Date post: | 06-May-2015 |
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Introduction to the Microscope
CarePartsFocusing
• Always carry with 2 hands
• Only use lens paper for cleaning
• Do not force knobs
• Always store covered
• Keep objects clear of desk and cords
• Place the Slide on the Microscope
• Use Stage Clips • Click Nosepiece to the lowest
(shortest) setting• Look into the Eyepiece• Use the Coarse Focus
• Follow steps to focus using low power
• Click the nosepiece to the longest objective
• Do NOT use the Coarse Focusing Knob
• Use the Fine Focus Knob to bring the slide
What can you find on your slide?
• Simple
• Compound
• Stereoscopic
• Electron
Simple Microscope
• Similar to a magnifying glass and has only one lense.
Compound Microscope
• Lets light pass through an object and then through two or more lenses.
Stereoscopic Microscope
• Gives a three dimensional view of an object. (Examples: insects and leaves)
Electron Microscope
• Uses a magnetic field to bend beams of electrons; instead of using lenses to bend beams of light.
A Lense
• Enlarges an image and bends the light toward your eye.
Eyepiece Lense
Usually has a power of 10 x
Eyepiece Lense
X
Objective Lense
=
Total Magnification
Low Power = 4 x
Medium Power = 10 x
High Power = 40 x
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROSCOPE
•OPTICAL
•ELECTRON
OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
• MAGNIFICATION POWER IS LIMITED BY THE SMALLEST WAVE LENGTH ( 4000 ANGSTROMS)
• 1 ANGSTROM= 1 X 10-10 m.
•ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK-
•Invented the first optical microscope
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• USES ELCTRON TO LIGHT AN OBJECT. THIS TYPE OF MICROSCOPE CAN RSOLVE MUCH SMALLER OBJECTS DOWN TO A WAVELENGHT OF 0.5 ANGSTROM
LOUIS DE BROGLIE
• DEVELOPED ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• TOGETHER WITH GEORGE THOMSON
ERNST RUSKA
• MADE THE FIRST CRUDE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE .
TYPES OF OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
• 1. SIMPLE MICROSCOPE–TH SIMPLEST FORM OF
MICROSCOPE WHICH CONSISTS OF ONE DOUBLE CONVS LENS WITH A SHORT FOCAL LENGTH . THE LENS IS CAPABEL OG MAGNIFYING AN OBJECT FROM 15 X TO 2000X
COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
• USES VISIBLE LIGHT TO PRODUCE A MAGNIFID IMAGE OF AN OBJECT
• COMPOSED OF OBJECTIVE LENS AND OCULAR LENS.
SPECIAL PURPOSE OF OPTICAL MICROSCOPE
• STEOREOSCOPIC M ICROSCOPE–PRODUCES A 3-
DIMENSIONAL IMAGE THAT HAS ITS RIGHT SIDE UP
ULTRAVIOLET MICROSCOPE
• USES ULTRAVIOLET Wavelength OF THE SPECTRUM INSTAD OF VISIBLE WAVELENGTH.
PETROGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE
• USED TO IDENTIFY AND ESTIMATE THE MINERAL CONTENT OF IGNEOUS AND MTAMORPHIC ROCKS.
DARK FIELD MICROSCOPE
• USES LIGHTING IN THE FORM OF A HOLLOW INTENSE CONE OF LIGHT CONCENTRATD ON TH SPECIMEN.
TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
• 1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
- USING ELECTRONS TO MAGNIFY OBJECTS.
- 100000 UP TO A MILLION TIMES.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON M ICROSCOPE
•CAPABLE UP TO 1 MILLION TIMES MAGNIFICATION
Eyepiece
Body Tube
Revolving NosepieceArm
Objective Lens
StageStage Clips
Coarse Focus
Fine Focus
Base
Diaphragm
Light
Microscope
One or more lense that makes an enlarged image of an object.
STAND•MADE OF HEAVY FOOT AND A HORSE- SHOE SHAPED BASE THAT SUPPORTS THE MICROSCOPE
BODY TUBE• CYLINDRICAL PART
WHERE THE LENSES ARE ATTACHED AND CAN BE RAISED OR LOWERED FOR BETTER FOCUSING.
COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
• THIS IS DONE AFTR THE OBJECTIVE LENS IS LOWERE NEAR THE OBJECT.
FINE ADJUSTMENT KNOB
•FOR FURTHER FOCUSING OF AN OBJECT
STAGE
• A PLATFORM WITH AN OPENING TO LET THE LIGHT PASS WHERE THE SPECIMEN IN A GLASS SLID IS PLACED.
STAGE CLIPS
•KEEP THE GLASS SLIDE IN PLACE SO THAT IT WILL NOT MOVE.
ARM•CONNECTS THE BAS AND STAGE WITH THE TUBE
OPTICAL PARTS
•1. DRAW TUBE
•- HOLDS THE EYEPIECE
EYEPIECE
• LOCATED AT THE TOP OF THE BODY TUBE. IT IS THE PART WHER YOU PEEP DURING AN OBSERVATION
OBJECTIVES
•LENS LOCATED NEAR TH OBJCT MAGNIFIS UP TO 90 X
• 4X- LOW POWRED
• 10 X- MEDIUM POWERED
• 40 X- HIGHPOWERED
• 100X- OIL IMMERSION
REVOLVING NOSE PIECE
LOCATED AT THE BOTTOM OF THE BODY TUBE WHICH CARRIES THE MAGNIFYING LENSES OBJECTIVES
MIRROR
• USED TO FOCUS RAYS OF THE LIGHT SOURCE TOWARD THE OBJECT
DIAPHRAGM
•CONTROLS THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT THAT NTRS TH STAGE OPENING
CONDENSER LENS
• USED TO FURTHER CONTROL THE LIGHT AS NEEDED.
•OTHER TOOLS USED IN SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATIONS
AUTOCLAVE• LIKE AN OVEN USED
TO STRELIZE CONTAINERS , INSTRUMENTS AND OTHER MATRIALS USED IN EXPERIMENT
CENTRIFUGE• A MACHINE USED TO SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
•IT ROTATES VERY FAST AND BY CENTRIFUGAL FORCE THE SOLIDS ARE EITHER PRECIPITATED OR SEPARATED FROM THE MIXTURE
COMPUTER• THIS IS AN INDESPENSABLE
TOOL IN ANY RESEARCH. IT CAN STORE DATA, ACQUIR INFORMATION FAST VIA INTERNET, MAKS INTRPRETS GRAPHS VERY FAST
SPECTROPHOTOMETER
• SPECTROMETER- PRODUCE LIGHT OF ANY COLOR
• PHOTOMETER- MEASURES INTNSITY OF LIGHT