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Microorganisms & theireffects on living things

Chapter 1

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The classification of micro

organisms

Micro organisms are living thingswhich are tiny (so small) that cannotbe seen with the eye.

There are five groups of microorganisms: Bacteria

Fungi protozoa Virus

algae

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Bacteria Structure : Have cell

wall, nucleus Have various shape

(rod, spherical) Reproduction : Binary

fission, conjugation Feeding :

Parasitic (get foodfrom other livingorganisms)

Saprophytic (get food

from dead & decayingmatter)

Habitat : air, water,soil(all over theplace)

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Virus Structure : the smallest

m/organisms. Have many shape:

sperical, rod-shaped,rocket-shaped.

Have nucleus (DNA) butdoesnt have plasmamembrane, cytoplasm.

Reproduction : only inliving cell

Feeding : Do not feed atall.

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Fungi Structure : Have hyphae,

cell wall, nucleus Do not have any chlorophyll. Reproduction : by spores,

conjugation

Feeding : Saprophytic (get food from

dead & decaying matter)

Habitat : air, water, soil, onthe bodies of living things

mucor

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Protozoa

Structure : unicellular,have plasmamembrane, nucleus

Reproduction : binaryfission, conjugation

Feeding : Saprophytic (get foodfrom dead & decayingmatter)

Parasitic (get foodfrom other livingorganisms)

Habitat : in aquatichabitat (ponds, drain,sea)

Amoeba

Paramecium

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Algae

Structure : unicellular,multicellular Have oval shaped, sperical or

filammentous Have chloroplast

Reproduction : Binary fission,conjugation, fragmentation Feeding :

Photosynthesis

Habitat : Aquatic (ponds, drains) Semi aquatic (damp, rough bark on

tree)Chlamydomonas

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Factors that effect thegrowth of microorgasnisms

Nutrients: the absence of nutrients,m/organisms can die off or become spores

Humidity : when condition are dry,

m/organisms become spores / die. Light : m/organisms active in the dark

Temperature : m/organisms active at 400C

pH : m/organisms active in neutralcondition (pH 7)

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Uses of m/organisms

Food digestion: Helps herbivores (cow, rabbits) todigest cellulose from grass

Bacteria in human large intestine

produce vitamin K and vitamin B12 thatcan be used by the humans

Decaying process: Bacteria & fungi decompose dead

organisms (plant, animals) into ammoniato maintain the balance of nature.

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Uses of m/organisms

Medicine Antibiotics (poison produced by bacteria to kill

other m/organism)

Vaccines (Weaken /dead m/organisms isinjected into the body to stimulate theproduction of Antibodies)

Agriculture:

Bacteria, fungi decompose dead organismswhich add humus that improve the fertility ofthe soil

Industry

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Harmful effects of micro

organisms Tooth decay: Bacteria act on food left in the mouth &

produce lactic acid that corrodes the teeth

Food poisoning: Illness caused by eating food that

contaminated by bacteris, fungi or otherm/organisms

Symptom: vomitting, abdominal pain, diarehoea

Disease

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The spread of disease

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The spread of disease

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Thespread of

disease

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Ways to prevent

infection Disease that spread through air: Covering nose & mouth while sneezing

Dont spit! Avoid crowded area

Disease that spread through water:

Improve sanitary system Boil water before drink

Add chlorine into tap water

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Ways to prevent

infection Disease that spread throughfood: Covering food to prevent

contamination by houseflies Wash hands after using toilets

Cooking food sufficiently

Disease that spread throughcontact: Maintain personal hygine

Avoid sharing personalbelongings

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Ways to prevent

infection Disease that spread through vectors: Controlling the breeding

Preventing disease throughsterilisation

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Immunity Immunity is the ability of the body to

fight the disease

Immunity is due to the presence of whiteblood cells in the body that produce

antibodies There are 4 types of immunities:

Natural active immunity

Artificial active immunity

Natural passive immunity

Artificial passive immunity

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Treating disease caused by

microorganisms Some diseases are treated byantibiotics & antifungal drugs

Antibiotic (a poisonous substancesproduced by a microorganisms too killor inhibit the growth of other

microorganisms Antifungal drugs can be used to treatdisease caused by fungi (athletes

foot and ringworm)

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The End

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Uses of m/organisms

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Controlling the breeding

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Controlling the breeding

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Natural active immunity

Body produceits own

antibodies

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Artificial active immunityBCG

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Natural passive immunityAntibodies aregiven to thebody

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Artificial passive

immunity Antibodies aregiven to thebody

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