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Microbial Diversity
Chapt. 28 – The Origins of Eukaryotic Diversity
What are microbes?
Single-celled organisms and some non-cellular parasites
Kinds of microbes
Non-cellular, parasitic moleculesViruses ViroidsPrions
ProkaryotesDomain BacteriaDomain Archaea
EukaryotesSeveral Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya
Carl Woese’s 3 Domains of Life
Based primarily on genetic sequence data;
e.g., small subunit ribosomal RNA – present in all
organisms
EukaryotesEukaryotesKingdoms of Protists within the
Domain Eukarya
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles
Eukaryotic cellMany membranous organelles…
including mitochondria,which arecommon to all eukaryotes…
and chloroplasts (found only in photosynthesizers)
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organellesE.g., cilia & flagella aid motility; these cytoplasmic extensions are
not homologous with pili or flagella of prokaryotes
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with
nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with
nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some exchange genetic material
Asexual cell
division(mitosis)
Conjugation:exchange of
some genetic material across a
cytoplasmic bridge
Sexual reproduction via
the formation and union of gametes or other haploid cells(requires meiosis)
Sexual, spore-forming cells of a
slime mold:
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Complex cellular structure – cells with nucleus and other organelles
Nutrition – Absorption, Photosynthesis, or Ingestion
Reproduction – mostly asexual, but some reproduce sexually
Cysts – resting stages through harsh conditions
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Arose from endosymbiosis
Compelling evidence for Lynn Margulis’ theory is found in the genetic material of mitochondria & plastids
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Macroevolutionary timeline
Figure 26.13
Ancestralprokaryote
Infolding of plasmamembrane to form
endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope
Engulfing of heterotrophic
prokaryote
Mitochondrion
Engulfing of photosynthetic
prokaryote
Plastid
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Stramenopiles
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Red algae
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Red algae
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
Plastid
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Euglenids
Plastid
Figure 28.3
Stramenopiles
EukaryotesEukaryotes
Cyanobacterium
Heterotrophiceukaryote
Primaryendosymbiosis
Red algae
Green algae
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Secondaryendosymbiosis
Plastid
Dinoflagellates
Apicomplexans
Ciliates
Stramenopiles
Euglenids
Chlorarachniophytes
Plastid
Figure 28.3
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Arose from endosymbiosis
Various lineages gave rise to all modern unicellular & colonial protists, as well as all
multicellular organisms (some protists, as well as all plants, fungi, and animals)
Paraphyletic distribution of protists within a tentative phylogeny of Eukarya
An ancestor and only some of its
descendents
Ch
loro
ph
yta
Pla
nta
e
Ancestral eukaryote
Rh
od
op
hyt
a
Fu
ng
i
Dip
lom
on
ad
ida
Par
aba
sal
a
Eu
gle
no
zoa
Alveolata Stramenopila Ce
rco
zoa
Ra
dio
lari
a
Amoebozoa An
ima
lia
Ch
oan
ofl
ag
ella
tes
Figure 28.4
“Last Universal Common Ancestor”
Hypotheses for the earliest stages of biological diversification:
Hypotheses for the earliest stages of biological diversification:
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Absorption
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Decomposers
E.g., slime molds
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Fungus-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
E.g., water molds
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Photosynthesis
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Unicelluar
E.g., EuglenaPhytoplankton (unicellular algae & cyanobacteria [prokaryotes] ~ 70% of all photosynthesis)
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Plant-like” protists
Autotrophic
Multicelluar
E.g., Many
seaweeds
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Ingestion
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Free-living
E.g., Some amoebae
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Parasitic
symbionts
E.g., Giardia
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Mutualistic symbionts
E.g., protistsof termite guts
EukaryotesEukaryotesProtists
Highly diverse genetically and
phenotypically
“Animal-like” protists
Heterotrophic
Exhibit slightly more complex behavior than prokaryotes…
Predator-prey interaction between ciliates:Didinium preys upon Paramecium