Michif Songs: The Songs of Their Fathers

8/13/2019 Michif Songs: The Songs of Their Fathers

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The songs of their fathers.

By Whidden, Lynn Academic journal article from Ethnologies, Vol. 25, No. 2http://www.thefreelibrar.com/The!songs!of!their!fathers."a#2$%&'(2$$

See also:Lynn Whidden. “Metis Music.” In Barkwell, L.J., L. Dorion and D. R. r!"ontaine,

#$ds.%. Metis Legacy: A Metis Historiography and Annotated Bibliography.Winni&e': e((ican u)lications and Louis Riel Institute, *++: -/0-.

Lynn Whidden, 1udreen 2ourie and Lawrence Barkwell. “Metis Music and Dance.” InBarkwell, L.J., L.M. Dorion and 1. 2ourie. Metis Legacy, Volume Two: Michifulture, Heritage and !ol"ways. Saskatoon, 3a)riel Du(ont Institute, Winni&e':e((ican u)lications, *++0: -4/0*

5et article se )ase sur un cor&us de trente/trois chansons chantees &ar les "e((es (etisde la re'ion de la Ri6iere Rou'e durant la "in du 7I7e siecle et le 77e siecle. L8auteure &orte &rinci&ale(ent son attention sur les &aroles des chansons, a"in de co(&rendre les

&ensees et les &reoccu&ations des Metisses alors 9u8elles de6aient s8ada&ter a la 6ie dans

des societes non/a(erindiennes, et e&lore l8ado&tion de, et l8a(our &our,la chanson "olklori9ue "aisant &artie de la tradition canadienne/ "rancaise.

;his article is )ased u&on a cor&us o" thirty/three son's sun' )y Metis wo(en in the RedRi6er area durin' the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. ;he author "ocuses (ainly

on the son' lyrics to understand the thou'hts and concerns o" Metis wo(en as they

ador ea(&le, two sin'ers, M(e Jean La"reniere and M(e 1l&honse 5arriere, )oth in

their se6enties when they were recorded, had clear liltin' so&rano 6oices. ;heir son's,

&assed throu'h the 'enerations, were honed to &olished )eauty a"ter decades o" sin'in'"or the &leasure o" their "a(ilies. But the son's o""er us (uch (ore than )eauti"ul sounds.

;he son's the Metis wo(en san' in the nineteenth century Red Ri6er area until the (id/

twentieth century show us the dra(atic culture chan'e which they e&erienced.

;he Metis are the descendants o" 1)ori'inal (others and $uro&ean "athers and in ?*

were identi"ied as an 1)ori'inal &eo&le under the 5anadian constitution. Durin' the

nineteenth century they de6elo&ed a 'rou& identity and in the Red Ri6er area o"Manito)a, declared the(sel6es une nou6elle nation Aa new nation. Scholars such as

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Jenni"er Brown #?+% and Syl6ia Can irk #?+% ha6e )e'un to write the lon'

ne'lected history o" the Metis. ;he son's o" the Metis leader, Louis Riel, are in &rint as

are the son's o" ierre >alcon, the E)ard o" the &rairie MetisE #Macleod: 4%.Moreo6er, (ost o" us ha6e heard o" the "iddle tunes and 6oya'eur son's o" the (en, )ut

less well known is the lar'e re&ertoire o" son's sun' )y the wo(en who were their

&artners in the Metis settle(ents. Wo(en san' durin' the lon' hours o" workin' hides to(end and (ake rench "olkson's o" their"athers, in addition to the =ati6e son's o" their (others #Whidden @%. ;he =ati6e

son's li6e on in the "or( o" 'entle lulla)iesF the eistin' non/=ati6e son's in this &a&er

show Metis (astery o" $uro&ean solo sin'in'. ;he &athos o" these son's (ay ha6e )eenrein"orced )y the co(&osed son's o" the ti(e. >or ea(&le, Cictorian sheet (usic

includes a 'rou& o" son's called EIndian Inter(eKKiE in which the )eauti"ul Indian (aiden

is (ost likely to die an unti(ely death. Metis wo(en (ay ha6e heard these co(&osedson's in the Red Ri6er co((unity. In addition, Metis son' was in"luenced )y church and

school (usic: on Se&te()er ?, ?0, only "our days a"ter their arri6al in Saint/ Laurent,

Manito)a, the >ranciscan Missionaries o" Mary o&ened their school, and the E"irst sin'in'

lesson was 'i6en on Se&te()er *0E #Mercier 0: @%. Still, (ost o" the wo(en8s son's

*

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listed in the 1&&endi are "ro( a $uro&ean "olk tradition that antedates the Cictorian

&o&ular son's: the son's o" their "athers.

AILLS;R1;IH= HMI;;$D

Metis wo(en san' in 5ree, Saulteau, >rench, Michi", $n'lish and so(eti(es co()inedse6eral lan'ua'es in one son'. >or ea(&le, M(e 5arriere san' My 'irl is an Irish 'irl in

$n'lish and lains 5ree, with the >rench words Ea la (ainE, co((only used in the

s9uare dance. In ?0*, this son' Etra6elledE with M(e 5arriere8s "a(ily "ro( the RedRi6er colony to =orth Dakota and then )ack to Manito)a. So "ar, the tune, which sounds

like a dance hall tune o" the Cictorian era, re(ains unna(ed #see Whidden @%. 2ere

are the words to 6erse two:

>irst ti(e I (et that 'irl It was at an 1&&leski dance

;he way she threw her "eet around

2er ar(s, and around she danced

1 la (ain le"t and el)ow swin' 1yi wesh day hi now

=i/sakih/ik, ni/sakih/aw AShe lo6es (e, I lo6e her wayes na(a ci AIsn8t that ri'ht

#1&&endi, *%

;he Metis wo(en &er"or(ed the lon' le'ato lines o" the hauntin' $uro&ean tunes with

clear 6oiced ease. Many tunes are in (inor or so(eti(es (odal keys that enhance the

&athos and the yearnin' 9uality o" the son's. ;he son's are stro&hic, that is, the tunere&eats as (any ti(es as necessary to allow a sin'er to "ully e&ress a thou'ht or tell a

story and they o"ten ha6e a re"rain, a "re9uent attri)ute o" oral narrati6e, "or it hel&s the

(e(ory. >ollowin' is ;out le lon' du ri6a'e #1&&endi, 0% to illustrate so(e o" the(usic ele(ents o" old $uro&ean son' li6in' on in the new world: the 1eolian (ode #like

a (arenchE. Sa'ard re'arded

the a""inity o" =ati6es "or church (usic as the result o" the si(ilarity )etween traditional

=ati6e and reli'ious (usic, )elie6in' that Ethe sensuous (elodic, har(onic, and

@

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rhyth(ic structure o" the >rench chanson was too di""erent "ro( traditional =ati6e son'E

#cited in 1(t(ann 04: -@%.

AILLS;R1;IH= HMI;;$D

;he reluctance to co()ine =ati6e and $uro&ean son' styles (ay )e related to di""erencesin "unction as (uch as to "or(al di""erences in the sound and lyrics o" the son's. >or

ea(&le, in traditional 5ree huntin' culture, (ale lo6e son's tended to )e "or, and a)out

the ani(alsF such son's were rarely a)out or addressed to wo(en. We know also that5ree wo(en also san' traditional son's "or carryin' water, cho&&in' wood, and son's to

their children #Whidden ?-%. ;o 5rees, son' was a s&iritual "orce and an essential &art

o" their sur6i6al EtoolkitE. ;o the >rench, "olkson' was "or entertain(ent, althou'h it

(ust )e noted that Ele )on DieuE is a stock &hrase, and that (any o" the son's werein"used with the su&ernatural. ;he (ystical words sun' across 5anada )y the $uro&eans

who e&lored and traded (ust certainly ha6e a&&ealed to the Metis sin'ers "or they are

retained in (any o" the son's. >or ea(&le, the "ollowin' 6erses o" Si tu re6iens

Di(anche sun' in 0 )y M(e 5arriere o" Saint/Boni"ace contain i(a'es o" )odilytrans"or(ation:

Cerse 0 Si tu (ets &retre &our (e &recher,

Je (e (ettrai soleil au "ir(a(ent,

De (e(e tu n8auras &as aucun a're(ent.

Cerse ?

Si tu (ets soleil au "ir(a(ent,

Je (e (ettrai nua'e &our te cacher, De (e(e tu n8auras &as aucun a're(ent.

#1&&endi, @%

Still there is a su)stantial di""erence in the use o" the su&ernatural. ;he >rench "olkson's

contain &assi6e descri&tions o" wonder(ents: the =ati6e huntin' son's are "orces inthe(sel6es and )elie6ed to ha6e &ower to chan'e winds or to )rin' ani(als #Whidden

?-%.

2ence, while )oth Metis and =ati6e shared in the co(&art(entaliKation o" =ati6e and$uro&ean son's, the Metis lo6e and acce&tance o" the new $uro&ean (usic, its lan'ua'e,

sound and contet, contrasts shar&ly to the =ati6e disinterest, and shows the( to )e Ela

nou6elle nationE, a truly new &eo&le. ;he Metis not only ado&ted secular son' )ut,indeed, )eca(e well known "or their lo6e o" son', story, and 6isitin'. Joe Cenne, who( I

inter6iewed in Birtle, Manito)a, san' in >rench, $n'lish, 5ree and Saulteau. 2e recalled

the wo(en 6isitin' in one roo( and the (en in the net. ;he (en took turns sin'in' "oreach other. Joe said that he did not co(&ose son's, they were son's he heardF son's "or

&assin' the ti(e. So(eti(es the "urniture would )e &ushed a'ainst the walls and the (en

and wo(en would dance. Joe could &lay the "iddle,(outh or'an, accordion, s&oons,

co(), and


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;he Metis &ronunciation o" the words o"ten 6aries considera)ly "ro( >rench

&ronunciation. ;hus, while the (usic transcri&tions were readily achie6ed, translation o"the words was (ore di""icult. Hne o" the translators descri)ed the words as EIndian

>renchE. >ollowin' is an ea(&le o" Joe Cenne8s rendition o" ;he Noun' 3irl Who

Wanted to 3et Married #Whidden @: -%, to show the sounds o" a Metis/>rench6ersion contrasted to a >rench 6ersion:

M$;IS >R$=52

Il y a6ait une )elle "ille Il y a6ait une )elle "ille

Gui 6oulait se (areiller Gui 6oulait se (arier

$lle de(andait son &ere $lle de(andait a son &ere

1ussi sa tendre (ere 1ussi sa tendre (ere Bonrench

lyrics and (elodies. ;he si'ni"icant structural and cultural di""erences )etween 5ree and

>rench lan'ua'e and (usic would likely ha6e )een easier to ne'otiate "or Metis than "or

their 5ree cousins, accountin' "or the e(er'ence o" )oth Michi" and Metis(usic. resu(a)ly, this is also why so (uch traditional 5ree (usic has until now not

)een stron'ly in"luenced )y $uro&ean 'enres. >or ea(&le, in ?, when I asked an

1l'on9uian s&eaker "ro( 5hisasi)i, Gue)ec, i" he liked country (usic, &o&ular a(on'the youn'er 'eneration o" 5ree, he re&lied, EI" I understood the son's o" the white (an I

would &ro)a)ly like the(. But since I don8t understand the( I 'et nothin' "ro( the(E

#Whidden ?-: *-%.

5learly, the >rench son's in (y collection had 'reat a&&eal to the Metis wo(en. ;hey

are sun' with such intensity that one "eels they were treasured, &erha&s in a way that

i(&orted articles o" $uro&ean dress were 6alued )ecause o" their rarity. Let us "irstea(ine the 'eneral 9ualities o" the son's to e&lain their sur6i6al )oth in $uro&ean and

Metis oral tradition and then s&eci"ic lyrics that (ust ha6e resonated with the Metis

sin'ers who heard the(.

1s in (ost old "olkson's the Metis son' words tend to dwell on a sin'le situation and

show us, rather than e&licitly tell us, what is ha&&enin'F they create sus&ense throu'hre&etition and with re"erences to eotic, "ar distant si'hts such as Ele roi d8$s&a'neE and

E(on chateauE. ;hey ha6e a strea( o" concrete, yet )eauti"ul lan'ua'e: colours are

&ri(ary, as in Eun lit )lancE and E)el ha)it )lancEF synecdoche a)ounds: "or ea(&le,

wo(en are "re9uently re"erred to as Ela )elleE or Eune )runeE. So(e o" the &hrases are

4

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"or(ulaic, such as E1dieu &ere, adieu (ereE. Stock &hrases are co((on&lace: E'a'ner

(a "ortuneEF Eun sa)re a (on coteFE Ele dou &ar"u( du 'ai &rinte(&sFE Eun )eau

di(anche (atinFE E)eau co((e un an'eFE and Eun dou )aiser.E Such &hrases o"tenoccur in &arallel, as in

58est co((e toi, )elle tendresse 58est co((e toi, 9ue tu 6is d8a(our

and

n dou )aiser sur ta )ouche n dou )aiser con"iance

#1&&endi, ?%

1t other ti(es &arallelis(s dis&lay o&&ositions such as:

58est n8est &oint &our un an

58est &our le reste de (es


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now disa&&eared in $uro&e. ;hese Metis son's do show how nature is inter&reted )y

(eans o" culture. In the >rench "olkson's, )ird son's were so(eti(es understood as

(eanin'"ul utterances: La/haut, allin' in lo6e

)eca(e a near/ecstatic e&erience and, to (y (ind, re&laced the (ystical e&eriences o"5ree hunters li6in' with nature #reston *++*%. $6en Riel8s eecution o" ;ho(as Scott is

uno""icially attri)uted to a lo6e trian'le. ERiel "inally shot Scott ... o6er the lo6e o" a 'irl

not the lo6e o" countryE #Des


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;8as le coura'e

Les yeu "ies sur l8a6enir.

#1&&endi, -%

1nd "ro( the &ers&ecti6e o" old a'e, the sin'er recalls the E)urnin' (o(entE when EIlo6e youE was said:

Cerse *

;e sou6iens/tu de (e(e De ce (o(ent )rulant

Gue tu (e dis: EJe t8ai(eE

J8a6ais alors 6in't ans.

Moi,


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#1&&endi, %

Metis wo(en did not hesitate to sin' son's &resented "ro( a (ale &oint o" 6iew. ;hey

san' a)out (ale disa&&oint(ent, "or so(eti(es the 'irl le"t )ehind would ha6e another

child u&on her lo6er8s return or his )elo6ed would 'reet hi( thus, Son neK "ier, son air se6ere,

$lle lui dit: Je suis (ariee

#1&&endi, %

With results as "ollows:

Je suis l8a(ant (alheureu dans ce (onde J8ai(e une )rune, inir (es inir (es


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Mais a &resent,


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Mais il n8y a &oint lon'te(&s

Mais &ar (a (aitresse

J8ai &erdu (a (aitresse L8autre


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La/haut


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sin'in' drinkin' son's, &erha&s like the one )elow. =ote the re"erence to takin' credit

that had to )e &aid )ack on SaturdayO

Les 'ens de Saint/1()roise ont tous les )onheurs Les &etits co((e les 'ros ai(ent tout le whiskey

Cerse E)ackE ce 9ue tu auras credit

;8es telle(ent s8les ner"s ;u te &ayeras sa(edi

#1&&endi, @*%

1"ter the (arria'e cere(ony the entire "a(ily would 'ather at the weddin' "east and sin'

to'ether the o"ten hy(n/like Echansons de ta)leE Ata)le son's. ;he "ollowin' son'

e&lains the sacred duties o" (arria'e #i.e., the youn' )ride will no lon'er 'o ( dances or'atherin's )ut stay ho(e and look a"ter the "a(ily%.

=ous so((es ici a soir

assises a 6otre ta)le

Salut la co(&a'nie 1ussi la (ariee

16eK/6ous )ien co(&ris la )elle (ariee

16eK/6ous )ien entendu 9ue le cure 6ous a dit

>idele a 6otre a(ant en6ers et contre tout >idele a 6otre tour a(ant co((e 6ous

;u n8iras au )al, Mada(e la (ariee

;u n8iras &lus au )al ou aussi d8asse()lee Cous 'ardeK tout ce lo'is a6ec 6otre (ari

#1&&endi, %

Surely these lyrics re"lect a chan'e "ro( =ati6e li"e where (arria'es took &lace with

little "or(ality, with a wo(en ty&ically (o6in' "ro( her "a(ily8s to her hus)and8s tent.5ree hus)ands traditionally did not tolerate wi"ely in"idelity, )ut, on their own ter(s,

they &er(itted wi"e echan'e or loan and so(eti(es &racticed &oly'a(y #H8Meara -?:

-+%. It is likely that )irths were well s&aced )ecause o" nursin' and, indeed, we are told

that ;alon Ewas concerned that the "ertility o" Indian wo(en was reduced )y their custo(o" nursin' their children lon'er than necessary...E #Brown ?+: %. In contrast, (arried

Metis wo(en #who were ty&ically Ro(an 5atholic and encoura'ed )y &riests ( ha6e

lar'e "a(ilies% were usually &re'nant "or (ost o" their child)earin' years. It8s there"orenot sur&risin' that Metis )rides 6iewed the "inality o" a church (arria'e as

a )ittersweet occasion. Wo(en were under no illusion a)out the hardshi&s o" (arried li"e

in western 5anada. n


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Je te l8a6ais tou


15/22

Je (8en 6ais en (ena'e

58est &our le reste de (a 6ie

Guitter le )adina'e #1&&endi, 0%

;he son's o" (elancholy, re'ret, e6en des&air, re"lected e6ents in the li6es o" the Metis

wo(en. Most had (any children, and in"ant deaths were "re9uent. It was the wo(en who

attended the sick and dyin', usually in their own ho(es. #@% It see(s to (e that theycould readily identi"y with (any o" the son' the(es and it is not sur&risin' that country

(usic, with its (essa'e o" )roken ho(es and hearts, has recently usur&ed the role o"

(any o" these traditional Metis "olkson'sO

our se (ettre en (ena'e Il a "allu de "aire soucis

1 "allu 9uitter &ere et (ere

16ec toutes ses )a's de lin'e

Il ne reste &lus 9u8un (ouchoir )lanc our essuyer nos lar(es

#1&&endi, **%

I ha6e e(&hasiKed the son' words here "or they are intrinsically &oetic. Moreo6er, I )elie6e that they not only con"ir( (uch o" what we know a)out Metis li"e, )ut also lead

us to a dee&er realiKation o" the wo(en8s thou'hts a)out their &lace in Metis society. Like

(any early "olkson's they do not &rotest social structures and situationsF they are an

a&&eal rather than an assertion. ;hey re6eal acce&tance o" li"e as it is. >uture research onthe son' (elodies, their ori'ins, styles and uses, (ay re6eal (uch a)out the in"luences on

Metis wo(en "ro( the church, school and other 'rou&s. erha&s the son's "unctioned as

co((unicati6e 6ehicles to )rin' a)out a'ree(ent on the e(er'in' 6alues o" the newMetis society.

Metis son's were de"initely also &er"or(ed "or entertain(ent, as a way o" &assin' ri(e,as Joe Cenne said. But surely they were (ore, as (usic ethno'ra&hies ha6e shown "or

other cultures. >or ea(&le, in a lar'e and early #-?% study entitled >olk Son' Style

and 5ulture, 1lan Lo(a used the hu'e re&ertoire o" recorded son' in archi6es and an

analysis techni9ue called canto(etrics. Lo(a was a)le to su)stantiate that son' stylesy()oliKes and rein"orces i(&ortant as&ects o" social structure in cultures around the

world. I" so, then Metis &er"or(ance o" old $uro&ean "olkson' &oints to acce&tance o"

$uro&ean, as well as Indian, li"eways in =orth 1(erica. It is also es&ecially rele6ant tothis article that Lo(a la(ented and &redicted a cultural E'rey/outE:

;he loss in co((unicati6e &otential "or the whole hu(an race is

6ery 'ra6e, "or these threatened co((unication syste(s re&resent (uch o" what the hu(an race has created in its thousands o" years

o" wanderin' across the earth. In the( lies a treasure, a hu(an

resource, whose worth is incalcula)le, and which can ne6er )e

re&laced when it has )een wasted and lost #-?: 4%.

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1lthou'h ar'u(ents a)out the reality o" loss o" hu(an cultural di6ersity continue a&ace,as an ethno(usicolo'ist I share Lo(a8s concern: I ha6e witnessed the total

disa&&earance o" the 5ree huntin' son's durin' the decade o" the +8s. I" culture allows

us to adrench "athers. 1nd, hearkenin' )ack to (y 6iew o" (usic as an essential,

e6en in)orn (ode o" co((unication, we can o""er 6alid insi'hts into the li6es o" Metiswo(en, althou'h I would caution that this is an initial study: (ore son's are needed to

arri6e at a consensus concernin' inter&retation and to re"ine di""erent son' &re"erences

durin' (any 'enerations o" Metis in the Red Ri6er area.

Lest the son's lead you to think Metis wo(en were a sad, s&iritless lot, there are son's o"

'reat 6i6acity. In ?, I recorded two son's "ro( Susan Duchar(e o" Saint/1()roise,

Manito)a. She stated that she had learned the( "ro( her "ather and that they had ne6er )een written down. ;heir a'e re(ains unknown to (e. Both are deli'ht"ully rhyth(ical

and were used "or dancin'. ;he "irst, Marie Rou6in, tells o" a "lirtation. ;he second, 58est

&as l8a""aire des "illes, s&eaks well #al)eit in &atois% to wo(en o" today: Cerse

58est &as l8a""aire des "illes de )alayer la (aison De )alayer la (aison, da ree dura allons au )ois

De )alayer la (aison

#1&&endi *%

-

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ecological+nichehttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/inbornhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/spiritlesshttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/Patoishttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/Patoishttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ecological+nichehttp://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/inbornhttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/spiritlesshttp://www.thefreedictionary.com/Patois


17/22

1&&endi

>ollowin' is a list o" the @@ son's, nu()ered consecuti6ely, u&on which this &a&er is )ased, (entionin' the

ori'in and sin'er o" each son', the collector and date o" recordin' and other historical notes. 1ll the

transcri&tions are )y Lynn Whidden. $ach son' is re"erred to in the tet )y nu()er. =u()erQ ;itle Sin'erQlaceQDate

. 5hant 5ri 1deline etit

Duck Lake, Sask, 0*

*. My 3irl Is an Irish 3irl M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

Wituti&e', 0

@. Si tu re6iens Di(anche M(e 1l&honse

5arriere, Winni&e', 0

. Le te(&s &asse M(e Jean La"reniere

Saint/>rancois 7a6ier, -

4. Le )onho((e M(e Jean La"reniere

Saint/>rancois 7a6ier, -

-. Cin't ans M(e $lKire Cer(ette Saint/Boni"ace, 0@

0. La chanson du Lea Re'nier

5a&itaine 2uet Saint/Louis Sask, ?

?. =a&oleon dons sa &rison Lea Re'nier

Saint/Louis Sask, ?

. Les 6allons et les &laines Lea Re'nier

Saint/Louis Sask, ?

+. >rancoeur Lea Re'nier

Saint/Louis Sask, ?

. Le 6oya'eur M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

Saint/Boni"ace, 0

*. Les tri)ulations M(e Jean La"reniere

d8un roi Saint/>rancois 7a6ier -

@. La Metisse M(e Jean La"reniere

Saint/>rancois 7a6ier -

. =ous so((es ici M(e 1l"red La"reniere orta'e la rairie 0*

4. Le &ent rossi'nol M(e Jean La"reniere

sau6a'e Saint/>rancois 7a6ier -

-. J8ai "ait une (aitresse M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

Saint/Boni"ace, 0

0. ;out le lon' du ri6a'e M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

0


18/22

Saint/Boni"ace, 0

?. La/)as dons ces M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

(onta'nes Saint/Boni"ace, 0

. n soir Lea Re'nier

Saint/Louis Sask, ?

*+. Cous etes )rune Lea Re'nier

Saint/Louis Sask, ?

*. Je (8en 6ain &artir M(e 1l&honse 5arriere

Di(anche Saint/Boni"ace, 0

**. La/)as dessus Rose 1Kure

ces cotes Belcourt =. Dakota, +

*@. Le


19/22

@. Si tu re6iens Di(anche 2. Letourneau 5hords su''ested

)y D. Dahl'ren

. Le te(&s &asse 2. Letourneau

4. Le )onho((e 2. Letourneau

-. Cin't ans 2. Letourneau

0. La chanson du L. Whidden

5a&itaine 2uet

?. =a&oleon dons sa &rison L. Whidden

. Les 6allons et les &laines L. Whidden

+. >rancoeur L. Whidden

. Le 6oya'eur 2. Letourneau 5hords su''ested

)y D. Dahl'ren

*. Les tri)ulations 2. Letourneau 5o(&osed )y

d8un roi ierre >alcon

@. La Metisse 2. Letourneau Words )y Louis

RielF co(&oser

unknown

. =ous so((es ici 2. Letourneau 1 ta)le son' "or

newly weds

4. Le &ent rossi'nol 2. Letourneau In >rench collect/

sau6a'e ions datin' to the

??+8s. Cariant in Bar)eau 0.

-. J8ai "ait une (aitresse 2. Letourneau u)lished in Des/

chenes ?*.

0. ;out le lon' du ri6a'e 2. Letourneau Well known son'

"ro( Gue)ec, l

Mariti(es, >rance

?. La/)as dons ces 2. Letourneau Well known

(onta'nes &astourelle.

u)lished in

Bar)eau 0.

. n soir L. Whidden

*+. Cous etes )rune L. Whidden

*. Je (8en 6ain &artir 2. Letourneau 5hords )y D.

Di(anche Dahl'ren

**. La/)as dessus Bakker


20/22

ces cotes

*@. Le


21/22

>oward,


22/22

follow the same dance steps as their male partners. erhaps mi8ed"blood women who adopted agra;e countenance and slower step were influenced b the solemn ritual of the dances performedb the ndian women6 $%':$2'1. Also, the fiddle tunes show considerable Nati;e influence,particularl in rhthmic elements, as ederman $'(1 has shown.

2.1 ersonal ommunication, *onald abelle, -arch $2, entre dBetudes acadiennes,-oncton.

E.1 ersonal communication,

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Michif Songs: The Songs of Their Fathers

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