MICROQUASARS: DISK-JET COUPLING

Felix Mirabel

European Southern Observatory. Chile

MULTI-APPROACH TO HIGH ENERGY SOURCES IN THE GALACTIC CENTRE REGION

Mirabel, Rodriguez, et al, 1992

Black Hole

Wang et al. ApJ 2002

Belanger, Goldwurm, Goldoni, ApJ 2003

INTEGRAL

Chandra

Since 1995 five Microquasar workshops

VLA: 6cm

QUASAR-MICROQUASAR ANALOGY

The scales of length and time are proportional to MBH

Rsh = 2GMBH/c2 ; T MBH

Unique system of equations: The maximum color temperatureof the accretion disk is:

Tcol M/ 10M)-1/4

(Shakura & Sunyaev, 1976)Waited era of space astronomy

For a given accretion rate:

LBol MBH ; ljet MBH ;

MBH-1 ; BMBH

-1/2 (Sams, Eckart, Sunyaev, 96; Rees 04)

QUASAR MICROQUASAR Mirabel & Rodriguez (Nature 1998)

APPARENT SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs AS IN QSOs ?

SUPERLUMINAL MOTION IN THE GALAXY

-RELATIVISTIC ABERRATION FROM TWIN JETS SEEN TWO-SIDED

- QSOJETS MOVE ON THE SKY ~103 TIMES FASTER THAN QSO JETS

- IN AGN AT D<100 Mpc JETS ARE RESOLVED AT ~50 Rsh (e.g. M87,Biretta)

PHYSICS: NEED TO STUDY BHs ACROSS ALL MASS SCALES

WITH SAME BULK LORENTZ FACTORS AS IN QSOsMirabel & Rodriguez, 1994

DARK JETS FROM BLACK HOLESRadio (Dubner et al); X-rays: (Brinkmann et al)

SS433/W50

• RADIATIVELY INEFFICIENT JETS “DARK”

• RELATIVISTIC HADRONS WITH V = 0.26c

• MECHANICAL LUMINOSITY > 1039 erg/sec

• IN QSOs >50% OF THE ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED

X-RAY MOVING JETS IN QSOs TeV ELECTRONS

1o = 60 pcarcsec

VLA 20cm

COMPACT STEADY JETS

• ~100 AU IN LENGTH PRESENT DURING LOW HARD STATE

• SPEED OF THE FLOW < 0.4c (Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel 2006)

• LARGE SCALE JETS CAN BE INTERPRETED AS SHOCKS

PROPAGATING cTHROUGH THE COMPACT JETS

• THE COMPACT JETS REAPPEAR AFTER LARGE FLARES

GRS 1915+105: Dhawan, Ribo & Mirabel (2006) Mirabel, Dhawan et. al, 1998

2.0 cm 3.6 cm

ACCRETION–JET CONNECTION

•THE TRIGGERS OF JETS ARE INSTABILITIES IN THE ACCRETION DISK (TRANSITION LOW HARD TO HIGH SOFT). THE X-RAY “SPIKE” MARKS THE ONSET OF A SHOCK THROUGH THE COMPACT, STEADY JET

•ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 Marscher (2002)

T MBH Mirabel et al. 1998 1 hr in GRS 1915+105 = 30 yr in SgrA*

MICROBLAZARS

1) Microblazars (Mirabel & Rodriguez,1999): IC of e- jets on UV photons (Paredes

et al. 2002) or hadrons in the jets (Romero et al. 2005) with matter of the stellar wind.

2) Pulsar wind (Maraschi & Treves, 1981): wind e- on UV as in PSR B1259-63

TWO MODELS:

Mirabel (Science, 2006)

VHE (>100 GeV) DETECTED FROM MICROQUASARS

LS 5039 with HESS & LSI +61 303 with MAGIC (Aharonian & Albert et al. in Science)

QSO -QSO -GRB ANALOGY HAVE THE SAME 3 BASIC INGREEDIENTS (Mirabel & Rodriguez, S&T 2002)

FOR DISK-JET COUPLING IN ASTROPHYSICAL BLACK HOLES

no

no

MOVING X-RAY JETS IN A QSOQSOs XTE J1550-564 & Corbel et al. Science 2002, 05

X-rays are produced by synchrotron electrons accelerated to TeV energies

ANALOGOUS ACCRETION-JET CONNECTION IN 3C 120 ? BUT IN TIME SCALES OF YEARS Marscher, Marti et al. Nature 2002

GAMMA-RAY BURSTS OF LONG DURATION MARK THE BIRTH OF BLACK HOLES BY CORE COLLAPSE OF MASSIVE STARS

Associated with SN Ic & super-relativistic jets

VHE (>100 GeV) FROMRAY

BINARIES

LSI +61 303 with MAGIC

(Albert et al. Science 2006)

VHE emission is variable

LS 5039 with HESS

(Aharonian et al. Science 2005)

• Both have compact objects with masses M < 4 M

• Both are runaway HMXBs formed < 2 x 106 yrs ago

SUMMARYMicroquasars have provided insight into:

• THE PHYSICS OF RELATIVISTIC JETS FROM BH’s• THE CONNECTION BETWEEN ACCRETION & EJECTION• THE FORMATION OF STELLAR-MASS BLACK HOLES

Microquasars could provide insight into:

• A LARGE FRACTION OF ULXs IN NEARBY GALAXIES

• GRBs OF LONG DURATION IN DISTANT GALAXIES

• THE PHYSICS IN THE JETS OF DISTANT BLAZARS

BLACK HOLE ASTROPHYSICS IS TODAY IN AN ANALOGOUS SITUATION AS WAS STELLAR ASTRONOMY IN THE FIRST HALF OF LAST CENTURY, WHEN THE HR DIAGRAM WAS CONSTRUCTED FOR FIRST TIME

LARGE-SCALE JETS IN CYGNUS X-1

Gallo, Fender et al. Nature 2005

Ring diameter = 5 pc

LARGE-SCALE JETS IN GRS 1915+105 ? Rodriguez & Mirabel (2006)

Hot spots at ~ 50 pc

> 50% OF THE RELEASED

ENERGY IS NOT RADIATED

IF THE EMPIRICAL CORRELATIONS

X-ray/radio/mass QPOs/mass Noise-spectrum/mass Gallo et al. 2004 Abramovics, 2005 Uttley et al. 2004

BECOME MORE ROBUST, INDEPENDENTLY OF THE MODELS, THE MASS AND SPIN OF BLACK HOLES WILL BE

DETERMINED

THE BLACK HOLE FUNDAMENTAL PLANE

Merloni et al. Falke, Koerding et al.

SUPERLUMINAL MOTIONS IN QSOs & AGN

•OBSERVED IN > 30 QSOs & AGN

•IN RADIO & OPTICAL WAVES

• PROPER MOTION SEEN IN YEARS

•Vapp UP TO 30c in blazars

•One sided because of Doppler boosting

•WHAT IS THE NATURE ?

“PLASMONS” OR SHOCKS ?

LS 5039 WAS EJECTED FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE

A VHE (> 100 GEV) SOURCEParedes, Ribo et al. 2002 Ribo, Paredes et al. 2002

V = 100-140 km/s; e~0.5; Mj = 2000-5000 Km/s M ; Mejected in SN = 5-15 M

VHE FROM COMPACT BINARIES• PULSAR WIND MODEL: Power by rotational energy (Dubus, 2006)

• PSR B1259-63, LS 5039 & LSI +61 303 have compact objects with M < 4 MSUN

• Time variability & x-ray spectrum of LSI +61 303 resemble those of young pulsars

• LSI +61 303 is a Be star like PSR B1259-63 & all known Be/X-ray binary are NSs

• But does not satisfactorily fit the GeV radio wavelength fluxes in LSI & LS 5039

• Definitive proof: Detection of pulsations in LS 5039 & LSI +61 303

• MICROQUASAR JET MODELS: Power by accretion (Bosch-Ramon)

• Particle energy in QSOs and QSOs are comparable (blazar-microblazar analogy)

• The kinetic power in QSOs is equal or larger than the radiated power

• Electrons in the jets are accelerated up to TeV energies

• LS 5039: jets are steady, two-sided, seem to have bulk motions of 0.2-0.3c as compact QSO jets, and no radio outbursts have been observed (Paredes et al.)

• Definitive proof: VHE emission from confirmed BHs (e.g Cyg X-1, V 4641,GRS 1915)

RADIO IMAGES WITH HIGHER SENSITIVITY AND RESOLUTION