8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

1/12

Pergamon Chemosphere,Vol. 39, No. 13, pp. 2301-2312, 199~ 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved0045-6535/99/$ - see front matterPII: S0045-6535(99)00139-3

M I C R O N U C L E U S A S S A Y A N D L Y M P H O C Y T E M I T O T IC A C T I V IT YIN R IS K A S S E S S M E N T O F O C C U P A T I O N A L E X P O S U R E T O

M I C R O W A V E R A D I AT IO N

Vera Garaj- Vrhovac

Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska c. 2, HR-10001 Zagreb, Croatia

Corresponding author: Tel.: ++385 1 4673 188; Fax.: ++385 1 4673 303;E-mall: vgaraj@mimi.imi.hr

(Received in Germany 26 November 1998; accepted 22 March 1999)

Ab s t r a c tThe effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RFR) on the cellkinetics and genome damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes were determinedin lymphocytes of 12 subjects occupationally exposed to microwave radiation.Results showed an increase in frequency of micronuclei (MN) as well asdisturbances in the distribution of cells over the first, second and third mitoticdivision in exposed subjects compared to controls. According to previousreports micronucleus assay can serve as a suitable indicator for the assessmentof exposure to genotoxic agents (such as RFR ) and the analysis of mitoticactivity as an additional parameter for the efficient biomonitoring.1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reservedKEY WORDS: microwave radiation, mitotic activity, micronucleus assay,occupational exposure, human lymphocytes

2301

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

2/12

2 3 0 2I n t r odu c t i on

W i d e l y u s e d p o l i c e a n d m i l it a ry r a d a rs a r e v e r y p o t e n t s o u r c e s o fr a d i o f r e q u e n c y e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c r a d ia t io n - R F R ( in th e n o n - i o n i z i n g r a n g e 1 0k H z - 3 0 0 G H z ) . B i o l o g i c a l a n d p o s s i b le e f e c ts o f s u c h e x p o s u r e h a v e l o n gbe e n a s ub j e c t s o f s c i e n t if i c i n t e re s t . I t is kno w n t ha t e xp os u r e t o m i c r o w a ver a d i a t i on ha d d i f f e r e n t b i o l og i c a l e f f e c t s on t he e ye , t he ne r v ous s y s t e m a nd i t sf unc t i on , c i r c u l a t o r y a nd t he r e p r oduc t i ve s y s t e m [ 1 , 2 , 3 a nd 4 ] . R e s u l t sob t a i ne d on t he l e ve l o f the c e l l a nd r e s u l t s o f a n ima l a nd e p i d e mi o l og i c a ls t u d ie s p r o v e d o f g r e a t i m p o r t a n e i n th e a s s e ss m e n t o f p o t e n t i a l b i o lo g i c a l an dc a r c i n o g e n i c e f f e c ts i n d u c e d b y m i c r o w a v e r a d i a ti o n [ 5 ,6 , 7 ]. A v a i l a b l e d a t a o nc y t o g e n e t ic c o n s e q e n c e s o f m i c r o w a v e e x p o s u r e o n t h e i n d u ct io n o fc h r o m o s o m e d a m a g e a r e s o m e t i m e s c o n t r a d i c t o r y , m o s t l y b e c a u s e o f d i f fe r e n te x p e r i m e n t a l c o n d i t i o n s o f i l l v i t r o an d i n v i v o s tudies [8 ,9 ,10 and 11 ] .

T h e a i m o f th i s s t u d y w a s t o i n v e s t ig a t e th e e f f e c t s o f m i c r o w a v er a d i a t i on on i ndu c t i on a nd f r e que nc y o f mi c r on uc l e i in pe r i phe r a l b l oodl y m p h o c y t e s o f o c c u p a t i o n a l l y e x p o s e d s u b je c ts . T h e m i t o ti c a c t iv i t y o fl y m p h o c y t e s w a s a l s o s t u d i e d a s a n a d d i t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r t b r t h e e v a l u a t i o n o fe f f e c t s i n th e b i o m o n i t o r i n g o f m i c r o w a v e r a d i a ti o n e x p o s u r e .

M A T E R I A L S A N D M E T H O D S

S u b j e c t sT h e s t udy w a s c a r r i e d ou t on 12 cl i n ic a l ly he a l t hy w or ke r s , non s mo ke r s ,e m p l o y e d o n r a d a r e q u i p m e n t a n d a n t e n n a s y s t e m s e r v i c e . A l l s u b j e c t s w e r em a l e . T h e s u b j e c ts w o r k e d w i th i n a m i c r o w a v e f ie l d o f 1 0 1 - tW / c m -

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

3/12

20mW/cm2 with frequency range of 1250-1350 MHz. Their average age was40.6 yr (21-55 yrs) and employment duration 13.3 yrs (10-19 yrs). The controlgroup consisted of 12 nonsmoking subjects of the similar age. They had neverworked with any source of ionizing or nonionizing radiation. For bothexperimental groups, data were collected on previous diagnostic or therapeuticexaminations including exposure to radiation sources or chemical agents.

2303

M e t h o d s

Cytogenetic damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes of subjectsoccupationally exposed to microwave was assessed through micronucleus assayand the analysis of mitotic activity. Both test procedures were carried out onperipheral blood lymphocytes cultivated in in vitro conditions.

Micronucleus assay on 72-hours lymphocyte culture was used tomeasure the risk of occupational exposure to non-ionizing radiation.. Wholeblood samples were cultivated in vitro in F-10 medium (Gibco) supplementedwith fetal bovine serum (Biological Industries, Israel) and phytohaemagglutinin(Murex). After 44 hours o f incubation, the lymphocyte culture was addedcytochalasin B (Sigma) in final concentration of 3 ktg/ml. Preparations weremade according to modified method of Fenech and Morley [ 12]. Lymphocyteswere fixed in 3:1 methanol-acetic acid without hypotonic treatment and thenstained with Giemsa. For each subject 500 binucleated cells were analysed andthe total number and distribution of micronuclei were determined. Thesignificance of differences between the experimental groups was calculated byanalysis of variance.

Lymphocyte mitotic activity was determined on slides prepared for sisterchromatid exchange (SCE) analysis. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) in a finalconcentration of 10 lag/rnl was added to the culture medium. Preparations were

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

4/12

2 3 0 4m a de a c c o r d ing to P e r r y [ 13 ]. C e l l k ine t i c s wa s inve s t iga t e d by sc o r ingn u m b e r o f c e l ls i n t h e f ir s t ( M I ) , s e c o n d ( M 2 ) a n d t h i rd m i t o s is (M 3 ) . T h o s ec e l l s a r e e a sy to d i s t i ngu i sh a s t he y d i f f er i n t he c o lo r o f c h r om a t ide s . F o r e a c hsub je c t 500 c e l l s we r e a na lyse d . F igu r e 1 show s r e su l t s o f 72 - hour s o flym phoc y te c u l t i va t ion f o r t he f i r s t, s e c on d a n d th i r d m i tos i s .

R E S U L T ST a b l e 1 s h o w s t h e f r e q u e n c y o f m i c r o n u c l ei a n d t h e i r d i st r i b u ti o n i n

b i n u c l e a t e d c el ls f o r b o t h e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p s . M a x i m a l n u m b e r o f m i c r o n u c l e ii n s o m e s u b j e c ts o f c o n tr o l g r o u p w a s u p t o 7 M N p e r 5 0 0 a n a l y s ed c el ls . T h em a j o r i t y o f b i n u c l e a te d c e ll s c o n t a in e d o n l y o n e m i c r o n u c l e u s , w h i l e t w os u b j e c ts h ad b i n u c l e a t e d c e l ls w i t h t w o m i c r o n u c l e i. T h e e x p o s e d g r o u ps u b j e c ts s h o w e d a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f m i c r o n u c l e i ( u p t o 2 3 M N p e r500 a na lyse d c e ll s ). Th e m a jo r i ty o f b inuc le a t e d c e l ls c on ta ine d 2 o r 3m ic r onu c le i . On e - w a y a na lys i s o f va r i a nc e show e d s ign i f i c a n t d i f f e re nc e sb e t w e e n c o n t r o l a n d e x p o s e d g r o u p ( F - r a t io 1 7 .3 9 5 ).The c e l l c yc l e p r og r e s s ion wa s m e a su r e d a s a pe r c e n ta ge o f f i rs t ( M 1) , s e c o nd( M 2 ) o r t h i rd ( M 3 ) m e t a p h a s e s f o l l o w i n g g r o w t h o f c e ll s in t h e p r e s e n c e o f 5 -b r o m o d e o x y u r i d i n e ( F i g u r e 1 ).

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

5/12

T A B L E 1. F r e q u e n c y a n d d i st r i bu t i o n o f m i c r o n u c l e i ( M N ) i n c o n t r o l g r o u pa n d g r o u p o c c u p a t i o n a l l y e x p o s e d to m i c r o w a v e r ad i a t io n

2 3 0 5

S U B J E C T C O N T R O L G R O U P E X P O S E D G R O U PN o

N o . o f b i n u c l e a te d c e l ls M N / 5 0 0 N o . o f b i n u c l e a te d c e l l s M N / 5 0 0w i t h c e l l s w i t h c e l l s

1 M N 2 M N 3 M N 1 M N 2 M N 3 M N1 5 0 0 5 17 3 0 232 4 1 0 6 13 2 0 173 2 0 0 2 10 1 0 124 5 0 0 5 10 2 0 145 7 0 0 7 14 1 0 166 3 0 0 3 11 2 0 157 5 0 0 5 8 0 0 88 2 1 0 4 12 0 0 129 2 0 0 2 22 0 0 2210 2 0 0 2 7 1 0 911 3 0 0 3 2 0 2 812 6 0 0 6 8 0 0 8

I n co n t r o l g r o u p , t h e 1 6 . 6 % o f c e ll s u n d e r w e n t t h e f ir st m i to s i s , 4 2 . 7 % t h es r c o n d m i t o s i s a n d 4 0 .6 * /0 t h e t h i r d m i t o s i s . L y m p h o c y t e m i t o t i c a c t i v it y i ns u b j e c ts p e r m a n e n t l y e x p o s e d t o m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i on i n d i c a te s d i s t u r b a n c e o fc e ll d i s t r i b u t i o n o v e r p a r t ic u l a r ly m i t o t i c c y c l e s. F i g u r e 1 s h o w s t h e p r o p o r t i o no f l y m p h o c y t e s u n d e r g o i n g t h e f ir st , t h e s e c o n d a n d t h e t h i rd m i t o s i s f o r e a c hs u b j e c t o c c u p a t i o n a ll y e x p o s e d t o m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t io n c o m p a r e d t o c o n t r o lg r o u p .

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

6/12

2 3 0 6

10 09 08 07 06 0~ 5o

~ 403O::'0100

10 09 08 07 08 0

~, 5oN 4o

3O20tO0

10 09 08 07 060

~ 5o~ 4o

3O20100

o

o

o o oc o n t r o l

c' oo o

2 4 @ 8 10 12 '14c a s e n u m b e r

oo

oo []o

c o n t r o l

D o ao c]

2 # 6 8 1O 12 14.c a s e n u m b e r

+-~

++

++

+ +~ n t r o l

Z ~ 6 8 10 12 14c a s e n u m b e r

F I G U R E 1 . D i s t u r b a n c e o f c e ll s i n t h e f ir s t (M 1 ) , s e c o n d ( M 2 ) a n d t h i r d m i t o s i s ( M 3 ) o fe a c h s u b j ec t o c c u p a t i o n a l ly e x po s e d t o m i c r o w a v e r a d i a t i o n c o m p a r e d t o c o n t r o l g r o u p

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

7/12

D ISCUSS IONS i nc e r a da r e qu i pme n t i s w i d l y use d i n ou r e nv i r onme n t , it w o u l d be

i mpor t a n t t o know w he t he r i t c a n g i ve i nduc e c h r omo soma l a l t e r na ti ons suc ha s D N A d a m a g e , c h r o m o s o m a l a b e r r a t i o n s a n d / o r m i e r o n u c l e i i noc c upa t i ona l l y e xpose d sub j e c t s . A l t hough poss i b l e e f f e c t s o f mi c r ow a ver a d i a t i on ha ve r e c e i ve d c ons i de r a b l e r e se a r c h a t t e n t i on , t he r e i s l i t t l e a nddi f fe rent eviden ce of b iolo gica l or hea l thy e f fec ts [2 ,5 ,7 and 14].

T o a s se s s po t e n t i a l ge no t ox i c e ff e c t s o f t he non- i on i z i ng r a d i a t ion , w ee x a m i n ed 1 2 s u b j ec t s w h o s e e v e r y d a y w o r k i n v o lv e d e x p o s u r e t o m i c r o w a v er a d i a ti on . I n o r de r t o e va l ua t e c on t inue d a nd r e c e n t ge no t ox i c e f f e c t s w e use dmi c r onuc l e us a s sa y a nd t h e a na l ys is o f l ymph oc y t e mi t o t i c a c t iv i t y on m v i t r oc u l t u r e o f pe r i phe r a l b l ood l ymphoc y t e s . A s a mul t i - e ndpo i n t a s sa ymi c r onuc l e us t e s t i s ve r y use f u l f o r s i mul t a ne ous de t e c ti on o f mi t o t i c de l a y ,a pop t os i s , c h r om osom e b r e a ka ge , c h r om osom e l os s a nd non- d i s j unc t i on [ 15 ].

T he i nc r e a se d numb e r o f m i c r onu c l e i f ound i n t he e xpose d sub j e c t s ma yr e f le c t c h r omo soma l da m a ge o r mi t o t i c sp ind l e d i s t u rba nc e s du r ing t he c e l ld i v i si on . O u r r e su l t s c onf i r m p r e v i ous i nve s t iga t i ons w h i c h i nd i c a t e t ha t t hep e r c e n ta g e o f c h r o m o s o m e a b e r ra t io n s i n c re a s e s in t h e l y m p h o c y t e s o f w o r k e r soc c upa t i ona l l y e xpos e d t o r a da r [ 16 ]. S i mi l a r obse r va t i ons w e r e ma d e by o t he ra u t hor s on t he c e l ls i n v i t r o exp osed to radiof requen c ies [9 ,17]. La i and Singh[ 11] po i n t e d ou t t ha t a c u t e e xposur e t o r a d i o f r e que nc y e l e c t r oma gne t i cr a d i a t i o n ( R F R ) a t a n a v e r a g e d w h o l e b o d y S A R o f 1 . 2 W / k g c a u s e s as i gn if i ca n t i nc r e a se in bo t h s i ng l e - a nd doub l e - s t ra nd D N A br e a ks i n b r a i n c e l l so f t he r a t s . Mor e o ve r , V e r sc ha e ve e t a l. [ 18 ] r e p or t e d a n i nc r e a se i n s i ng l e-s t ra n d D N A b r e a k s b y a l k a li n e m i c r o g e l d e c t r o p h o r e s i s m e t h o d i n l y m p h o c y t e sf r om huma n b l ood sa mpl e s e xpose d t o 954 M H z R F R. A l l t he se s t ud ie s po i n t

2 3 0 7

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

8/12

2308to chromosomal DNA damages in cells after exposure to RFR. However, someother studies related these damages to the thermal effect and did not showsignificant mutagenic effect of the RFR exposure [ 10,19].

Mieroncleus assay and the analysis of lymphocyte mitotic activity (studyof cell kinetics) are, in addition to conventional cytogenetic assays (structuralchromosome aberrations and sister chromatid exchanges), useful screeningtechniques for determination of recent exposure and evaluation of mutagenicpotential of some agents [20,21,22,23 ].

Present results on mitotic activity and the increased frequency ofmicronuclei indicate that disturbances in cell distribution over particularlymitotic cycles are more frequent in subjects exposed to microwave radiationthan controls (Figure 1). It is possible that,due to non-ionizingradiation, somecells lose their cytokinetic control mechanisms and, stimulated with mitogeniccompounds such as phytohaemagglutinin start to divide in their own rhythm ofcell division. This may explain evident irregularities observed in cell distributionover mitotic cycles (M1, M2, M3). Previous studies have shown thatmicrowave exposure prevents DNA from entering into the S-phase of cell cycle[8] These results are in agreement with predictions that proliferative changesresulted from effects of RFR on CHO cells in specific cell cycle phasesindicated statistically effects on cells exposed during either Go/G 1 or S-phase[251,

Direct interaction of the radiation w~th DNA molecules in in vitroconditions result in cell genome damages which persist in the cell for distinctperiod of time and consequently might cause different malignances [26]. Someepidemiological studies suggest that occupational exposure to electromagneticfields (EMF) might correlate with disruption in the cells and their functions thusincreasing the risk of cancer [7]. It was pointed out that after in vitro exposureto microwave radiation the percentage of transformed lymphocytes

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

9/12

( l ympho b l a s t o i d f o r ms a nd ma c r o f a ge s ) w a s t w i c e a s h i ghe r t ha n i n c on t r o lcul tures [27] .

The i r regula r i t ies in ce l l d i s t r ibut ion over the f i r s t, the s econd and thet h i r d mi t os i s t oge t he r w i t h spe c i f i c l oc a l i z e d s t r uc t u r a l c h r omosoma la be r r a t i ons ( e spe c i a ll y c h r omo soma l b r e a ks ) obse r ve d i n ou r s t udy i nd ic a t epo t e n t i a l r i sk on l ympha t i c sys t e m d i s t u r ba nc e s a f t e r pe r ma ne n t oc c upa t i ona le xpo sur e t o mi c r ow a v e r a d i a t i on [ 14 ,28 ].

T he c y t oge ne t i c a s sa ys mi gh t he l p r ef i ne a nd i mpr ov e i n t e r p r e ta t i on o fe y t oge ne t i c da t a ob t a i ne d f r om m vitro and in vivo s tudies , tha t i sident i f ica t ion, chara c te r iza t ion and quant i f ica t ion of poten t ia l cancer r i sk .

2 3 0 9

R e f e r e n c e s

1 . A d e y W R. T i s sue i n t e r a c ti ons w i t h non i on i z i ng e l e c t roma g ne t i c f ie l ds.Physiol Rev 1981 ; 61 : 435- 514 .

2 . L i n J C . H e a l t h a spe c t s o f r a d i o and mi c r ow a ve ra d i a ti on . J Environ PathToxicol 1979; 2 :1413-32.

3 . M i c ha e l son S M ( 1971): B i om e d i c a l a spe c t s o f mi c r ow a ve e xposur e . AmInd Hyg Assoc J 1971 ; 32 : 338- 45 .

4 . P e t e r se n RC. B i oe f f ec t s o f mi c row a ve s . A r e v i e w o f c u r r e n t know l e dge . JO c c u p M e d 1 98 3; 2 5 : 1 0 3 - 1 1 1 .

5 . G o l dsm i t h JR Ep i de m i o l og i c Ev i de nc e o f Ra d i o f r e qe nc y Ra d i a t i on( Mi c r ow a ve ) E f f e c t s on H e a l t h i n Mi l i t a ry , B r oa d c a s t i ng a nd o c c upa t i ona lStudies . lnt J Occup Environ Health 1995; 1(1) : 47-57.

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

10/12

2 3 1 06 . La i H ( 1994) : N e u r o l og i c a l e f fe c t s o f mi c r ow a ve i rr a d i at i on . I n L i n J C

( e d ) : "A dva nc e s i n E l e c t r oma gne t i c f ie l ds i n L i v i ng S ys t e ms . " N e w Y or k :P l e num,1994 ; pp 27 - 80 .

7 . Szm igie lski S . Re t rospe c t ive ana lys is of cancer morbid i ty in Pol i sh mi l i ta rype r sonne l e xpose d dur i ng se r v i c e t o r a d i o f r e que nc y a nd mi c r ow a veradia t ion. In Abstracts Conference on the Effect of RF EM Radiation onOrganisms, 1994; Skrunda , La tvia .

8 . G a r a j - V r h o v a c V , K o r e n Z, H o r va t t 9 . T he e f f ec t o f mi c r ow a v e r a d i a ti onon t he c e l l ge nome . Mutation Research 1990; 243: 87-93.

9 . M a e s A , V e r sc ha e ve L , A r r oyo A , D e W a gt e r C , V e r c r uysse n L (1993) : I nv i t r o Cy t og e n t i c E f f e c t s o f 2450 M H z w a ve s on H uma n P e r i phe r a l B l oodL y m p h o c y t e s . Bioelectromagnetics 1993; 14: 495-501.

10 . M e l t z ML, W a l ke r K A ( 1987) : Ra d i o f r e que nc y ( Mi c r ow a v e ) Ra d i a t ionExp osur e o f M a mm a l i an c e l ls du r ing U V - I nduc e d r e pa i r S yn thes is .Radiation Research 1987 ; 1 10 : 2 55 -66 .

11. La l H , S i ngh N P ( 1996): S i ng l e -a nd doub l e - s t r a nd D N A b r e a ks i n r a t b r a inc e l ls a f t e r a c u t e e xposu r e t o r a d i o f r e que nc y e l e c t r oma gne t i c r ad i a t ion . Int JRadiat Biol 1996; 69(4) : 513-521.

12 . F e ne c h M , M or l e y A A . M e a sur e me n t o f m i c r onuc le i in l ymp hoc y t e s .Mutation Research 1985; 147:129-136.

13 . P e r r y P , W ol f f S . N e w G i e m sa me t hod f o r d i f f e re n t ia l st a in i ng o f s i s t e rc h r oma t i ds . Nature (Lo ndo n) 1974; 251: 156-158.

14. G a r a j - V r h ova c V , F u j i 6 A , P e va l e k - K o z l i na B . T he r a t e o f e l i mi na ti on o fc h r om osom a l a be r r a ti ons a f t e r a c c i de n t a l e xpos ur e t o mi c r ow a ve r a d i a ti on .Bioelectrochemistry and Bioelectromagnetics 1993 ; 30 : 319- 325 .

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

11/12

15 . K i r sc hvo l de r s M , E l ha j ou j i A , Cunda r i E , V a nhum me l e n P . T he i n v i t r omi c r onuc l e us t e s t - a mul t i - e ndpo i n t a s sa y t o de t e c t s i mul t a ne ous l y mi t o t i cd e l ay , a p o p t o s i s , c h r o m o s o m e b r e ak a g e , c h r o m o s o m e l o s s a nd n o n -dis junc t ion. M u t a t i o n R e s e a r c h 1997, 392(1-2) : 19-30.

1 6. G a r a j - V r h o v a c V , F u 6 i~ A . M u t a g e n ic r e s p o n s e t o P H A i n l y m p h o c y t e sc u l t u r e s f r om pe r son s oc c upa t i ona l l y e xpo se d t o mi c r ow a ve r a d i a ti on . I nA b s t r a c t s 2 3 rd A n n u a l M e e t i n g o f t h e E u r o p e a n E n v i r o n m e n t a l M u t a g e nSocie ty , 1993.

17 . W or l d H e a l t h O r ga n i z a t i on - W H O ( E l e c t r oma gne t i c fi e l ds ( 300H z t o 300G H z) . E nv i ronm e nta l H e a l th Cr i t e r ia 1993; 137:

18 . V e r sc ha e ve 1, S l a t e s D , V a n G or p U , M a e s A , V a nke r kom J . I n v i t ro a nd i nv i vo ge ne t i c e f f e c t s o f mi c r ow a ve s f r om mobi l e t e l e phone f r e que nc i e s i nhuma n a nd r a t pe r i phe r a l b l ood l ym phoc y t e s . P r o c e e d i n g s o f C O S T 2 4 4M e e t i n g s o n M o b i l e C o m m u n i c a t io n a n d E x t r e m e l y L o w F r e q u e n c y F i e ld :I n s tr u m e n t a t io n a n d M e a s u r e m e n t s i n B i o e l e ct r o m a g n e t i cs R e s e a r c h .1994; p 74-83.

19 . C i a r a v i no V , Me l t z ML, E r w i n D N . A b se nc e o f a syne r g is t i c e f f e ctbe t w e e n mode r a t e - pow e r r a d i o f r e que nc y e l e c t r oma gne t i c r a d i a t i on a nda dr i a myc i n on c e l l c yc l e p r ogr e s s i on a nd s i s t er c h r oma t i d e xc ha nge .B ioe l e c t rom agne t i c s 1991; 12: 289-298.

2 0. G i u l o t t o E , M o t t u r a A , G i o r g i R , D e C a r li L , N u z z o F . F r e q u e n c i es o fs i s t e r - c h r oma t i d e xc ha nge s i n r e l a t i on t o c e l l k i ne t i c s i n l ymphoc y t ecul tures . M u t a t i o n R e s e a r c h 1980; 70: 343-50.

21 . La m be r t i L , P on z e t t o B , A r d i t o G . Ce l l k i ne t i c s a nd s i s t e r- c h r om a t i d -e xc ha nge f r e que nc y i n huma n l ymphoc y t e s . M u t a t i o n R e s e a r c h1983 ; 120 : 193- 99 .

2311

8/9/2019 Micro Nucleus Assay and Lymphocyte Mitotic Activity in Occupational Exposure to Microwaves

12/12

2 3 1 222 . Mu t c h i n i c k O , Ruz L , G onse ba t t M E , M a u l e on P , L i ske r R , G a r c i a G

( 1 98 1 ): F r e q u e n c y a n d t y p e s o f i n d u c e d a n d s p o n t a n e o u s c h r o m o s o m eaber ra t ion s in rea la t ion to ce l l k ine t ics . Hum Genet 1981; 59:137-40.

23. Sas iadek M . S is te r -chrom at id excha nges and ce l l - cyc le k ine t ics in thel ympho c y t e s o f w o r ke r s oc c u pa t i ona l l y e xpose d t o a c he mi c a l mi x t u r e i nthe tyre indus t ry . Mutation Research 1993; 302:197-200.

2 4 . G a r a j - V r h o v a c V , F u j i 6 A , H o r v a t D . C o m p a r i s o n o f c h ro m o s o m ea be r r a t i on a nd mi c r onuc l e us i nduc t i on i n huma n l ymphoc y t e s a f t e roc c upa t i ona l e xposur e t o v i ny l c h l o r i de mo nom e r a nd m i c r ow a ve r a d i a ti on .Periodicum Biologorum 1990 ; 92 : 411- 416 .

25 . C l e a r y S F , Ca o G , L i u LM . E f f e c t s o f iso t he r ma l 2 .45 G H z mi c r ow a v er a d i a t i on on t he ma mma l i a n c e l l c yc l e : c ompa r i son w i t h e f f e c t s o fi so t he r ma l 27M H z r a d i o f r e que nc y r a d i a t ion e xposur e . B i oe l e c t r oc he mi s t r yand Bioelectromagnetics 1996 ; 39 : 167- 173 .

26 . S a gr i pa n t i JL , S w i c or d ML. D N A s t r uc tu r a l c ha nge s c a use d by mi c r ow a v eradia t ion, lnt JRadBio l 1986; 50: 47-50.S t odo l n i k - B a r a nska W. ( 1967): Lym phob l a s t o i d t r a ns f o rma t i on o fl ympho c y t e s in v i t ro a f t e r mi c r ow a v e i r r a d ia t i on . Nature 1967; 214: 102-103.

28 . G a r a j - V r h ova c V , H i t r e c V , F u j i 6 A . L oc a l i z a t i on o f b r e a ks i nduc e d bymi c r ow a ve ra d i a t i on i n c h r omosom e o f huma n l ymphoc y t e s . In Abstracts22nd Meeting European Environmental Mutagen Society, 1992:

27.