Microorganisms
BeneficialEnvironment
DecompositionDigestionPhotosynthesis
IndustryFood processesGenetic Engineering
PathogenicFoodHealth
Classification of Organisms3 Domains5 Kingdoms
ProkaryoticMonera (bacteria)
EukaryoticProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliae
Binomial nomenclatureGenusspecies
Carolus Linnaeus
Domain Archaea
No known human pathogensCell walls lack peptidoglycanExtreme Environmental Habitats
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermophiles
Domain Bacteria
UnicellularVarious ShapesCell walls have peptidoglycanBinary fissionBeneficial vs. pathogenic
Domain Eukarya
Eukarya
Fungi Protista Plants Animals
UnicellularYeasts
MulticellularMolds
Mushrooms
Protozoa: Free livingParasitic
AlgaeUnicellularColonial
Simple Multi-celled
Golden Age of MicrobiologyLate 1800’s-early 1900’sQuestions and Theories Developed
Microbial SourceMicrobial ProcessesDisease sourceDisease prevention
Areas of StudyBacteriologyImmunologyVirologyEpidemiologyChemotherapy
Early Developments
Robert HookeCell TheoryEarly microscope
Antoni LeeuwenhoekImproved microscopeMicrobes viewed
Louis Pasteur
Germ Theory of Disease
Similar disease symptomsGerm = pathogen
FermentationPasteurizationFather of Microbiology
Joseph Lister
Aseptic TechniqueSurgical Site prep with phenolContinued Handwashing, as previously demonstrated by Semmelweis
Robert KochSimple Stain techniqueSolid growth MediaAseptic lab techniquesIsolated Bacteria as causative agents for
AnthraxTBCholera
Koch’s PostulatesSeries of experimental steps to show that specific organism causes a specific disease
Original Koch’s Postulates
That the organism could be discoverable in every instance of thedisease;
That, extracted from the body, the germ could be produced in a pure culture, maintainable over several microbial generations.
That the disease could be reproduced in experimental animals through a pure culture removed by numerous
generations from the organisms initially isolated;
That the organism could he retrieved from the inoculated animal and cultured anew.
Christian Gram
Differential Staining of cell walls using various dyes
Gram positive“purple”
Gram negative“red”
Paul Ehrlich
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Magic Bullet TreatmentSyphilisTrypanosome
Early Acid Fast staining techniques for TBImmunological Studies on antiseraTumor transformation research
Alexander Flemming
Antibiotic penicillinLysosome secretion by tissuesDeveloped titration methods for analyzing body fluids
Microbes in Human Diseases
Normal FloraIn or on bodyBeneficialNormal host defenses protect
Infectious DiseasesLocationVirulence factorsMicrobe life cycle causes pathologyHost defenses