Micro Controller based Current Fed Dual Bridge DC-DC …. Micro Controller based Current... ·...

Banothu Thavu. / International Journal of New Technologies in Science and EngineeringVol. 1, Issue. 1, Jan. 2014, ISSN XXXX-XXXX

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Micro Controller based Current Fed DualBridge DC-DC Converter

Banothu Thavu

Abstract-Here emphasis is to realize a new isolated current –fed pulse width modulation dc-dcconverter –current fed dualbridge dc –dc converter – with small inductance and no dead timeoperation Previously current fed full bridge dc-dc converter were used for few applications. Thereare few draw backs in current fed full bridge converter. The output of the dc choppers withresistive load is discontinue and contains harmonics .The ripple content is normally reduced by anLC filters But concentrating now current fed dual bridge. The new topology has more than 3 xsmaller inductance than that of current –fed full-bridge converter , thus having faster transientresponse speed Compared with the conventional Full bridge Converter, the dc to dc converter withthe new topologies have lower input current ripple, less stress on power switching components andsmaller output filter inductor.

Index Terms-Current-fed, dc-dc converter, deadtime, dual-bridge,

1.1INTRODUCTION

The main reason why AC electricity was accepted as the form of choice for the modern electric powersystem is the magnetic transformer. The inability to conveniently change voltage levels became one ofthe major drawbacks of Edison’s early DC system concept. The DC transformer can be a device that, likeits AC counterpart, provides lossless transfer of energy between circuits at different voltage or currentlevels which become useful to adopt DC system in place of existing AC systems. In power electronicsthe DC – transformer is realized as a DC – DC converter. Energy is transferred between two DC circuitsat different voltage and current levels.

Importance ofDC – DC Conversion

DC to DC conversion is significant in electronic circuit applications and is becoming increasinglyimportant. Modern fixed- output DC power Supplies find their way into products ranging from homeappliances to industrial controllers. A DC-to-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltageand produces a DC output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different voltage level than theinput. In addition, DC-to-DC converters are used to provide noise isolation, power bus regulation, etc.This is a summary of some of the popular DC-to-DC converter topologies: Today most supplies are builtwith DC to DC converters. The incoming AC is rectified directly with a simple diode circuit and then thehigh level DC is converted to desired levels. Modern power supplies of this type range from 2V outputfor special logic up to 500V or more for industrial applications. Others are intended to handle the 12Vlevel used in many telephone networks. Converters for 12V to 24V support analog power supplyapplications and are also used in many commercial designs for automobiles. The output of the oscillatoris fed to main output transformer through the MOSFETS driving stage. This is a step-up transformer,which generates 30V AC from a DC source of 12V. Contemporary research in DC-DC power conversionis strongly motivated by the need to increase performance while reducing size and maintaining orimproving efficiency.



To combat these difficulties, new circuit topologies and system architectures can beused. Replacinghard-switched square-wave topologies with resonant, soft-switched converters allows high frequencyconverter designs that take advantage of techniques employed in tuned radio frequency power amplifiers.To solve the problem of controlling thishigh-frequency DC-DC converters, a new architectural approachwill be employed whichpartially decouples the problems of efficient power conversion and controlledpower delivery.In this project work, the PWM oscillator is designed to produce 20 KHzapproximately,because the transformer core (Ferrite core) used in this project work can with stand up to20KHz only.

Problems with High-Frequency Power ConversionWhereas at low frequencies conduction losses are generally dominant, at highfrequencies two other lossmechanisms, switching loss and gating loss, must also beconsidered. In addition, traditional controlstrategies for low frequency converters areimpractical at high frequencies. Finally, implementing passivecomponents compatible withefficient power processing at high frequency is often difficult; inductors areof particularconcern, as there exist few permeable materials whose performance is acceptableforapplication in high frequency power conversion.

Switching LossSwitching loss arises from the fact that no practical active element can turn on or off instantaneously:there is some interval during which the device must traverse the region between the on and off states.During this time, the device both conducts current and dropsVoltage, dissipating power. To ameliorateswitching losses, zero-voltage switching topologies are often employed. In these topologies, a continuousresonating action is used toensure that switches only change state when supporting little or no voltage.While ZVS canbe advantageous when applied to DC-DC conversion at full load, it becomes a problematlight load: since the losses accompanying resonant operation are present at all loadconditions,efficiency when delivering only a fraction of full power is severely reduced.

Gating LossGating loss is a result of the fact that turning any active device on or off involves atransfer of energy. Ina MOSFET, for example, the gate capacitance must be charged to turnthe device on and discharged toturn it off. In a switching scheme where the gate terminal isCharged from the supply and discharged intoground, power loss proportional to frequencyresults. By employing resonant structures in driving thegate, energy can be recovered andreused in subsequent cycles. In the simplest of such circuits, theenergy transferred onto thegate capacitor is transferred off and stored on an external inductor until thenext switching.Cycle; in this way, energy is only lost in conduction. In effect, a resonant gate driver isitselfan RF amplifier; thus, the benefits of resonant gate drive can often be most fully developedby usinga cascade of resonant converters, one driving the next.

Control StrategiesControl strategies employed at low frequencies are not easily adapted to efficient highfrequencytopologies. Since such strategies often required direct manipulation of theharmonic content of operatingwaveforms, they are generally incompatible with ZVS andresonant gate drive topologies. Regulation canbe achieved by other techniques, such asfrequency control; even so, realizing regulation over a wideload range becomes increasinglydifficult as frequencies increase, as do considerations of converterdynamics and the complexity of implementing control circuitry.The purpose of this project work is todemonstrate the operation of DC – DC converter. The main advantage of this converter is, the output



voltage of this converter can beprogrammed, so that the required voltage can be obtained. The basicoscillator of theconverter is designed with PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) IC, for this purpose 3524 ICisinternal oscillator; with the help of two external components i.e., Resistor andcapacitor connected toPin No.6 and 7of the IC; frequency can be varied from 1Hz to50KHZ. The required frequency is 20KHz approximately.

The oscillator frequency can be easily set by an external resistor. The output of theoscillator is fed tomain output transformer through the MOSFETS driving stage. This is astep-up transformer, whichgenerates 30V AC from a DC source of 12V.The selection of inverter transistors or power MOSFETSand the design of theinverter transformer depend on the specific requirement of the inverter. If theaccuracy ofthe specification is more or the tolerances are higher, it is more difficult to design and thecostalso increases considerably. DC-to-DC converters are usually designed for the highestpossibleefficiency but if the output and frequency stability are higher, it simplicity. Some ofthe specificrequirements of an inverter or converter may be listed as follows;_ Input Voltage and its variation_ Nominal output voltage and its regulation_ Output frequency and its stability_ Output power_ Type of load and power factor_ Overall efficiency at various loads_ Size and weightThe controller used in this project is ATMEL 89C51, and this is 40pin IC having 32I/O lines. TheATMEL AT89C51 is a low power, higher performance CMOS 8-bitmicrocomputer with 4K bytes offlash programmable and erasable read only memory(PEROM). Its high-density non-volatile memorycompatible with standard MCS-51instruction set makes it a powerful controller that provides highlyflexible and cost effectivesolution to control applications.Micro-controller works according to theprogram written in it. The program is writtenin such a way, so that the Micro controller can read and itcan store the information receivedfrom the keyboard. According to the received information from thekeyboard, the Microcontroller energizes the corresponding relay. These relay contacts are used tocontrol thereference voltage of variable regulator. Micro-controllers are "Embedded" inside some otherdevice so that they can controlthe features or actions of the product.

2. FULL BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER.

The novel soft-switching topology for DC–DC converters for Regulated- Outputapplications and forConstant–Input, Variable Output applications is discussed by (AyyanarR. et al, 2001). The features hereare Zero voltage switching down to no–load without seriousconduction loss penalty, constant frequencyoperation and near-ideal filter waveforms. Theconverter operation is analysed for typical Switched–mode power supply applications i.e.,fixed and well– regulated output voltage and for battery chargerswith a PFC pre-regulatori.e., for fixed–input, variable output applications.

Isolated converter topologies:Isolated converter topologies provide advantages in applications requiring largevoltage conversionratios. Transformer isolation can reduce switch and diode device stressesand allows multiple windingsor taps to be used to for multiple converter outputs. The full bridgeis a popular design for both buck andboost applications and has become a basis fornumerous resonant zero voltage and zero current switching(ZVS, ZCS) schemes. Often inhigh power applications a phase shift modulation (PSM) switching



scheme is used to achieveZVS and/or ZCS transitions through the interaction of converter parasiticenergy storageelements. Another advantage for using the full bridge converter is the fact that whenpower application are requested the full bridge converter can act as a modular block and thatit is possibleto stack up . For this purpose the chosen topology for the converter to be used in this application is a Fullbridge phase shifted PWM converter. Higher power application are requested the full bridge convertercan act as a modular block and thatit is possible to stack up. For this purpose the chosen topology for theconverter to be used inthis application is a Full bridge phase shifted PWM converter.

FB-Converter Model in DCM & CCMIn order to reduce the size and the weight of magnetic components it is desirable toincrease theswitching frequency for DC-DC converters. When conventional PWMconverters are operated at highfrequencies, the circuit parasitic has negative effects on theconverter performance. Switching lossesincrease in high power applications and snubbersand/or other means of protection are required, whichintroduce significant losses and lowerthe efficiency. In the case of the conventional full bridgeconverter, the diagonally oppositeswitches (Q1 and Q2, or Q3 and Q4) are turned on and offsimultaneously.Operation:In the FB-PWM converter, when all four switches are turned off, the load current freewheels through therectifier diodes. In this case the energy stored in the leakageinductance of the power transformer causessevere ringing with MOSFET junctioncapacitances. This creates the need for using snubbers thatincrease the overall lossesbringing down the efficiency. If snubbers are not used, the selection of thedevices becomesmore difficult as the voltage rating for these switches has to be much higher. As thevoltagerating goes up, so do the conduction losses and as a result the overall losses increase. At thesametime the cost increases as well. In order to minimize the parasitic ringing, the gatesignals of Q2 and Q4are delayed (phase-shifted) with respect to those of Q1 and Q3, so thatthe primary of the transformer iseither connected to the input voltage or shorted.The leakage inductance current is never interrupted, thussolving the problem of parasitic ringing associated with the conventional full-bridge PWM converter.



Besides preventing switches A and B (or C and D) from conducting simultaneously,this dead time isessential for conventional dual-end (half- and full-bridge.) converters to obtain a regulated outputvoltage when the input voltage changes. During the dead time, theinput current becomes zero; thisdiscontinuity causes a large input ripple current. Thus, largeinput filters must be used to satisfy theconducted EMC requirements. This dead time alsoneeds a large output inductor to smooth the outputvoltage and limit the ripple currentthrough it. The large output inductor slows the output response time.

Lower output inductance value improves the output transient speed and reduces theoutput filter size,thus improving power density (power-to-volume ratio) of the DC-DCconverter. Several methods, forexample, magnetic transformer tapping and implementationwith two transformers can be used to realizeno dead time topologies.Figure 2.3 shows their typical waveforms of input current inn and the voltageVpacross the primary winding of the transformer. This research presents two topologies of nodead timeDC-DC converters. They are the Dual-Bridge DC-DC converter and the Dual-Bridge converter withZVS. The new topologies are characterized by no dead time propertyand have significantly reducedoutput filter inductors.

CCMand DCM OperationDCM occurs with large inductor current ripple in a converter operating at light loadand containingcurrent-unidirectional switches. Since it is usually required that convertersoperate at no load, DCM is



frequently encountered. The properties of the converter changeradically in the discontinuous conductionmode. The conversion ratio M becomes loaddependent and the output impedance is increased.

The ripple magnitude depends on the applied voltage, the inductance value, and onthe transistorconduction time DTs. However, the ripple does not depend on the loadresistance R. The inductor currentripple magnitude varies with the applied voltages ratherthan the applied currents. If the load resistance isincreased so that the DC load current isdecreased, the ripple magnitude L i. will remain unchanged. Ifthe load resistance increasesthere will be a point when L i I. = is reached. As the load is decreased, thediode currentcannot be negative therefore the diode must become reverse biased before the end oftheswitching period. This is what is known as discontinuous conduction mode (DCM).

3. DUAL BRIDGE DC-DC CONVERTER AND BLOCKDIAGRAM AND ITS BRIEFDESCRIPTION

Dual Bridge DC-DC Converter

With the wide spread use of low voltage microprocessors as well as various low –voltage ICs, researchon DC – DC converters with low voltage and high current output hasbecome increasingly important.There has been a recent trend in industry to use the bridgetopologies in lower conversion power rangesof 100W to 300W and lower input voltage inthe tens of volts. This chapter deals with the circuitdescription and operation of the twoTopologies of Dual bridge DC to DC converter. Also, thecomparison of the circuit withConventional full bridge is done and the Fourier spectra of both thecircuits are presented.

Topologies to Prevent Dead TimeThe topologies used to prevent dead time are the two transformer implementationwith two diode outputrectifier and the tapped primary full bridge circuit.



Advantages of No Dead Time OperationThe topologies with no dead time during the operation result in energy beingcontinuously transmittedfrom DC source to the output load in the whole switching period.Because of the lower input ripplecurrent in a no dead time DC – DC converter, theconducted EMI filter is relatively smaller. Loweroutput inductance value improves theoutput transient speed and reduces the output filter size, thusimproving power density (powerto volume ratio) of the DC – DC converterCircuit Description:The switches S1, S2, S3 and S4 form a Full bridge converter. The switches S1, S2 andcapacitors C1, C2form a Half bridge converter. Dual - bridge shown in Figure 3.3 is the.Combination of the two bridges.The two bridges are connected by S5 for bidirectional controlof current. Suppose the converter works insteady state and its output inductor current isunder continuous conduction mode. The high frequencytransformer is modelled by the following: the transformer has theturn’s ratio n, its total stray inductanceLσ is the sum of the primary stray inductance and thesecondary stray inductance reflected across thetransformer to the primary. The magnetizinginductance Lm is much bigger than the leakageinductance.Figure 3.3 Dual bridge DC-DC converters.

Circuit:



Circuit OperationIn mode 1 as in Figure 3.4(a) the switches S1 and S4 are turned on. TheLoad Current flows through S1,load and S4. The voltage across the primary side oftransformer, Vp = Vin and voltage across thesecondary side of transformer, Vs=nVin. Inputcurrent iin increases and equals the primary windingcurrent ip.

In mode 2 as in Figure 3.4. (b) The switches S4 is off and S5 is on. The current ip flowsthrough S1, loadand S5 charging C2 while the capacitor C1 discharges. The voltages, Vp =Vin/2 and Vs = nVp =nVin/2. At t2, S1 and S5 turn off and S2 and S3 turn on.



The mode 3 operation as in Figure 3.4(c) is in symmetry with time intervalt0 < t< t1 and the voltage,Vs= nVp=-nVin. The operation of mode 4 as in Figure 3.4(d) is insymmetry with time interval t1< t< t2and now the voltage, Vs= nVp =-nVin/2.

Idealized WaveformsThe ideal waveforms of the Dual Bridge converter are shown inFigure 3.5

The control signals of the switches S1 to S5 are as shown. VS1 and VS2 are two 50%duty ratiocomplementary control signals of S1 and S2. VS3 and VS4 are control signals ofswitches S3 and S4with duty ratio, D and switching frequency, f. VS5 operates at f0 = 2f (T0 =T/2). The values of D and(1-D) are obtained from the equations 4.1 and 4.2.D = (t1 - t0) / T0 = (t3 – t2) / T0 … (3.1)1 - D = (t2 - t1)/ T0 = (t4 – t3) / T0 … (3.2)



Advantages of Dual bridge topology over ConventionalMethodsThe following are the advantages of Dual bridge topology over the conventional methods._ No dead time._ One power transformer and no magnetic tapping on the primary winding._ significantly reduced input current ripple._ significantly reduced output filter inductance value, thus inductor size._ Less stress on switching components._ Self – Driven synchronous rectifiers can be used as output rectifiers to increase thePower efficiency of the converter._ The ZVS dual bridge DC – DC converter is implemented by fixed frequency PWMControl without using phase – modulated control.

4. BLOCK DIAGRAM AND ITS BRIEF DESCRIPTIONThe block diagram and its brief description of the project work “MICROCONTROLLER BASEDPROGRAMMABLE DC - DC CONVERTER” is explained in thischapter. The main block diagram,which is shown at the end of this chapter, consistsfollowing blocks.

Fig: 4.1 block diagram for micro controller based programmable dc - dc converter

DC- DC Converters – An OverviewMany Industrial drives and processes take power from DC voltage sources. In mostcases, conversion ofDC source voltage to different levels is required. For example, Bus,Train, Ship, Flight, etc; Generallythese kind of huge traveling bodies are equipped with hugebatteries, and with the help of this DC – DCConverter, different DC levels are generated toenergize various electronics equipment’s. There



Fig: 4.2 Hardware implementation of“Micro controller based current fed dual bridge dc-dc converter”

is a need to energize electrical devices likeTube light, cooler, etc.; for which AC voltage is required andwith the help of an inverterconnected to a fixed DC source as input source, the required AC voltage canbe generated.Weather it is a Inverter or Converter, the input source is DC, and generates differentDClevels or from DC to AC source to energize various Electrical and Electronic devices belongsto thesetraveling bodies.

Many Industries (manufacturers of DC – DC converters) offering high powerconverters up to 1000W.Using high switching frequency, hybrid circuit, chip-on-board andsurface mounting technologies, theseDC-DC converters provide high power density, a lowprofile and high efficiency. Accurate currentsharing and fixed frequency synchronization ofDC-DC converters allows reliable parallel operation foreasy expansion. The product linecovers commercial, industrial and military grade applications.

SIMULATION RESULTS5. Simulation of Current Fed Full bridge DC-DC converter

Simulation circuit for current fed ful bridge DC-DC converter is shown in fig: 5.1



Fig: 5.1 Current-Fed Full Bridge DC-DC Converter

Fig: 5.2 input and Output Voltage Waveforms

Fig: 5.3 Transformer & Secondary Waveforms

Fig: 5.4Output Voltage WaveformThe simulation was done for conventional half bridge and Full bridge DC-DCconverter and Dual BridgeConverter systems. The simulation results are presented. Fourierspectrum was obtained for Conventionalcircuit and Dual Bridge circuit. From the frequencyspectrum it is observed that the Dual bridge DC-DCconverter produces lesser harmonicscompared to the conventional converter. Significantly reduced inputcurrent ripple.

6. Simulation of Current Fed Dual bridge DC-DC converter



Fig: 6.1Current-Fed Dual-Bridge DC-DC Converter

Fig: 6.2 Switching Pulses for M1, M2, M3, M4, M5, M6

Fig: 6.3 Transformer Primary & Secondary Waveforms



Fig: 6.4 Output Voltage Waveform

7. CONCLUSION

The topologies Dual Bridge DC – DC Converter have been described with modesof operation and idealwaveforms. The circuits have been analyzed. The simulation was donefor conventional Full bridge DC-DC converter and Dual Bridge Converter systems. Thesimulation results are presented. Fourier spectrumwas obtained for Conventional circuit andDual Bridge circuit. From the frequency spectrum it isobserved that the Dual Bridge DC-DCConverter produces lesser harmonics compared to theconventional converter.The timing sequence of control signals, transformer primary voltage with nodeadtime operation and simulation results are given by IEEE transactions on Power Electronics,Vol.19,No.1, January 2004 by Wei Song and Brad Lehman. The Dual Bridge DC-DCConverter for R load wasimplemented. The various stages of the control and main circuitsare presented with all specifications.The output waveforms obtained at different stages arepresented. The experimental results coincide withthe simulation results.This project work “MICRO CONTROLLER BASED PROGRAMMABLE DC-DCCONVERTER” is successfully designed developed tested and a prototype Module isfabricated forthe demonstration purpose. Since it is a prototype module, the converter outputcurrent is limited to 500milli amps, but for the various practical applications this current canbe increased. The converter isdesigned to operate at 12V DC, for this purpose 12V lead acidbattery can be used as input source andsolar energy can be utilized for charging the battery.For the demonstration purpose 6 different DC levelsare designed, in case if requiredmore outputs can be derived from the same converter. Similarly theoutput voltages also canbe programmed according to the one’s requirement. This type of designs is verywell suitedfor field applications where the domestic power is not available.

The advantage of PWM IC based converters is compact in design, easy for maintenance andtroubleshooting. To increase the power handling capacity, higher rating MOSFETS can be used with asuitable main output transformer. In this project work, for programming the desired outputmicrocontroller chip is used for selecting the channel as well as for displaying the channel voltage. Thesame controller also can be used for displaying the channel current. For thispurpose, current transformercan be used and its primary can be connected in series with theload. The current flowing through CTprimary can be measured and displayed with little modifications in the hardware and software.

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[30]. M.Balachandran and N.P.Subramaniam, “Fuzzy Logic Controller for Z-Source Cascaded Multilevel Inverter”,International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 6, Issue. 1,pp .30-34, Aug-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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[32]. Omveer Singh, Prabhakar Tiwari, Ibraheem and Arunesh Kr. Singh, “A Survey of Recent Automatic GenerationControl Strategies in Power Systems”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics(IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 7, Issue. 2, pp. 1-14, Sep-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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[34]. P.Pugazhendiran, M.Sujith and Dr.S.S.Jayachandran, “Matlab Based HVCT Fault Analysis”, International Journal ofEmerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp. 105-108, April-2013,www.iret.co.in.

[35]. Jayeshkumar G. Priolkar and Vinayak N. Shet, “A Review on Protection Issues in Microgrid”, International Journal ofEmerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 2, Issue. 1, pp. 6-11, April-2013,www.iret.co.in.

[36]. Neha Gupta, Harish Balaga, D. N. Vishwakarma, “Numerical Differential Protection of Power Transformer using GATrained ANN”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569),Vol. 3, Issue.1, pp. 1-7, May-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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[39]. Miss Shraddha Mehta, Miss Mital Upahaya, Miss Mita Rathod, “CloudComputing: A Review”, International Journalof Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 4, Issue. 2, pp. 29-31, June-2013,www.iret.co.in.

[40]. Ms. Mohini Pande, Mr.Dishant Vyas, Ms.Roopakiran Yeluri and Prof.(Mrs).Suvarna K.Gaikwad, “MicrocontrollerBased Neural Network Controlled Low Cost Autonomous Vehicle”, International Journal of Emerging Trends inElectrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 2, Issue. 4, pp. 36-39, April-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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[44]. MoganapriyaKrishnakumar andPanneerselvamManickam, “Modeling and Neuro-Fuzzy Control of DFIG in WindPower Systems for Grid Power Leveling”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics(IJETEE – ISSN: 2320-9569) Vol. 3, Issue.1, pp. 8-14, May-2013, www.iret.co.in.

[45]. Devendra Singh, Gyanendra yadav, DivyaPratap Singh and GyanRanjan Gupta, “Maximum Power Point Tracking ForPV Based Solar System: A Review”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE-ISSN: 2320-9569), Vol. 3, Issue.1, pp. 29-30, May-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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[47]. Rupert Gouws and Elizbe van Niekerk, “Prototype Super-capacitor Photovoltaic Streetlight with xLogic SuperRelayFunctionality”, International Journal of Emerging Trends in Electrical and Electronics (IJETEE- ISSN: 2320-9569),Vol. 7, Issue. 1, pp. 34-39, Sep-2013, www.iret.co.in.

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9. APPENDIX

HARDWARE DETAILS

The IC’s and other important components used in this project work, procured from theHyderabadElectronics Market. The details or data sheets of the IC’s are down loaded from theInternet. Thefollowing are the web sites that can be browsed for collecting the data sheets._www. Texas Instruments.com_www. National semiconductors.comwww. Fairchild semiconductors.comThe following are the IC’s and other important components used in this project work(1) 89C51 Microcontroller Chip(2) 74LS573 Latch(3) SGS 3524 PWM IC(4) LM 317 3-Terminal Adjustable Regulator(5) Voltage Regulator(6) Z44 Power MOSFETS(7) Relay(8) BC 547The required PCB’S (Printed Circuit boards) for the project work fabricated by SUNRISE CIRCUITS,Kushaiguda Industrial Estate, Hyderabad. Kushaiguda Industrial Estate isvery famous for fabricating theIndustrial grade PCB’s.



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