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Abstract
This seminar ldquoAutomatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using
Microcontrollerrdquo is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the
room lights as well us counting number of persons visitors in the room very
accurately When somebody enters into the room then the counter is
incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when
any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one The light will
be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out The total number
of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays The
microcontroller does the above job It receives the signals from the sensors and
this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM
Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers When
any object pass through the IR Receivers then the IR Rays falling on the
receivers are obstructed this obstruction is sensed by the Microcontroller
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Automatic room light control is one the highly sensitive electronic design in
the modern countries which has to do with different section of functions It not
common applied anywhere there are valuable places in which the use of this
automatic light control are needed in terms beautifying security purposes and so
on Such places like modern equipped hospitals hotels government executive
lodges and offices
Microcontroller based Automatic room light control This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons visitors in the room very accurately When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays The microcontroller does the above job It receives the signals from the sensors and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers When any object pass through the IR Receivers then the IR Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed this obstruction is sensed by the MicrocontrollerProgram
The aim of this seminar is to
Serve the purpose of security and safety
Show that the Design can enhance the beauty of the building where needed
Bring awareness and increasing the use of microcontrollers in embedded
system design in the field engineering
Design can easily be changed without necessarily changing the hardware
concept of the circuit
Show that the Products are fast produced because the total chip count is
reduced by greater than 70 through the use of a microcontroller in its
architecture
Users can easily customize their products to suit their need
The following steps were taking before this seminarproject was successfully
carried out
1 Sourcing for Circuit diagram
2 Sourcing for required components
3 Writing of computer program simulation
4 Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887)
5 Circuit construction testing
6 Building the Casing
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity
was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton
in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London This
design has the short comings of handling greater power output Also in that
same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet
technique in power change over design In has is design he used pressurized
hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current
down to the load with this introduction high power change overrsquos were made
but also its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work
around with
In 1889 Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works
of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction came up with a design that
uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles ldquothis arrangement was sort of a
relay but in a housing that looks like a transformerrdquo His design was largely
welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its
copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase the short
comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to
industrial use alone
Sequel to this discovery series of designs were brought to the market scene like
the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was
largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Automatic room light control is one the highly sensitive electronic design in
the modern countries which has to do with different section of functions It not
common applied anywhere there are valuable places in which the use of this
automatic light control are needed in terms beautifying security purposes and so
on Such places like modern equipped hospitals hotels government executive
lodges and offices
Microcontroller based Automatic room light control This Project Automatic Room Light Controller with Visitor Counter using Microcontroller is a reliable circuit that takes over the task of controlling the room lights as well us counting number of persons visitors in the room very accurately When somebody enters into the room then the counter is incremented by one and the light in the room will be switched ON and when any one leaves the room then the counter is decremented by one The light will be only switched OFF until all the persons in the room go out The total number of persons inside the room is also displayed on the seven segment displays The microcontroller does the above job It receives the signals from the sensors and this signal is operated under the control of software which is stored in ROM Microcontroller PIC 61F887 continuously monitor the Infrared Receivers When any object pass through the IR Receivers then the IR Rays falling on the receivers are obstructed this obstruction is sensed by the MicrocontrollerProgram
The aim of this seminar is to
Serve the purpose of security and safety
Show that the Design can enhance the beauty of the building where needed
Bring awareness and increasing the use of microcontrollers in embedded
system design in the field engineering
Design can easily be changed without necessarily changing the hardware
concept of the circuit
Show that the Products are fast produced because the total chip count is
reduced by greater than 70 through the use of a microcontroller in its
architecture
Users can easily customize their products to suit their need
The following steps were taking before this seminarproject was successfully
carried out
1 Sourcing for Circuit diagram
2 Sourcing for required components
3 Writing of computer program simulation
4 Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887)
5 Circuit construction testing
6 Building the Casing
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity
was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton
in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London This
design has the short comings of handling greater power output Also in that
same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet
technique in power change over design In has is design he used pressurized
hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current
down to the load with this introduction high power change overrsquos were made
but also its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work
around with
In 1889 Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works
of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction came up with a design that
uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles ldquothis arrangement was sort of a
relay but in a housing that looks like a transformerrdquo His design was largely
welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its
copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase the short
comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to
industrial use alone
Sequel to this discovery series of designs were brought to the market scene like
the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was
largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
The aim of this seminar is to
Serve the purpose of security and safety
Show that the Design can enhance the beauty of the building where needed
Bring awareness and increasing the use of microcontrollers in embedded
system design in the field engineering
Design can easily be changed without necessarily changing the hardware
concept of the circuit
Show that the Products are fast produced because the total chip count is
reduced by greater than 70 through the use of a microcontroller in its
architecture
Users can easily customize their products to suit their need
The following steps were taking before this seminarproject was successfully
carried out
1 Sourcing for Circuit diagram
2 Sourcing for required components
3 Writing of computer program simulation
4 Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887)
5 Circuit construction testing
6 Building the Casing
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity
was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton
in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London This
design has the short comings of handling greater power output Also in that
same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet
technique in power change over design In has is design he used pressurized
hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current
down to the load with this introduction high power change overrsquos were made
but also its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work
around with
In 1889 Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works
of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction came up with a design that
uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles ldquothis arrangement was sort of a
relay but in a housing that looks like a transformerrdquo His design was largely
welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its
copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase the short
comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to
industrial use alone
Sequel to this discovery series of designs were brought to the market scene like
the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was
largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
The following steps were taking before this seminarproject was successfully
carried out
1 Sourcing for Circuit diagram
2 Sourcing for required components
3 Writing of computer program simulation
4 Loading of program into the microcontroller (PIC61F887)
5 Circuit construction testing
6 Building the Casing
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity
was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton
in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London This
design has the short comings of handling greater power output Also in that
same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet
technique in power change over design In has is design he used pressurized
hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current
down to the load with this introduction high power change overrsquos were made
but also its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work
around with
In 1889 Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works
of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction came up with a design that
uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles ldquothis arrangement was sort of a
relay but in a housing that looks like a transformerrdquo His design was largely
welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its
copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase the short
comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to
industrial use alone
Sequel to this discovery series of designs were brought to the market scene like
the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was
largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
CHAPTER TWO
Literature review
This trend in technology was introduced in the early 19th century when electricity
was first discovered by scientist from the western world by Sir Edward Haughton
in 1876 that was born to the family of Hillary Haughton in north London This
design has the short comings of handling greater power output Also in that
same year an American physicist by name Robert Milestone came up with yet
technique in power change over design In has is design he used pressurized
hydrogen gas to lock to copper doctor bars that was meant to carry the current
down to the load with this introduction high power change overrsquos were made
but also its bulkiness and latency in switching over makes it very difficult to work
around with
In 1889 Professor John Heinz a German mathematician ignited by the early works
of Sir Michael Faraday on electromagnetic induction came up with a design that
uses this scheme - electromagnetic principles ldquothis arrangement was sort of a
relay but in a housing that looks like a transformerrdquo His design was largely
welcomed due to its speed in making or breaking electrical contacts between its
copper contact bars and also the first design that included three phase the short
comings of his design was mainly on size and the cost and thus was only suited to
industrial use alone
Sequel to this discovery series of designs were brought to the market scene like
the power beaker from the Japanese in 1904 by Professor Hong To his design was
largely welcomed due to it miniaturized size and the ability to withstand
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
enormous power without compromising speed And today a vast model of
designs has been introduced in the market that stems from multi phase power
changeover to single phase power changeover
In our design we are concentrating our focus on single phase power changeover
due to its cost effectiveness and ease of construction
A lighting control system consists of a device that controls electric lighting and
devices alone or as part of a daylight harvesting system for a public commercial
or residential building or property or the theater Lighting control systems are
used for working aesthetic and security illumination for interior exterior and
landscape lighting and theater stage lighting productions They are often part of
sustainable architecture and lighting design for integrated green building energy
conservation programs
Lighting control systems with an embedded processor or industrial computer
device usually include one or more portable or mounted keypad or touchscreen
console interfaces and can include mobile phone operation These control
interfaces allow users the ability to remotely toggle (on-off) power to individual or
groups of lights (and ceiling fans and other devices) operate dimmers and pre-
program space lighting levels
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
CHAPTER THREE
How it operates
Microcontroller based automatic room light control design are made up with
infrared signal mounted at the edges of the doors in any of the buildings in which
when its energized the transmitting signal and the receiving signal and awaits
any interruption of the links then the microcontroller count the number of
people on the interruption of signal The microcontroller will turn on the light at
the entry point by energizing the switch relay then count the number people that
exit the door point the microcontroller will decrement by the number of people
in the room until the last person exit the door the relay switches back to turn off
the light The exit signal also acknowledges interruption of signal links before
taking effect on the microcontroller
The components use for the design
Power supply unit
Microcontroller
Infrared sensors
transistors
Relay
Crystal (oscillator)
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
Power supply unit
The microcontroller based automatic room light control circuit is being powered by 5volts using voltage regulator(7805) which allow the micro controller to work on its maximum capacity and perform the following acts
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to operate While the first
preparations are in progress and parasite capacities are being charged the
first milliseconds go by
Power supply connectors are connected to the power supply source and
everything starts to happen at high speed The control logic registers what is
going on first It enables only quartz oscillator to work While the first
Microcontroller
Controller is the main part of the system where all the process flow will be
controlled by this hardware accordingly to the embedded programming in it
Microcontroller is chosen for the system as the controller The functions of the
microcontroller are limited by manufacturers or the types of certain model The
microcontroller that has been used in this system is manufactured by Atmel
Semiconductors and every families of the microcontroller have same or different
features
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
What is what in microcontroller
Obviously everything that occurs in the microcontroller occurs at high speed and
quite simple but it would not be so useful if there are no special interfaces which
make it complete Text below refers to that
Program Memory (ROM)
The Program Memory is a type of memory which permanently stores a program
being executed Obviously the maximal length of the program that can be written
to depends on the size of the memory Program memory can be built in the
microcontroller or added from outside as a separate chip which depends on type
of the microcontroller
Data Memory (RAM)
Data Memory is a type of memory used for temporary storing and keeping
different data and constants created and used during operating process The
content of this memory is erased once the power is off For example when the
program performs addition it is necessary to have a register presenting what in
everyday life is called ldquoa sumrdquo For that purpose one of the registers in RAM is
named as such and serves for storing results of addition Data memory size goes
up to a few KBs
EEPROM Memory
The EEPROM Memory is a special type of memory which not all the types of the
microcontrollers have Its content can be changed during program execution
(similar to RAM) but it is permanently saved even after the power goes off
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
(similar to ROM) It is used for storing different values created and used during
operating process and which must be saved upon turning off the device
(calibration values codes values to count up to etc)
A Passive Infrared Sensor
The IR-3 is an infrared sensor system designed to be used in conjunction with Iviersquos programmable iFlex 1026 and 884+ matrix mixers but will work with any equipment that has logic capable of responding to a contact closureThe IR-3 provides a logical signal to the mixer indicating whether a door is open or closed A mixer can be programmed to reconfigure the sound system based on which doors are open combining rooms changing levels
A Passive Infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic device that measures
infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view PIR sensors are often
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
used in the construction of PIR-based motion detectors (see below) Apparent
motion is detected when an infrared source with one temperature such as a
human passes in front of an infrared source with another temperature such as a
wall[1]
All objects above absolute zero emit energy and is in reference to what is known
as black body radiation It is usually infrared radiation that is invisible to the
human eye but can be detected by electronic devices designed for such a
purpose The term passive in this instance means that the PIR device does not
emit an infrared beam but merely passively accepts incoming infrared radiation
ldquoInfrardquo meaning below our ability to detect it visually and ldquoRedrdquo because this
color represents the lowest energy level that our eyes can sense before it
becomes invisible Thus infrared means below the energy level of the color red
and applies to many sources of invisible energy
Transistor
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals Because the controlled (output) power can be much more than the controlling (input) power the transistor provides amplification of a signal Today some transistors are packaged individually but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits
Relay
A relay is a simple electromechanical switch made up of an electromagnet and a set of contacts Relays are found hidden in all sorts of devices In fact some of the first computers ever built used relays to implement A type of relay that can
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
handle the high power required to directly drive an electric motor is called a contractor Solid-state relays control power circuits with no moving parts instead using a semiconductor device to perform switching Relays with calibrated operating characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or faults in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments still called protective relays
Crystal (oscillator)
The oscillator can be compared with rhythm section of a mini orchestra Equalized
pulses coming from this circuit enable harmonious and synchronic operating of all
other parts of the microcontroller
It is commonly configured so as to use quartz-crystal or ceramics resonator for
frequency stabilization it is important to know that instructions are not executed
at the rate ordered by oscillator but several times slower The reason for this is
that each instruction is executed in several steps (In some microcontrollers
execution time of all instructions is equal while in others microcontrollers
execution time differs for different instructions)
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
Block diagram of the design
Door and infrared sensors
PIC 61F887
Micro controller
Infrared receiver
Power source unit
Relay
Switch
Infrared
transmitter
Room light
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
CHAPTER FOUR
Conclusion
Building this project successfully has been a great challenge to me though
it has exposed me to proper understanding of basic principles of electronics
components This seminar Automatic room light control is an electronic desings
which can be used in a variety of ways ranging from
Advertising
It is used to beatify upgraded buildings
It can also be used in an institution to show various departments contained
in it These and lots more can be achieved with this scintillating electronic
wonder
However it has two major draw backs which are
It is very expensive to install in any firm
Most of the components used are not easily accessible
Recommendation
From the research I have carried on this seminar I found that very few organization knows about this technology and its being use in the western countries Appling this technology in our country in most of the executive buildings will improve our skill of development and attract foreign investors For this process to work effectively there must be constant power in any of the buildings where itrsquos applied
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples
References
Bolylestad R and Nashelky L (1996) Electronic device and circuit Theory
Penfold Robert (1980) Eveready Electronics
Theraja BL and Theraja A K (2002) Text book of electrical Technology
Menkiti AI Aumere OE Eze FC (2005) Introduction to Electronics
Ochiagha GC (Engr Dr) Okoronkwo Charles (Engr) Igweonu EI (Engr) (2005)
Electrical circuit theory with solved examples
Coskun and H Ardam ldquoA Remote Controller for Home and Office Appliances by
Telephonerdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 44 no 4 pp1291- 1297
November 1998
Daldal Nihat Microcontroller Based Control systemrdquo (In Turkish)
MC Term Project Gazi University Ankara 2003
E Wong ldquoA Phone-Based Remote Controller for Home and Office
Automationrdquo IEEE Trans Consumer Electron vol 40 no 1 pp 28-33 February
1995
wwwengineerlivecomworkingprinciples