MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS

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• Microorganisms

• Factors affecting microorganisms growth

• Uses of microorganisms

• Harmful Effects of Microorganisms

• Test

What is microorganismsWhat is microorganisms

• Living things

• Small (tiny) that cannot be seen with naked eye

• Only can be seen under the microscope

Can be divided into 5 groupCan be divided into 5 group

• Algae

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Viruses

What is microbes?What is microbes?

• Living things

• Small (tiny) that cannot be seen with naked eye

• Only can be seen under the microscope

How many group of How many group of microorganisms?microorganisms?

• 5

List the 5 group of microorganismsList the 5 group of microorganisms

• Algae

• Bacteria

• Fungi

• Protozoa

• Viruses

Protozoa Protozoa

Bacteria Bacteria

CIRI CIRI BAKTERIA

1. Di kelas berdasarkan kepada bentuknya.

Kokus

Vibrio Spirilum

Basilus

SifilisKolera

AntrakMakanan Basi

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Ms 51

BENTUK BENTUK BAKTERIABENTUK BENTUK BAKTERIA

© Pecutan Kognitif MAS-ICK Cikgu R Ms 51

Fungi Fungi

Virus Virus

Factor Affecting the microbes Factor Affecting the microbes growthgrowth

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Light

• pH

• Nutrient

List factor affecting the microbes List factor affecting the microbes growthgrowth

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Light

• pH

• Nutrient

Temperature Temperature Test tube Temperature Appearance of

nutrient broth after 2 days

Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis

Kept in a refrigerator

Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis

In a water bath set at 80 C

Nutrient broth + cultured of Bacillus subtilis

At room temperature

Humidity Humidity

Observation after 1 week

One sliced bread

is placed under the hot sun to dry

One sliced bread

is put into the transparent plastic

Light Light Light intensity Number of gas

bubbles per minute

Yeast suspension + glucose solution

Dark

Yeast suspension + glucose solution

Bright

pHpH

Test tube

Content pH condition

Appearance nutrient broth at beginning

Appearance nutrient broth after 2 days

A 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops hydrochloric acid

Acidic Clear

B 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops sodium hydroxide

Alkaline

Clear

C 10 cm3 nutrient broth + 5 drops distilled water

Neutral Clear

Nutrient Nutrient Appearance of lime water at biginning

Appearance of lime water after a few minutes

Yeast suspension + glucose solution

Clear

Yeast suspension + distilled water

Clear

USES OF MICROORGANISMSUSES OF MICROORGANISMS

• Food Digestion

• Decaying process

• Medicine

• Agriculture

• Industry

Food digestionFood digestion

• Herbivores such as cows and rabbits feed on plants which are rich in cellulose. Cellulose is a source of energy.

• It can be digested by cellulase enzyme to become glucose.

• However, herbivores are unable to produce the cellulase.

• The herbivores depend on microorganisms (protozoa and bacteria) which live in alimentary canal to produces cellulase to digest the cellulose.

Decaying processDecaying process

• All organisms eventually die and decay.• Complex molecules such as carbohydrates and

proteins in their tissue will broken down into simple molecules such as CO2(carbon dioxide), H2O(water) and NH4(ammonia).

• This decaying process is known as putrification or decomposition.

• Putrification is carried out by putrifying bacteria and fungi.

Medicine Medicine

• Many disease can be treated by using antibiotics. Antibiotics is obtained from microorganisms(bacteria and fungi)

• Penicillin was extracted from fungus (Penicillium notatum). It can be used to treated certain disease caused by bacteria such as gonorrhoea, syphilis and pneumonia.

• Streptomycin, is used to treat tuberculosis.• Tetracycline, is used to treat infections of the

respiratory tract, syphilis and acne.

Agriculture Agriculture

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria provide plants with nitrates.

• Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in the root nodules of leguminous plants plants.

• Putrefying bacteria and fungi bring about putrefaction which adds humus to the soil. Hence, microorganisms help improve the fertility of soil.

Industry Industry

• Food industry

• Rope industry

• Leather industry

• Cleansing or mining industry

Fungi Fungi

• Alcoholic drink• Bread

Bacteria or fungiBacteria or fungi

• Cheese

• Yogurt

Bacteria or fungiBacteria or fungi

Bacteria of fungi Bacteria of fungi

• Soya sauce

Bacteria Bacteria

• Vinegar

Bacteria Bacteria

• Rope industry

Bacteria Bacteria

• Leather industry

List the uses of microorganismsList the uses of microorganisms

• Food industry

• Rope industry

• Leather industry

• Cleansing or mining industry

Harmful Effects of MicroorganismsHarmful Effects of Microorganisms

• Tooth decay (caries)

• Food poisoning

• Disease caused by microorganisms

The spread of diseasesThe spread of diseases

• Infection through air

• Infection through water

• Infection through food

• Infection through contact

• Infection through vectors

Infection through airInfection through air

• Are known as airborne disease.

• Usually affect the respiratory system include disease such as tubercolisis, common cold and pneumonia.

• Airborne disease spread easily in crowded and damp conditions.

Infection through waterInfection through water

• Known as waterborne disease.

• Effect the digestive system.

• i.e cholera, typhoid fever and amoebic dysentery.

Infection through foodInfection through food

• Food can be contaminated by houseflies and cockroaches.

• If a housefly or cockroach come in contact with faeces, some of the faeces will stick to its body and legs. If the insect next comes in contact with food, the food will be contaminated.

• Eating contaminated food cause one to become infected.• Food can also be contaminated if it is handle by dirty

hands.• Te food can also be contaminated if the peprson who

handles it has an open, pussy wound.

Infection through contactInfection through contact

• Some disease such as hepatitis B and AIDS spread through direct contact such as sexual activities, sharing of syringe, blood transfusion of from mother to babies during delivery.

• Other disease such as ringworm and white spot disease spread through indirect contact such as sharing towels, clothings or shoes.

Infection through vectorsInfection through vectors

• Vector; animal which transfers pathogen from one host to another.

• Examples of vectors; – Mosquitoes– Houseflies – Cockroach– Fleas

Infection through vectorsInfection through vectorsVECTORS DISEASE OR ILLNESS

Anopheles mosquitoes Malaria

Aedes mosquitoes Dengue fever

Culex mosquitoes Elephantiasis, Japanese encephalitis (JE)

Houseflies Cholera, thyphoidfever, amoebic dyssentery, food poisoning

Cockroaches Cholera, thypoid fever, amoebic dysentary, food poisoning

Fleas Typhus, bubonic plague

Harmful Effects of MicroorganismsHarmful Effects of Microorganisms

• Exercise 1

• Exercise 2

1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS• Controlling the breeding of mosquitoes• Controlling the breeding of houseflies• Preventing the spread of diseases through

sterilisation

Controlling the breeding of Controlling the breeding of mosquitoesmosquitoes

The larvae develop

in water but come to the surface to breath

Adult female mosquitoes feed on human blood

Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water

Pupae also live in water but they are inactive

-To control the spread of disease by mosquitoes, we must eliminate the breading grounds

-Drains should be unclogged

-Container discarded tyres that can collect water should be buried

Controlling the breeding of Controlling the breeding of houseflieshouseflies

egg

Pupa

Houseflies

Larva

-To control the spread of disease by houseflies, we must eliminate the breading grounds such as rubbish dumps and exposed faeces.-Rubbish should be placed in bins with lids.-Food should always be covered to prevent houseflies from contaminating it

Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases through sterilisationthrough sterilisation

• Sterilisation; to make it free from microbes which would otherwise cause diseases.

• Methods;– The use of heat– The use of chemicals– The use of radiations

Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases through sterilisationthrough sterilisation

• Methods;– The use of heat

• Sterilise drinking water by boiling at 1000C.• However, some spores of microorganisms are able

to survive.• To kill microorganisms as well as their spore, an

autoclave or a pressure cooker.

– The use of chemicals• Sterilisation can also be carried out by using

antiseptics and disinfectants.• Antiseptics; chemicals used to kill or inhabit the

growth of microorganisms on the skin, especially on wounds.

• Disinfectants; used to sterilize buildings, toilets, utensils and clothing.

Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases

through sterilisationthrough sterilisation

– The use of radiations• Using gamma rays and ultraviolet light.• Gamma rays are able to penetrate microorganisms

to kill them• Mattresses and pillows can sterilize by putting

them under the sun light.

Preventing the spread of diseases Preventing the spread of diseases

through sterilisationthrough sterilisation

1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS- Exercise 1- Exercise 2

Immunity Immunity

• Immunity; the ability of the body to fight diseases.

• Presence of white blood cells in the body.

• White blood cells can produce antibodies to fight pathogens.

ImmunityImmunity

• There are two types of immunity

Immunity

Active Passive

Natural Artificial Natural Artificial

i.e- chickenpox, Measles, BCG

1 111

2 2

3

i.e-baby get from mother, injecting serum

ImmunityImmunity

Similarities -All of them give protection to the person against disease

-The ability to fight disease is due to the presence of antibodies

Natural active immunity

Artificial activeimmunity

Natural passiveimmunity

Artificial passiveimmunity

ImmunityImmunity

Differences

Natural active Immunity-Infection occurs naturally-Antibodies produce by body itself-Immunity attained after a period of time-Long period of time

Artificial activeImmunity-Pathogens introduced artificially into the body-Antibodies produced by body itself-Immunity attained after a period of time-Long period of time

Natural passiveImmunity-Attained naturally-Obtained from outside source-Attained immediately-Short period time

Artificial passiveimmunity -Attained artificially-Obtained from outside source-Attained immediately-Short period time

Orang yang ada harta

KEKAYAAN

Harta diterimaDaripada

Orang lain

Harta yang usaha Sendiri oleh tangannya

malasrajin

ibunya Orang lain

Selepas mewarisiharta ibunya

Selepas diderma

harta

semulajadi buatan

Selepas dicabar Oleh musuhnya

Yang kuatYang

dilemahkan

semulajadi buatan

antibodi

KEIMUNAN

Antibodi antibodi buat

Kelenjar limfanya

pasifaktif

meminum

susu

disuntikserum

dirangsang

patogen

vaksin

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Ms 53

SebutP A

SebutA K

Antibodi tidak tahan lama

Antibodi dihasilkan selepas dirangsang oleh vaksin

Antibodi melebihiAras keimunan.Selepas disuntikDengan serum.

Selepas meminumSusu ibunya.

Antibodi diperolehiSerta merta @ cepat.

Antibodi diperolehi melaluiPlasenta semasa mengandung

Antibodi diperolehi lambat

Antibodi dibuat sendiriOleh kelenjar limfanya

Antibodi diperolehiSelepas sembuh dari sakit

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1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT 1.5 WAYS TO PREVENT INFECTION CAUSE BY INFECTION CAUSE BY

MICROORGANISMSMICROORGANISMS- Exercise 1

1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED 1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMSBY MICROORGANISMS

• Ways– An antibiotic is naturally a poisonous substance produced by a

microorganisms to kill or inhabit the growth of other microorganisms.

– Each kind of microorganisms usually does not allow other microorganisms to grow near it ie. Penicilium notatum

– Antifungal drugs; treat disease caused by fungi; ringworm and athlete’s foot.

• Dangers of using drug– Must be under doctor prescribed.– Some drug must be taken on empty stomach, some must be

taken after meals.– Some antibiotic can kill friendly bacteria in our alimentary tract. It

can cause our digestive system affected.

1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED 1.6 TREATING DISEASE CAUSED BY MICROORGANISMSBY MICROORGANISMS

- Exercise