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MICROPROCESSOR

TECHNOLOGY

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What is a Microprocessor?

Processors are the brains of computers.

Other components allow a computer to

store or retrieve data and to input or

output data, but the processor performs

computations and does something

useful with the data.

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What is a Microprocessor?

Processors in early computers were

created out of many separate

components, but as technologyimproved it became possible to

integrate all of the components of a

processor onto a single piece, or chip,

of silicon. These integrated circuits are

calledmicroprocessors.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1971: 4004 Microprocessor

The 4004 was Intel's first microprocessor. 4 bit microprocessor

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Microprocessor Evolution

Intel 4004

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Microprocessor Evolution

1972: 8008 Microprocessor

The 8008 was twice as powerful as the4004.

The Mark-8 is known as one of the first

computers for the home

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Microprocessor Evolution

1974: 8080 Microprocessor

8080 became the brains of the firstpersonal computer

8 bit microprocessor

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Microprocessor Evolution

1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor

16-bit data bus

20 bit address bus

The 8088 is a less expensive version with

only 8 bit data bus

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Microprocessor Evolution

1982: 80286 Microprocessor

24-bit address bus

Enhanced with memory protection

capabilities

Introduced protected mode

Backwards compatible

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Microprocessor Evolution

1985: Intel386 Microprocessor

275,000 transistors--more than 100 times

as many as the original 4004.

Multi tasking

First 32-bit processor 32-bit data bus and 32-bit address bus

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Microprocessor Evolution

1989: Intel 486 DX CPU Microprocessor Go from a command-level computer into

point-and-click computing. A color computer for the first time

Combined coprocessor functions for

performing floating-point arithmetic

Later versions introduced energy savings for

laptops

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Microprocessor Evolution

1993: Intel Pentium Processor

64-bit data bus

Wider internal data bus 128-and 256-bitwide

The Intel Pentium processor allowed

computers to more easily incorporate"real world" data such as speech, sound,

handwriting and photographic images.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1995: Intel Pentium Pro Processor

36-bit address bus

Each Intel Pentium Pro processor is

packaged together with a second speed-

enhancing cache memory chip. The

powerful Pentium Pro processorboasts 5.5 million transistors.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1997: Intel Pentium II Processor

Introduced multimedia (MMX) instructions

Doubled on-chip L1 cache 16 KB data, 16 KB instruction

Introduced comprehensive power

management features; Sleep, Deep sleep In addition to the L1 cache, has 256 KB L2

cache

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Microprocessor Evolution

1998: Intel Pentium II Xeon Processor

Designed to meet the performance

requirements of mid-range and higher

servers and workstations.

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Microprocessor Evolution

1999: Intel Celeron Processor Enhances the performance of advanced

imaging, 3-D, streaming audio, video and

speech recognition applications. It wasdesigned to significantly enhance Internetexperiences, allowing users to do suchthings as browse through realistic onlinemuseums and stores and download high-quality video.

The processor incorporates 9.5 milliontransistors

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Microprocessor Evolution

1999: Intel Pentium III Xeon Processor The Intel Pentium III Xeon processor's

advance cache technology speedsinformation from the system bus to theprocessor, significantly boostingperformance.

It is designed for systems with multi-processor configurations.

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Microprocessor Evolution

2000: Intel Pentium 4 Processor Users can create professional-quality

movies; deliver TV-like video via theInternet; communicate with real-time videoand voice; render 3D graphics in real time;quickly encode music for MP3 players; andsimultaneously run several multimedia

applications while connected to the Internet. The processor debuted with 42 million

transistors

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Microprocessor Evolution

2001: Intel Itanium Processor

64-bit processor Uses 64-bit address bus

128-bit data bus

Introduced several advanced features

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Microprocessor Evolution

2003: Intel Pentium M Processor The Intel Pentium M processor, the Intel 855

chipset family, and the Intel PRO/Wireless 2100network connection are the three components ofIntel Centrino processor technology.

Intel Centrino processor technology is designedspecifically for portable computing, with built-in

wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobileperformance. It enables extended battery life andthinner, lighter mobile computers .

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Microprocessor Evolution

And finally

Dual Core Technology The first microprocessor that uses the

65nm semiconductor technology

The first to have dual core on a die

Dual core computing capabilities

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Moores Law

In 1975, Gordon Moore observed that

shrinking transistor dimensions were

allowing the number of transistors on adie to double roughly every 18 months.

For microprocessors, the trend has

been closer to a doubling every 2 years,

but amazingly this exponential increase

has continued now for 30 years

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The Future of Moores Law

No exponential trend can continueforever, and this simple fact has led to

predictions of the end of Moores law fordecades.

There have already been a number ofnew fabrication technologies proposedor put into use that will help continueMoores law through 2015.

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References

1. The Intel Microprocessors: 8086/8088,

80186/80188, 80286, 80386, 80486, Pentium,

Pentium Pro Processor, Pentium II, PentiumIII, and Pentium 4 -Architecture,

Programming, and Interfacing, Sixth Edition,

Barry B. Brey, Prentice Hall, 2003.

2. "Fundamentals of Computer Organization andDesign", S. Dandamudi, Springer, 2003.

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References

3. Intel Technology Journal, Intel

Centrino Duo Technology, Vol.10,Issue 2, May 2006.

4. Microprocessor Design, Grant

McFarland, McGraw-Hill, 2006

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Thank YouWith all best wishes !!