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MicroEvolution
HS Bio Work SampleSpring 2013
Learning TargetI can explain the sources and
significance of genetic variation.
1.I can explain the sources of genetic variation.
2.I can explain the significance of genetic variation.
What is “Micro-Evolution”? Micro, meaning small Evolution, meaning change over time
So, microevolution has something to do with small changes over time?
What is “Micro-Evolution”?
Well, yes!
We tend to think of evolution as occurring at the organism level, but in order for this to happen, changes must occur at a much smaller level… the genetic level.
The Genetic Basis of Evolution
For evolution to occur, inherited genetic differences must at least partially account for phenotypic differences.
Genotype
Phenotype
What are the sources of Genetic Variation?
Mutations!
Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, and are thus the raw material of evolution.
If there were no variation, then there could be no evolution.
What causes mutations?Environmental Agents
DNA damage from environmental agents • UV light (sun)• nuclear radiation• chemicals agents
Mistakes in Duplication
Mistakes that occur when a cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division.
Do we need to review the structure & function of DNA?
What purpose does DNA serve in the cell? (Why do our cells even need DNA?)
Information Storage What are the two main structural
components of DNA? Phosphate sugar backbone &
the nitrogenous bases What five letters are used to spell out
organismal genomes? Which letters relate to DNA, which relate to RNA?
DNA: A, C, G & T RNA: A, C, G, & U
Mutations by Environmental Agents
Change in DNA nucleotide
OR
Cutting of DNA sequence
Mutations during Duplication
You awake out there?
If you could have any super power what would it be?
Chin Dimples Lactose
intolerance Colorblindness Pattern Baldness Heart Disease Diabetes Stroke Sickle Cell
Anemia Etc…
Some common mutations
What do these all have in common?
• They are caused by a unique change in human gene sequence, or “genome”.
• They are inherited from ones parents.
• Generally, they do not negatively influence the afflicted individuals chance for reproduction.
Check for understanding… I’ve discussed two sources of mutation,
what was one?
I’ve discussed two sources of mutation, what was the other?
Which source of mutation do you think is more common?
Which source of mutation do you think is more deleterious (causing harm or damage)?
Why is genetic variation important?
Remember… mutations are the “raw materials” for evolution
AND… mutations lead to genetic variation
SO… without genetic variation there is not evolution!
But, what is genetic variation?
What is genetic variation? Genetic
• from Ancient Greek genetikos, "genitive" and from genesis, "origin”
• Of or related to genes, genetic makeup, and heredity in living organisms
Variation• In Biology: marked difference or deviation from
normal or recognized form, function, or structural characteristics
Genetic Variation• Varying characteristics in a the genetic makeup of
a species (as a result of genetic mutation)
But why was genetic variation important?
Let’s break it down…
Genetic Diversity: Total variety of genetic characteristics in a
species Species Diversity:
Diversity of within an ecological community Biodiversity: The variations of life forms in an ecosystem.
Ecosystem Diversity: Variety of species that inhabits the planet
WARNING: from this point forward I will being using the words “variation” and “diversity” as synonyms
(like they mean the same thing)
So what you’re saying is…Mutations lead to genetic diversity...
Genetic diversity leads to species diversity…
Species diversity leads to biodiversity…
Biodiversity leads to ecological diversity…
But, have I answered the question:Why is genetic variation important?
You’re all still awake aren’t you???
As a planet, we grow and eat a lot of corn and corn products (we’re talking 324 million ton in 2010 alone). Currently the majority of corn grown in the USA is one species, Zea mays. Say some nasty infectious disease decided to start eating our corn “monocrop”…
how would that affect your life?
Just a few examples of surprising places where you can find corn ingredients…
Toothpaste – sorbitol Salad Dressing – high fructose corn syrup
Gum – HFCS, sorbitol, or maltitol Make Up – starch (filler)
Milk – corn fed cows & Vit D Shampoo – ascorbic acid
Diapers – cornstarch Soda – HFCS & caramel color
Envelope Glue – nitrocellulose glue Perfume & Cologne – grain alcohol
Aspirin – cellulose microcrystalline
Check In- How does corn play a role in your life?
How would your life be affected if the corn crops in the US were to be infected?
Why is genetic variation (aka genetic diversity) important?
Why is genetic variation important?
How does this relate to our good friend C. sweetus? What evidence is there that variation
exists within the C. sweetus population?
Why are some variations inherited and others eliminated?
How do variation, selection, and time fuel the process of evolution?