Microplastics in the Sekotong coral reefs ecosystem sediment,
Lombok, Indonesia
Muhammad Reza Cordova*, Tri Aryono Hadi, Bayu Prayudha
Research Center for Oceanography (RCO) Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) * Corresponding author : [email protected]
Presented in International Symposium on Marine Plastic Debris
Plastic in the environment, so what?
2
Only an asthetic problem?
Consequences
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Macro-/ Mesoplastic = effects are obvious
• Physical impairment after swallowing, entanglement, etc.
• Clear environmental risks & consequences
• Ingestion of plastic proved for > 395 marine species, furthermore 100% of all beached seabirds have plastic in their stomach
Source: http://www.diveinside.de/aktuell_Ein_Meer_voller_Muell_3716.html
Plastic pieces > 5 mm
Quelle: www.occupyforanimals.org
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What will happen to the plastic debris?
Heat
• Particles < 5 mm “microplastic”
Waves UV Bacteria
Consequences
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Microplastic = effects not obvious = lack of research
? • High risk for entering the food web
• Potential environmental risks are known, but real consequences are mostly unknown
Plastic pieces < 5 mm
Source: NOAA Marine Debris Program
Why Lombok?
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• Located in Indonesian Through Flow outlet
• Coral reefs are diverse underwater ecosystems, provide habitats and shelter for many marine organism
• Part of the contribution of Indonesian researcher for the International Indian Ocean Expedition 2 program
Study Question and Aims
• Are there microplastics in coral reefs sediment from Sekotong, Lombok?
• Occurrence, Distribution, and Characteristic of microplastics?
Aims
• To analyze occurrence, distribution and characteristics of microplastics in the sediment of coral reefs sediment in Sekotong, Lombok, Indonesia
Study Question
Sediments on coral reefs ecosystem on 3-5 m depth
Sample collection
Sample analysis
Wet sediment
Preparation and separation
Wet Peroxide Oxidation
Density separation using flotation methods with 1.8g/l concentrated saline solution (Thompson et al 2004; Claessens et al. 2011; Nor and Obbard 2014)
Stored in sterile petridish Covered with Parafilm®
Methods modification from Lippiatt et al. (2013) & NOAA (2015)
Microplastics identification
(1) particle size ≤ 5mm, (2) particle has homogeneous colour, not shiny or sparkling and no cellular or organic structure, (3) fiber particle are unbranched and not segmented.
Hidalgo-Ruz et al. (2012), Cole et al. (2013), Nor and Obbard (2015)
Plastic polymer identification Nicolet™ iS5 FT-IR Spectrometer with diamond crystal attenuated total reflectance (ATR)
Löder and Gerdts (2015)
Results
10
Microplastics Abundance (count/kg)
0 - 25 25 - 50 50 - 75 75 - 100
77 n/kg
69 n/kg
Gili Lontar
Gili Gede
Gili Rengit
Gili Layar
Gili Asahan
Lombok
Results
Fragment Granule Fiber
32.51% 22.77% 3.52%
Foam
41.20%
Results
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
Ab
so
rba
nc
e
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Wav enumbers (cm-1)
41.09%
Polystyrene
-0,012
-0,010
-0,008
-0,006
-0,004
-0,002
0,000
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,010
0,012
0,014
0,016
0,018
0,020
Ab
so
rba
nc
e
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Wav enumbers (cm-1)
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,050
0,055
0,060
Ab
so
rba
nc
e
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
Wav enumbers (cm-1)
Polyethylene
32.34%
Polypropylene
26.46%
Polystyrene was the most abundant types of plastic polymer identified, followed by
polyethylene and polypropylene
Where is all the plastic?
Where does it come from?
Polystyrene
• Polystyrene (Styrofoam) is one of the most widely used plastics
• Uses include protective packaging (such as packing peanuts and CD and DVD cases), containers (such as "clamshells"), lids, bottles, trays, tumblers, and disposable cutlery.
Where does it come from?
Polyethylene
• Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most common plastic.
• Primary use is in packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes, containers including bottles, etc.).
Where does it come from?
Polypropylene
• Polypropylene used in a wide variety of applications including packaging and labeling, textiles (e.g., ropes, thermal underwear and carpets), stationery, plastic parts and reusable containers of various types, laboratory equipment, loudspeakers, automotive components, transvaginal mesh and polymer banknotes.
Plastic debris as vector for pollutants
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Plastic
Additives
Persistent organic pollutants
Heavy metals pollutants
Brennecke et al. (2016) Rochman et al. (2013) Van et al. (2012) Hirai et al. (2011)
Indonesian Through Flow
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Trans boundary
debris from Pacific Ocean ?
Lack of research
Need more research
(micro)plastic debris in ITF
Acknowledgement
• Funding for this study was provided by the COREMAP Monitoring Program 2016 in Lombok
19
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The painful truth ??
Lets reduce plastic consumption for our future (our sons and daugters) Mari kita kurangi konsumsi plastik demi masa depan (anak cucu) kita
