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Microbiology Lecture IV

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LECTURE IV MICROBIOLOGY
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LECTURE IVMICROBIOLOGYARCHEA AND BACTERIABACTERIAPROTEOBACTERIAThe proteobacteria (proteo = "first") contain the largest and most diverse group of species. The phylum includes many familiar gram-negative genera, such as Escherichia, and some of the most recognized human pathogens, including species of Shigella, Salmonella, Neisseria (responsible for gonorrhea), Yersinia (responsible for plague), and Vibrio (responsible for cholera).FIRMUCUTESThe firmicutes (firm = "strong" cuti = "s!in") is a clade consisting of many species that are gram-positive.Genera include Bacillus and Clostridium, specific species of which are responsible for anthrax and botulism, respectively.pecies within the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus are responsible for several mild to life-threatening human diseasesB"#i$$iBacillus subtilis, Gram stainedC$ostri%i"FIRMUCUTES!lso within the "irmicutes is the genus Mycoplasma, which lac#s a cell wall. $ossibly the smallest bacterial cell, one species causes a form of pneumoniaACTINOBACTER%ithin this phylum are the actinomycetes. These bacterial organisms form a system of branched filaments that somewhat resemble the growth form of fungi. The genus Streptomyces is the source for important antibiotics. !nother medically-important genus is Mycobacterium, one species of which is responsible for tuberculosis.StreptomycesMycobacterium tuberculosisCHLAMYDIAE&oughly half the size of the ric#ettsiae, the chlamydiae (sing., chlamydia) are so small that they cannot be seen with the light microscope and they can be cultivated only within living cells.'ost species in the phylum are pathogens and one species causes the gonorrhea-li#e disease #nown as chlamydia.ChlamydiaeARCHEAEURYARCHAEOTAThe (uryarchaeota contain organisms with varying physiologies.METHANOGENS(methano = )methane)* gen = )produce))!re #illed by oxygen gas and therefore are found in environments devoid of oxygen gas.The production of methane (natural) gas is important in their energy metabolism.METHANOGENSEURYARCHAEOTAThe (uryarchaeota contain organisms with varying physiologies.E&TREME HALOPHILES(halo = )salt)* phil = )loving))They are distinct from the methanogens in that they re+uire oxygen gas for energy metabolism and need high concentrations of salt (,a-l) to grow and reproduce.E&TREME HALOPHILESEURYARCHAEOTAThe (uryarchaeota contain organisms with varying physiologies.THERMOACIDOPHILESgrow optimally at high temperatures but extremely low p..CRENARCHAEOTAThe second phylum, the -renarchaeota, tend to grow in hot, acidic environments. .ot sulfur springs are one environment where these archaeal species thrive. The temperature is around /01- but the springs are extremely acidic (p. of 2-3). 4olcanic vents are another place where these organisms can survive +uite happilyCRENARCHAEOTASHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS OF PRO'ARYOTIC CELLSCOCCICo##i (") *+ o,"$- +$ong"t+%- or f$"tt+n+% on on+ si%+.Co##i (") r+("in "tt"#/+% "ft+r #+$$ %i,ision. T/+s+ gro01 #/"r"#t+risti#s "r+ oft+n 0s+% to /+$1 i%+ntif) #+rt"in #o##i.Co##i t/"t r+("in in 1"irs "ft+r %i,i%ing "r+ #"$$+% %i1$o#o##i.Co##i t/"t r+("in in #/"ins "ft+r %i,i%ing "r+ #"$$+% str+1to#o##i.Neisseria meningitidisStreptococcus pneumoniaeCo##i t/"t %i,i%+ in t/r++ 1$"n+s "n% r+("in in gro01s #0*+ $i!+ gro01s of +ig/t "r+ #"$$+% s"r#in"+.Co##i t/"t %i,i%+ in (0$ti1$+ 1$"n+s "n% for( gr"1+ $i!+ #$0st+rs or s/++ts "r+ #"$$+% st"1/)$o#o##i.Co##i t/"t %i,i%+ in t2o 1$"n+s "n% r+("in in gro01s of fo0r "r+ #"$$+% t+tr"%s.Micrococcus sp. Sarcina sp.StaphylococcusBACILLISin#+ *"#i$$i on$) %i,i%+ "#ross t/+ir s/ort "3is t/+r+ "r+ f+2+r gro01ings.B"#i$$0s is " s/"1+ 4ro% s/"1+%) *0t t/+r+ is "$so " g+n0s of *"#t+ri" 2it/ t/+ n"(+ Bacillus. Most *"#i$$i "11+"r "s sing$+ ro%s. Di1$o*"#i$$i "11+"r in 1"irs "ft+r %i,ision.Bacillus anthracisGram5s stain of the ulcer revealed Gram-positive spore-forming bacilli consistent with Bacillus anthracisBACILLIStr+1to*"#i$$i "11+"r in #/"ins "ft+r %i,ision.Streptobacillus moniliformisC"0s+s R"t Bit+ F+,+rBACILLISo(+ *"#i$$i "r+ so s/ort "n% f"t t/"t t/+) $oo! $i!+ #o##i "n% "r+ r+f+rr+% to "s #o##o*"#i$$i.Bordetella holmesiiSPIRAL BACTERIAS1ir"$ *"#t+ri" /",+ on+ or (or+ t2ists.Vi*rios $oo! $i!+ #0r,+% ro%s.Vi*roV. choleraeSPIRAL BACTERIAS1ir"$ *"#t+ri" /",+ on+ or (or+ t2ists.S1iri$$" /",+ " /+$i#"$ s/"1+ "n% f"ir$) rigi% *o%i+s.S1iri$$"-oloured T(' of a pirillumsp. bacteriumhe cause o! "#$ % spirochaete reponema pallidumSPIRAL BACTERIAS1ir"$ *"#t+ri" /",+ on+ or (or+ t2ists.S1iro#/+t+s /",+ " /+$i#"$ s/"1+ "n% f$+3i*$+ *o%i+s. S1iro#/+t+s (o,+ *) (+"ns of "3i"$ fi$"(+nts- 2/i#/ $oo! $i!+ f$"g+$$" #ont"in+% *+n+"t/ " f$+3i*$+ +3t+rn"$ s/+"t/.S1iro#/+t+OTHER SHAPESOTHER SHAPES


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