BIOL 212 SI, MollyDr. Coffman and Dr. Peterson

Old Exam 5 Questions5-1-15

Transport and cardiovascular systems

Which of the following does NOT require hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to the tissues.

a. Earthworms b. Insects c. Mammals d. Birds e. Amphibians

The vessels that return blood to the heart in a closed circulatory system are referred to as

a. arteries. b. veins. c. capillaries. d. sinuses. e. auxiliary hearts.

Which of the following is NOT a component of vertebrate blood?

a. plasma. b. leukocytes. c. erythrocytes. d. platelets. e. myoglobin.

Hemoglobin is more likely to release oxygen in metabolically active tissues because

a. Metabolically active tissues produce more hemoglobin b. Metabolically active cells are nearer to capillaries c. CO2 is an allosteric regulator of hemoglobin d. CO2 competes for heme binding e. Endorphins released by active tissues trigger oxygen release

What allows many marine invertebrates (e.g. corals, jellyfish, sea anemones) to grow large in size even though they have only a gastrovascular cavity for circulation?

a. these organisms are only a few cells thick and can rely on diffusion to transport nutrients and oxygen throughout the body

b. there are many branches within the gastrovascular cavity that directly transport nutrients and oxygen to various tissues

c. a single, large heart provides enough pressure to deliver the blood throughout the entire body

d. there are many openings to the gastrovascular cavity that allow nutrients and oxygen to be taken up from all directions

Why are respiratory and circulatory systems tightly coupled in organisms with closed circulatory systems?

a. all cells in the body require nutrients, oxygen, and waste removal

b. organisms with a low surface area:volume ratio cannot only rely on the simple diffusion of nutrients and gases to sustain life

c. if these systems weren’t coupled, the blood pressure would be too low to circulate the blood throughout the entire body d. all of the above are true

e. only A and B are true

Cooperative binding of O2 by hemoglobin is physiologically important because

a. it overcomes the limitation imposed by diffusion rates b. it allows saturation of blood with O2 at low partial pressure c. it allows hemoglobin to readily give up most of its oxygen at

sites of physiological activity d. it increases the O2 carrying capacity of blood e. it allows efficient exchange of O2 for CO2

Plant gas exchange occurs mainly through which of the following structures?

a. companion cells b. trachea c. alveoli d. stomata e. vessels

Consider the graphs shown. The center, blue line represents the O2 dissociation curve for adult hemoglobin. The line that represents fetal hemoglobin is

a. A because adult hemoglobin has a higher affinity than fetal Hb for O2 b. A because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity than adult Hb for O2

c. B because adult hemoglobin has a higher affinity than fetal Hb for O2

d. B because fetal hemoglobin has a higher affinity than adult Hb for O2

Which of the following factors contribute to water flow in xylem?

a. active transport in root cells and evapotranspiration through stomates

b. root peristalsis and evapotranspiration through stomates c. active transport in root cells and capillary action d. capillary action and evapotranspiration through stomates e. active transport in root cells and capillary action

What is an advantage for insects to have an open circulatory system rather than a gastrovascular cavity?

a. Insects are more efficient with a single heart. b. Insects are terrestrial. c. Open circulatory systems allow high hemolymph pressures. d. An open circulatory system allows coupling of respiratory and

circulatory systems.

What is an advantage for insects to have an open circulatory system rather than a gastrovascular cavity?

a. An open circulatory system provides for more metabolic dynamic range; the animal can respond to changes in energy demands. b. Insects don’t have open circulatory systems. c. Open circulatory systems allow high hemolymph pressures. d. An open circulatory system allows coupling of respiratory and

circulatory systems.

Which of the following statements about amphibian and mammalian circulatory systems is true?

a. Pulmonary circulation occurs at reduced blood pressure.

b. Amphibians have 4 heart chambers similar to mammals.

c. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange only occurs in the lungs and skin.

d. All of the above are true.

e. None of the above are true.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a capillary bed?

a. The drop in blood pressure across the capillary is partially due to fluid loss.

b. Large proteins diffuse out of the vasculature on the arteriole side and into the vasculature on the on the venule side.

c. The lymphatic system collects water and solutes that are not picked up by the venules.

d. The addition of CO2 to the blood decreases the pH of the blood.

e. None of the above. All of the above statements are true.

Based on what is shown in these oxygen binding curves, which of the following is true?

a. At lower temperatures hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen.

b. Elevated temperatures increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

c. Increasing exertion at higher altitudes increases oxygen binding to hemoglobin.

d. All of the above are true.

e. None of the above are true.

This question focuses on long-distance transport in the xylem. Which of the following is NOT true?

a. Flow of fluids through xylem is not mediated by pressure differences.

b. Cohesion-tension theory relies on the polar nature of water molecules.

c. Transpiration involves evaporative loss of water. d. None of the above. All of these statements are true.

Stomatal opening is driven by….

a. Water efflux from the guard cells driven by osmosis due to lower extracellular ion concentrations.

b. Water influx via osmosis into the guard cells due to pumping of ions and cotransport of sugars into the guard cells.

What energy sources drive water transport in the xylem? a. Gravity and photosynthesis b. Stomates and soil pressure c. Gas exchange and xylem vessels d. Sunlight and ATP

Where do roots get their sugars? a. From photosynthesis in the root hairs b. Via the phloem from the leaves c. By active transport from the soil

Which of the following is NOT an important aspect contributing to water transport through the xylem?

a. cohesion among H2O molecules due to hydrogen bonding b. osmosis due to sugar produced in photosynthesizing leaves c. active transport of mineral ions from the soil into roots d. transpirational H2O loss from leaves e. continuous tubes created by dead vessel and tracheid cells

Consider the graphs shown. The center, blue line represents the O2 dissociation curve for hemoglobin under normal physiological conditions. The line that represents hemoglobin (Hb) in tissues undergoing intense metabolic demands is

a. A because CO2, low pH and high temperatures increase the

affinity of Hb for O2

b. A because CO2, low pH and high temperatures decrease the

affinity of Hb for O2

c. B because CO2, low pH and high temperatures increase the

affinity of Hb for O2

d. B because CO2, low pH and high temperatures decrease the affinity of Hb for O2

Reproduction

In plant reproduction, alternation of generations refers to alternating between

a. male and female b. embryo and endosperm c. haploid and diploid d. epiphyte and halophyte e. monocot and dicot

In mammals, male sex characteristics are determined by all the following EXCEPT

a. Having a Y chromosome b. Having only one X chromosome c. Testes determining factor d. Testosterone levels

Which of the following is NOT true for both male and female mammalian gametogenesis?

a. One primary cell produces four mature gametes. b. Germ line cells multiply by mitosis. c. Primary cells (spermatocytes and oocytes) are diploid. d. Gametes are formed by meiosis. e. Gametes develop in the gonads.

In mammalian females, germ cells (oocytes) are a. not produced until puberty. b. nearly all produced in the fetus. c. fully mature gametes at birth. d. produced in the embryo sac. e. arrested in mitosis until puberty.

In mammals, the primary signal of a successful fertilization is

a. the uterus produces chorionic gonadotropin which signals the corpus luteum in the ovary

b. the follicle produces estrogen, which signals the corpus luteum to decrease progesterone

c. the corpus luteum in the ovary produces estrodiol, which signals implantation in the uterus

d. the completion of meiosis II triggers estrogen and progesterone, which signal the uterus

e. mechanosensors in the uterine wall are are depolarized by implantation, triggering an action potential

Females produce eggs. Which of the following is NOT a feature of meiosis in most female germlines?

a. Chromosome number is reduced from 4 to 1. b. Unequal cytokinesis results in a single larger cell with most

of the cytoplasm. c. The diploid oocyte is the final product. d. Polar bodies contribute to reduction of chromosome number. e. None. All of the above statements are true.

Which of the following is NOT a form of asexual reproduction? a. Mitosis b. Budding c. Gender switching in fish d. Regeneration e. Parthenogenesis

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of asexual reproduction? a. Able to reproduce even if isolated b. Able to reproduce rapidly c. Can generate large numbers of offspring d. Greater genetic variation e. All of the above f. None of the above

Based on what we discussed about mammalian imprinting, which of the following is a characteristic of epigenetic gene regulation?

a. Epigenetic DNA methylation b. is the same between homologous chromosomes in early mammalian

embryos. b. Epigenetic imprinting results in the removal of genes from the

chromosomes. c. Epigenetic DNA methylation can result in genes not being

transcribed.

Which of the following is a characteristic of sexual reproduction?

a. The embryo is usually the result of the fusion of gametes from different genetic backgrounds.

b. The embryo is usually the result of the fusion of diploid gametes from two different parents.

c. The species is less able to adapt to changes in the environment due to less genetic diversity within the population. d. The genome is less likely to retain deleterious mutations in critical genes.

Recombination occurs… a. as gametes are in the final stages of maturation. b. during the separation of homologous chromosomes in mitosis. c. during the separation of homologous chromosomes in meiosis I. d. as the sister chromatids separate during mitosis.

Which of the following is a characteristic of asexual reproduction? a. It is limited to invertebrates. b. It allows for the maintenance of greater genetic diversity. c. It allows for the maintenance of successful genotypes. d. It requires meiotic cell division.

In plants, ….. a. 1n individuals produce gametes via meiosis. b. 2n individuals produce gametes via mitosis. c. 1n individuals produce gametes via mitosis. d. 2n individuals produce gametes via meiosis.

Double fertilization in flowering plants… a. results in the formation of a 3n endosperm. b. allows for plants to self fertilize. c. is a form of parthenogenesis. d. is a system that improves fertility since only one of the

sperm needs to successfully fertilize the egg.

In the alternation of generations in flowering plant lifecycles,

a. the haploid phase is often free living. b. the diploid phase is dominant. c. the diploid phase produces the gametes. d. the endosperm is haploid.