other in such
a way (discussed later) to ensure a constant supply of water flow at the collection
points.
Assuming the minimum [13] amount of water needed per person will be supplied,
and that the village houses 1000 residents with an average of 4 persons per home:
Amount of water needed per person per day = 25 liters = 0.025m3
This amounts to:
0.025 m3 *1000 residents = 25m3
that will be collected each day for the whole village (minimum). It is however
reasonable to assume that the residents will not only collect the minimum amount
of water needed for their household, therefor the amount of water that will be
supplied per day was adjusted to be 100m3.
Three tanks, each with a volume of 15m3 will be sufficient to store a total of 45m3
of water. An additional tank will be located right after the purification plant where
chlorine will be added to the water (as discussed in the purification part of the
group report). This tank together with the three storage tanks at the village will
have to be able to hold 100m3 of water to be able to supply the village with enough
water for one day if all of the tanks are filled up.
This will save an enormous amount of electricity as the pumps will (ideally) only
have to run once per day. The chlorine tank will thus have a volume of 56m3,
resulting in a total volume of 101m3 = 101 000 liters stored in all four tanks.
The main reason for the three-tank supply system is to save electricity and to avoid
supply interruptions when blockages occur in the storage tank system. As stated
above, the pumps will not run constantly, and if only one tank is used it will result in a
supply interruption when the tank is emptied out.
13 [Anton Earle, 2005]
5
The three storage tanks at the village will be connected to each other with pipes and
valves, and each tank will be equipped with water level sensors and flow rate sensors
that will constantly monitor the water levels and water flow in each tank. When the first
tank reaches a specific water level (almost empty), the valves of the first tank will close,
and the second tank will provide water to the collection points while the first tank fills
up again. This ensures that the pumps do not have to run the whole day but only when
a tank is emptied out, which will save electricity. In the same manner, if the second
tank is almost empty, its valves will close and the third tank will supply the water to the
collection points. Below is a simplified schematic attempting to explain how the tanks
are connected:
The three tanks will always work consecutively. An example to illustrate this
consecutive operation of the tanks is as follows: Lets assume that the first tank was
emptied out and the second tank is supplying the water while the first tank fills up.
Even when the first tank is completely filled up by the time the second tank is empty,
the third tanks valves will open and not the first. The reason for this is to prevent the
water to stand still in a specific tank. Still standing water is a breeding place for bacteria
and therefor it must be avoided.
Figure 1 - Schematic of water storage tank system
6
Following, are schematics attempting to explain this procedure:
Tank specification As indicated above, each storage tank at the village will have to hold 15m3 = 15000
liters of water. Almost every manufacturer have standard dimensions for the tanks that
they sell. If a manufacturer makes custom sized tanks, the price increases by quite a
substantial amount. Therefor for the purpose of this project, manufacturer specific
standard tanks will be used as it is the most cost effective option. JOJO Tanks
manufactures tanks of various volumes and sizes, and they provide support structures
that are structurally designed according to each tanks specifications.
Figure 2 Tank 1 supplying water (all three tanks are full)
Figure 3 Tank 2 supplying water (Tank 1 is being filled up and tank 3 is full)
Figure 4 Tank 3 supplying water (Tank 2 is being filled up and tank 1 is full)
7
According to the product catalogue (appendix) and the calculations that were made,
the dimensions for the three tanks that will be used at the village will be as follows:
ri = 1.203 m
ro = 1.3 m
h = 3.3 m
Volume inside tank = r2h =
(1.203)2(3.3) = 15m3 = 15000
liter
Height above ground (support
structure height see Tank
placement and Supports) : H1 =
9m
Approximate mass of one full
tank with water and supports:
m1 = 21000 kg
JOJO Tanks only sell tanks with a maximum volume of 20000 L, which is not even half
the volume needed for the chlorine tank. Videx Storage Tanks manufacture tanks that
can be assembled to a wide variety of sizes. Each tank is assembled from square
panels to the required dimensions, making it very versatile and eases installation.
According to the product catalogue (appendix), the dimensions for the tank that will be
used after the purification plant will have the following dimensions:
B = 7m
H = 1m
L = 8m
Volume = B*L*H = 7*8*1 = 56
m3 = 56000 liter
Height above ground: H1 = 1m
Approximate mass of full tanks
with water and supports: m1 =
66000 kg
Figure 5 Jojo Storage Tank dimensions
Figure 6 Chlorine Tank dimensions
8
[14] [15]
Tank placement and Supports Tanks can either be placed on supports at a certain height above the ground, or it can
be placed at ground level. Table 1 compares the two placement options to decide
which option is better. (see Appendix A for calculations)
Table 1 - Comparison of placement of tanks
There is a difference of (195.67-107.56) = 88.11 kPa if the tanks are placed at a height
of 9m above the ground compared to the placement on ground level, which is a
substantial amount of pressure gained in the pipes after the tanks.
Pressure at inlet of storage tank system = Pinput = 240kPa
Pressure at outlet of storage tank system = Poutput = 40.98 kPa
Pump motor power required to increase pressure to 240 kPa at outlet = Pinput
43 kW (see appendix A for calculations)
14 JoJo Tanks, n.d. JoJo tanks Products - Vertical Tanks. [Online] 15 VIDEX Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water storage tanks Brochure. [Online]
Placement Placed on ground Placed at height above ground
Height above ground 0 m 9 m
Pressure at bottom of
tank due to water weight
32.31 kPa 32.31 kPa
Atmospheric pressure 75.25 kPa 75.25 kPa
Pressure due to height
above ground
0 kPa 88.11 kPa
Total pressure at ground
level
107.56 kPa 195.67 kPa
Figure 7 JoJo vertical water storage tank Figure 8 - Videx Storage tank
9
Firstly, foundations will be laid (see relevant part in group report) that are designed to
support the weight of the tanks, support structures and the water. When the
foundations are set, steel supports will be bolted into the foundation on which the tanks
will be placed and fastened. JOJO tanks provide supports of various heights for all of
their tanks (see Appendix B). The chosen support height is 9m, as this will provide
potential energy to the water and therefor will also substantially decrease the required
pump power after the storage tanks.
The chlorine tank will be fitted on a support structure with a height of 1m, which will
also be bolted to a foundation slab designed for its total weight.
Tank valves and fittings:
The storage tank flow-control system will consist of several level- and pressure
sensors. Therefor, conservative mechanical valves will not in any way be useful to
achieve the desired automated flow-control as described in the storage tank section
above. There are several types of valves in the industry that are controlled by different
electronic inputs that will provide the desired results.
One example of such valves is the Cla-Val
Electronic Control Valve made by Cla-Val
as seen in figure 9. These electronic valves
are designed to be controlled remotely,
making them ideal for isolated locations
such as the groups chosen village. It may
be possible to incorporate these valves into
the computer control system so that the
flow-system of the storage tanks can be
automated. Specifics are discussed in the
Computer and electrical part of the report
Figure 9 Storage and chlorine tanks support structures.
Figure 10 Cla-Val 131/631 Series Electronic Control Valve
10
Pressures in water storage tanks can become a big concern to safety. The pump that
will supply the water from the source to the storage tanks will not run constantly, but
will turn on and off as needed. However, there is a risk that the pump controls might
fail and cause the pump to stay on even after the tanks are filled. If this happens while
the overflow is blocked by dirt or in any other way, there will be an enormous pressure
build-up inside the storage tanks and may cause one of the tanks to burst or explode.
Figure 11 Closed valve
Figure 12 Halfway open valve
Figure 13 Fully open valve
11
Therefore, a pressure relief valve will be installed on each tank that will engage and
relief the pressures inside the tanks in case of pump overruns or control failures.
The approximate pressure at the bottom of each tank (as calculated in appendix A)
will be 107.56 kPa. The relief valves will be set to open at 125 kPa, which will cause
the pressures inside the tanks to be able to rise to a maximum of 125 kPa in case of
control failures.
Each JOJO water tank have the following standard fittings :
40mm water fitting at the bottom;
Over-flow on top (side) with a 50mm fitting (female) (50/40 reducer);
480mm lid on top of the tank
The fill-up opening at the top of each tank have to be cut, which will be done to fit a
50mm water elbow fitting like the one at the bottom.
The tank overflow is a 40mm hole in the top (side) of the tank. The 50/40 reducer fitting
will be removed and instead, an overflow screen (provided by Jojo tanks) will be fitted
to this hole to prevent dust, dirt, mosquitoes or any other unwanted contaminants from
entering the water tanks, while still allowing the water to flow out in case of control
failures and overfilling.
Plastic is more susceptible to cracks and pressure induced bursts, therefor cast iron
pipes and fittings will be used for the tank-connecting pipe network. The following
fittings and alterations are applicable to the design of the pipe network within the
storage tank system as well as the main water pipeline.
The 40mm water fitting at the bottom of each storage tank will be replaced by
an elbow fitting (90, 40mm).
The inlet will be fitted with the same elbow fitting (90, 40mm).
Vertical pipes will be screwed into these two elbow fittings, connecting the rest
of the pipes to the storage tanks as shown in the schematics below:
Figure 14 Overflow screen
12
Maintenance
The level and flow rate sensors will monitor the flow of the system and any
discrepancies can be noticed remotely via the computer system. A monthly manual
inspection and maintenance procedure will thus be adequate to ensure that the
storage tank system is in working order and in a state that will not be a health or safety
risk to the residents. The tanks will hold an enormous amount of water and any
corrosion or holes in the tank material or fittings can be a big concern and safety risk.
Figure 15 - Storage tanks pipe network (top-view)
Figure 16 - Storage tanks pipe network (front and back views)
13
To prevent damage to the storage tank system by residents or theft, a fence will be
constructed around the storage tanks with a gate that will be locked. On the first
Monday of every month, maintenance personnel will visit the tanks in order to do
checks and, if necessary, repairs. On the next page is a checklist that will be filled in
and filed on every visit.
Components that will be checked and tested:
The pressure relief valves have manual test levers to test if the valves are in
working order. If the relief valves are leaking they are in unsafe condition and
need to be replaced.
The fence outside of the tank system will be checked for holes and corrosion.
The gate and locks of the fence will be checked for corrosion, as well as if the
gate is locked.
The distribution valves and fittings will be checked for corrosion and blockages.
The Flow control valves will be checked for corrosion and blockages.
The overflows will be checked for blockages
A non-destructive testing procedure will be done to check the integrity and
condition of the tanks material.
Any other components that the maintenance personnel feels are necessary to
be checked
It will be very difficult to provide an entry for the maintenance personnel into the tanks
to check the integrity of the material. Firstly, all of the water will have to be drained
resulting in a big waste of drinkable water. Secondly, it can be dangerous to climb
inside these tanks as they are very large. The solution to this is to do a simple NDT
test from outside the tanks. A very effective NDT method for this purpose is ultrasonic
thickness gauges that measures the thickness of the tank material to see if there are
holes or corrosion. Tritex NDT provides these gauges at very affordable costs. The
selected gauge that will be used is the Tritex NDT Multigauge 5600 (See appendix).
14
Maintenance Checklist (To be filled in by both maintenance personnel on-site and during inspection)
* - I hereby acknowledge that the information below is accurate and filled in to the best of my ability. Any discrepancies between
the information below and the state of the components can be held against me.
** - I hereby acknowledge that the information below is accurate and filled in to the best of my ability. Any discrepancies between
the information below and the state of the components can be held against me.
Form 1 - Maintenance From to be filled in by maintenance personnel
Name
and
surname
Signature *
Name
and
surname
(Witness)
Signature
(Witness) **
Component Mainte-
nance
test done
(Y/N)
In
working
order and
safe (Y/N)
Comments
Fences and gates (whole and
locked)
Tank distribution valves and fittings
Pressure relief valve (tank 1)
Pressure relief valve (tank 2)
Pressure relief valve (tank 3)
Flow control valves (tank 1)
Overflow (tank 1)
Tank 1 integrity (NDT)
Flow control valves (tank 2)
Overflow (tank 2)
Tank 2 integrity (NDT)
Flow control valves (tank 3)
Overflow (tank 3)
Tank 3 integrity (NDT)
Other components (indicate in
spaces below):
15
Environmental Aspects Comparison of Polyethylene tanks to Stainless steel tanks:
Polyethylene:
Food-grade polyethylene is considered the safest form of plastic to use for food
and water storage purposes.
o Polyethylene has UV stabilizers that prevent the breaking down of the
plastic outside of the tanks.
Plastics are made from oil, which is not a sustainable resource. The embodied
energy during production of plastic is quite high which means a lot of energy is
put into the production of plastic. Plastic has an average lifetime of 25 years
after which it will most probably have to be replaced. This increases the
embodied energy even more and thus reduces its appeal with regards to
environmental health.
The installation of plastic water tanks are extremely easy. Because plastic tanks
have a small amount of flexibility, they are a bit more forgiving to strain and
stresses than other materials during installation.
Plastic tanks are a lot cheaper than other tanks, making them very attractive for
low cost water storage purposes.
Wild fires can be problematic.
Stainless Steel:
Stainless steel, made from iron with added chromium and/or nickel is
considered to be a very safe material for many applications. Some examples of
applications where stainless steel is used are:
o surgical equipment
o drinking-water bottles
o cutlery
Stainless steel also has a high amount of embodied energy during production,
but it is considered to be completely recyclable. Therefor these types of tanks
might be made of material that were used several times before it is made into
a water storage tank, which increases its appeal with regards to environmental
health
If an efficient foundation slab is laid, installation can also be quite easy in
comparison to other types of tanks
Stainless steel tanks are more expensive than its polyethylene counterpart.
Wild fires will not be as problematic as with plastic.
For the purpose of this project it will be the better option to use the polyethylene tanks
for the storage tank system as it is more cost effective, and transport and installation
are very easy. Videx storage tanks (chosen as supplier for the chlorine tank in the tank
specification section), however, produces their tanks with stainless steel, and therefor
it is the chosen material for the chlorine tank. Both of these materials have negative
factors regarding environmental aspects, but they are by far the best options for
material selection in water storage applications.
16
References
Anton Earle, J. G. P. K. (. o. P., 2005. Domestic Water Provision in the Democratic South
Africa changes and challenges. [Online]
Available at: http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/02.pdf
[Accessed 05 August 2014].
JoJo Tanks, n.d. JoJo tanks Products - Vertical Tanks. [Online]
Available at: http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/products/vertical-tanks
[Accessed 15 08 2014].
Jojotanks, n.d. Jojotanks - Accessories. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/component/virtuemart/accessories/480mm-tank-
screen-detail?Itemid=0
[Accessed 15 08 2014].
Jojotanks, n.d. Jojotanks Accessories - Tank Stands. [Online]
Available at: http://www.jojotanks.co.za/index.php/component/virtuemart/accessories/tank-
stands-detail?Itemid=0
[Accessed 15 08 2014].
unknown), K. (., 2011. Water Tank comparisons for drinking water: defining clean and green.
[Online]
Available at: http://milkwood.net/2011/02/14/water-tank-comparisons-for-drinking-water-
defining-clean-and-green/
[Accessed 25 08 2014].
Unknown, . 2. C.-V. |. 1. P. A. C. M. C. 9.-4., n.d. Electronic Control Valves. [Online]
Available at: http://www.cla-val.com/waterworks-electronic-control-valves-c-1_6-l-en.html
[Accessed 17 08 2014].
unknown, n.d. Biolytix. [Online]
Available at: http://www.biolytix.co.za/
Unknown, n.d. Tritex NDT Multigauge 5600. [Online]
Available at: http://www.tritexndt.com/multigauge5600.html
[Accessed 25 08 2014].
Unknown, n.d. VIDEX Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water storage tanks Brochure.
[Online]
Available at: http://www.vidextanks.co.za
[Accessed 15 08 2014].
Waterlinx, n.d. Waterlinx Product Details. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.waterlinx.co.za/Products/tabid/92/CategoryID/9/ProductID/5687/PageIndex/3/Def
ault.aspx
[Accessed 15 08 2014].
White, F. M., 2011. Fluid Mechanics Seventh edition in SI units. New York: McGraw-Hill.
17
Appendix A (Calculations)
Placement of tanks on ground vs. at a height above ground:
On the ground
Pressure at the bottom of each tank due to water weight:
PH2O = *g*h
, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,
g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
h = 3.3 m [4]
Atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 2440m:
Pair = Pa (1
0)
/
, with
= 5.26 ( ),
T0 = 288.16 K,
B = 0.00650 K/m,
Pa= 101.35 kPa,
z = 2440m [5]
Total pressure at the bottom of each tank:
Ptotal = PH2O + Pair
Ptotal = H20,20C*g*h + Pa (1
0)
/
Ptotal = 998*9.81*3.3 + 101350(1- 0.006502440
288.16)5.26
Ptotal = 107.56 kPa
At a height above ground of 9 m
Pressure at the bottom of each tank due to water weight:
PH2O = *g*h1
, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,
g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
h1 = (3.3) m [6]
Pressure at ground level due to water weight:
Pground = *g*h2
4 [Frank M. White] 5 [Frank M. White] 6 [Frank M. White]
18
, with H20,20C = 998 kg/m3 ,
g = 9.81 m/s2 ,
h2 = (9) m [7]
Atmospheric pressure at an elevation of 2440m:
Pair = Pa (1
0)
/
, with
= 5.26 ( ),
T0 = 288.16 K,
B = 0.00650 K/m,
Pa= 101.35 kPa,
z = 2440m [8]
Total pressure at the bottom of each tank:
Ptotal = PH2O + Pground + Pair
Ptotal = H20,20C*g*h1 + H20,20C*g*h2 + Pa (1
0)
/
Ptotal = 998*9.81*(3.3) + 998*9.81*(9) + 101350(1- 0.006502440
288.16)5.26
Ptotal = (32.208 + 88.11 + 75.25) kPa
Ptotal = 195.67 kPa
Pipe network (storage tanks):
9m vertical pipe:
Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s
Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s
Reynolds number = Re =
=
2.210.04
1.005 106= 87960.2
Turbulent flow
Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]
Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]
Friction coefficient = K = 7.6 [White p.399-406]
Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+7.6](2.212/2*9.81) =
3.572m
Pressure loss = P1 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(3.572-9sin(90)) = -53.14 kPa
7 [Frank M. White] 8 [Frank M. White]
19
12.3m vertical pipe:
Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s
Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s
Reynolds number = Re =
=
2.210.04
1.005 106= 87960.2
Turbulent flow
Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]
Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]
Friction coefficient = K = 10.39 [White p.399-406]
Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+10.39](2.212/2*9.81) =
4.267m
Pressure loss = P2 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(4.267-9sin(90)) = -46.34 kPa
3.6m horizontal pipe:
Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s
Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s
Reynolds number = Re =
=
2.210.04
1.005 106= 87960.2
Turbulent flow
Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]
Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]
Friction coefficient = K = 3.04 [White p.399-406]
Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+3.04](2.212/2*9.81) =
2.437m
Pressure loss = P3 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(2.437) = 23.86 kPa
1m horizontal pipe:
Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s
Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s
Reynolds number = Re =
=
2.210.04
1.005 106= 87960.2
Turbulent flow
Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]
Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]
20
Friction coefficient = K = 0.84 [White p.399-406]
Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+0.84](2.212/2*9.81) =
1.889m
Pressure loss = P4 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(1.889) = 18.50 kPa
90 elbow:
Incoming flow rate = Q = 10m3/h = 0.002778 m3/s
Velocity of incoming flow = v = Q/A = 0.002778/(*(0.02)2) = 2.21 m/s
Reynolds number = Re =
=
2.210.04
1.005 106= 87960.2
Turbulent flow
Roughness (cast iron) = 0.26mm [White p.381]
Friction number = 0.03 [Moody chart - White p.380]
Friction coefficient = K = 1.184 [White p.399-406]
Head loss = hf = [f(L/D)+K](v2/2g) = [0.03(9/0.04)+1.184](2.212/2*9.81) =
1.975m
Pressure loss = P5 = g(hf Lsin) = 998(9.81)(1.975) = 19.34 kPa
Total pressure loss between incoming water flow and fill-point at the top of the tank:
Ploss = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5
Ploss = 46.34 + 23.86*1 + 18.5*1 + 19.34*4
Ploss = 166.06 kPa
The water will be supplied at a pressure of 240 kPa, therefor there will be enough
pressure in the pipes to lift the water up to the top of the tanks and fill them.
Total pressure loss between outgoing water flow and outlet at the bottom of the tank:
Ploss = P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5
Ploss = -53.14 + 23.86*1 + 18.5*1 + 19.34*4
Ploss = 66.58 kPa
Total pressure ouput :
Pout = Pbottom - Ploss
Pout = 107.56 -66.58
Pout = 40.98 kPa
21
There is thus a shortage of (240-40.98) = 199.02 kPa to be able to supply the water
at the desired 240kPa. A pump will therefor be applied after the storage tanks:
Pump Power = Ppump = Qhp , with hp = (P/)+k(v2/2*g) = 1.265 m
Ppump = Qhp = 34.4 kW
If the pump is 80% efficient:
Pinput = Ppump/efficiency = 34.4/0.8 = 43 kW Motor
22
Appendix B (Brochures and other info)
mm 0.1V3.10p mm
Calibration Units Resolution
m/s
5915
4.4V
Battery
mm
Measuring
13mm
2 MHziPROBE
Easy Menu Systemmembrane. Easy calibration with menu driven buttons.
Intelligent Probe Recognition (IPR).
Echo strength indicator.
3 year warranty.
Free calibration for the life of the gauge.
(AMVS).
Large colour LCD display giving user information.
No zeroing required.
Single crystal soft faced probe protected by a
Ignores coatings up to 6 mm thick using MultipleEcho. Coating Plus+ ignores coatings up to 20 mm.
Automatic Measurement Verification System
Features
Ultrasonic Thickness Gauge
www.tritexndt.com
simple . accurate . robust
Pipelines
Road Tankers
Offshore Platforms
Lighting Columns
Phone Masts
Lock Gates
Barges
Shipping
Bridges
Pilings
Storage Tanks
Industry
Quality Control
Leisure Craft
Typical Applications
Multigauge 5600The Multigauge 5600 is a simple, robust ultrasonic thickness gauge designed for most
common thickness gauging applications. The easy to use keypad allows operator interface
whilst the bright LCD display can be used in all light conditions. The moulded soft rubber
surround feels comfortable, looks good and provides extra protection against knocks and
scrapes. All probes have Intelligent Probe Recognition (IPR), which automatically adjusts
settings in the gauge at the same time as transmitting recognition data - the result is a
perfectly matched probe and gauge for enhanced performance. Additionally, the Automatic
Measurement Verification System (AMVS) ensures only true measurements are displayed,
even on the most heavily corroded metals.
About Multiple Echo
Contact
Specification
simple . accurate . robust Tritex Sales 03 - Issue 5 - October 2013
UK Office:
Tritex NDT LtdUnit 10, Mellstock Business Park,Higher Bockhampton, Dorchester,Dorset, United Kingdom, DT2 8QJt: +44 (0) 1305 257160f: +44 (0) 1305 259573e: [email protected]: www.tritexndt.com
Sound Velocity Range From 1000 m/s to 8000 m/s (0.0394 in/s to 0.3150 in/s)Single CrystalSoft Faced Probe Options
Probe Measurement Range
Probe Sizes
Resolution 0.1 mm (0.005) or 0.05 mm (0.002)Accuracy 0.1 mm (0.005) or 0.05 mm (0.002)Display Colour LCDCoatings Range Up to 6mm (Standard Mode)*; up to 20mm (Coating Plus+)*Batteries 3 x disposable AA alkaline batteries or rechargeable NiMH / NiCDBattery Life 20 Hours continuous use using alkaline batteriesGauge Dimensions 147 mm x 90 mm x 28 mm (5.75 X 3.5 X 1)Gauge Weight 325 g (11.5 ounces) including batteriesEnvironmental Case rated to IP65. RoHS and WEEE compliantOperating Temperature -10C to +50C (14F to 122F)Storage Temperature -10C to +60C (14F to 140F)
2.25 MHz 3.5 MHz 5 MHz
3 - 250 mm(0.120 to 10)
2 - 150 mm(0.080 to 6)
1 - 50 mm(0.040 to 2)
13 mm (0.5) &19 mm (0.75) 13 mm (0.5)
6 mm (0.25) &13 mm (0.5)
All Ultrasonic Thickness Gauges should
be calibrated to the velocity of sound of
the material being measured. Coatings
have a different velocity of sound than
metal and it is important they are not
included in the measurement. Multiple
Echo ensures all coatings, up to 6mm
thick, are completely eliminated from the
measurement.
How it works:A transmitted ultrasound pulse travels though both the coating and the metal and reflects from the back wall.
The returned echo then reverberates within the metal, with only a small portion of the echo travelling back
through the coating each time. The timing between the small echoes gives us the timing of the echoes within
the metal, which relate to the metal thickness. The returned echoes need not be consecutive as the gauge will
interpret them automatically and calculate the thickness. A minimum of three echoes are checked each time.
This is referred to as the Automatic Measurement Verification System (AMVS).
Tim
ing
3
Tim
ing
2
Tim
ing
1
Probe
Coating
Metal
The Tritex Multigauge 5600 has been manufactured to comply with British Standard BS EN 15317:2007, whichcovers the characterisation and verification of ultrasonic thickness measuring equipment.
Multigauge 5600 gauge, probe,probe lead, spare membranes,membrane oil, ultrasonic gel, 15mmtest block, membrane key, batteries,manual, calibration certificate, carrycase.Optional leather case.
3 YEAR WARRANTYUSA Office:
Tritex NDT LLC1533 Stuyvesant Avenue,Union, New Jersey,07083, United Statest: +1 908 688 6706f: +1 908 688 9040e: [email protected]: www.tritexndt.com
A14263Certificate No.
* Figures relate to most coating types
Telephone: 011 827 0727 Fax: 011 827 0725 Cnr. Lantern & Bream Roads Wadeville, 1428 PO Box 14873 Wadeville, 1422
E-mail: [email protected] www.vidextanks.co.za
VIDEX STORAGE TANKS
Pressed Steel & GRP Sectional Water Storage Tanks
Nominal Tank Dimensions Tank Panel Dimensions Number of Panels Nominal Tank Approx. Tank Mass
(Length X Width) (mm) (Panel (L) X Panel (W) X Panel (H)) per Tank Capacity (Liters) (Kg)
1000 (L) X 1000 (W) 1 X 1 X 1 6 1 000 90
2000 X1000 2 X 1 X 1 10 2 000 150
3000 X 1000 3 X 1 X 1 14 3 000 220
4000 X 1000 4 X 1 X 1 18 4 000 280
5000 X 1000 5 X 1 X 1 22 5 000 340
2000 X 2000 2 X 2 X 1 16 4 000 250
3000 X 2000 3 X 2 X 1 22 6 000 340
4000 X 2000 4 X 2 X 1 28 8 000 430
5000 X 2000 5 X 2 X 1 34 10 000 520
6000 X 2000 6 X 2 X 1 40 12 000 620
3000 X 3000 3 X 3 X 1 30 9 000 460
4000 X 3000 4 X 3 X 1 38 12 000 590
5000 X 3000 5 X 3 X 1 46 15 000 710
6000 X 3000 6 X 3 X 1 54 18 000 930
7000 X 3000 7 X 3 X 1 62 21 000 950
4000 X 4000 4 X 4 X 1 48 16 000 740
5000 X 4000 5 X 4 X 1 58 20 000 890
6000 X 4000 6 X 4 X 1 68 24 000 1050
7000 X 4000 7 X 4 X 1 78 28 000 1200
8000 X 4000 8 X 4 X 1 88 32 000 1360
5000 X 5000 5 X 5 X 1 70 25 000 1080
6000 X 5000 6 X 5 X 1 82 30 000 1260
7000 X 5000 7 X 5 X 1 94 35 000 1450
8000 X 5000 8 X 5 X 1 106 40 000 1630
9000 X 5000 9 X 5 X 1 118 45 000 1820
6000 X 6000 6 X 6 X 1 96 36 000 1480
8000 X 6000 8 X 6 X 1 124 48 000 1910
9000 X 6000 9 X 6 X 1 138 54 000 2130
7000 X 7000 7 X 7 X 1 126 49 000 1940
8000 X 7000 8 X 7 X 1 142 56 000 219
9000 X 7000 9 X 7 X 1 158 63 000 2430
8000 X 8000 8 X 8 X 1 160 64 000 246
9000 X 8000 9 X 8 X 1 178 72 000 274
9000 X 9000 9 X 9 X 1 198 81 000 3050
Weights and Dimensions Tables
1000 mm Deep Tanks, 1 Tier
Disclaimer: Copyright of information contained in this brochure is owned by Videx. You may use this information and reproduce it in hard copy for your
own personal reference use only. The information may not otherwise be reproduced distributed or transmitted to any other person or incorporated in
any way into another document or other material without the prior written permission of Videx. Information of this brochure is given by us in good faith
and has been taken from sources believed to be reliable. We make no representations that the information contained on this brochure inaccurate,
complete or fair and no reliance should be placed on it for any purpose whatsoever. Videx shall not be liable to any person or company for use or
reliance of any inaccurate information or opinions contained herein. Videx shall not be liable to any party for any form of loss or damage incurred as a
www.jojotanks.co.za | www.jojotanks.mobi
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Product B
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