Middle East in Transition The Persian Gulf War and Its Continuing Aftermath.

Middle East in Middle East in TransitionTransition

The Persian Gulf The Persian Gulf War and Its War and Its Continuing Continuing AftermathAftermath

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in Transition Why did Iraq invade Kuwait?Why did Iraq invade Kuwait? Why did the U.S. and the Why did the U.S. and the

international community international community respond so quickly and respond so quickly and intensely?intensely?

How was the alliance held How was the alliance held together?together?

Should anything have been Should anything have been done differently?done differently?

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in Transition August 1990 Iraq invades and takes over August 1990 Iraq invades and takes over

KuwaitKuwait The UN authorizes economic sanctions and later The UN authorizes economic sanctions and later

military actionmilitary action Within days U.S. began deploying military forces to Within days U.S. began deploying military forces to

Saudi Arabia – eventually 430,000Saudi Arabia – eventually 430,000 In addition, 245,000 troops from 29 other countries In addition, 245,000 troops from 29 other countries

arrivearrive 16 January 1991 the U.S.-led alliance begins 16 January 1991 the U.S.-led alliance begins

air strikes on Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraqair strikes on Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq 23 February 1991 the alliance launches a 23 February 1991 the alliance launches a

ground assault that quickly drives Iraqi forces ground assault that quickly drives Iraqi forces out of Kuwait – ground war lasted 100 out of Kuwait – ground war lasted 100 hourshours

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in Transition Background to the 1991 Iraqi InvasionBackground to the 1991 Iraqi Invasion

KuwaitKuwait In the 1700s Kuwait was under the control of the In the 1700s Kuwait was under the control of the

Ottoman-Turk EmpireOttoman-Turk Empire In 1756 one of the influential families in Kuwait, In 1756 one of the influential families in Kuwait,

the al-Sabah family, negotiated autonomy (not the al-Sabah family, negotiated autonomy (not complete independence) from the Ottomanscomplete independence) from the Ottomans

In 1899, fearing the In 1899, fearing the Ottomans Ottomans would curtail the would curtail the autonomy agreement, the autonomy agreement, the al-Sabahal-Sabah family signed family signed a treaty with a treaty with Great BritainGreat Britain allowing Britain to allowing Britain to control Kuwait’s control Kuwait’s foreignforeign and and defense defense affairsaffairs

In 1961, Kuwait gains independence from In 1961, Kuwait gains independence from BritainBritain with the al-Sabah family continuing to with the al-Sabah family continuing to rulerule

They distributed a sizeable percentage o the country’s They distributed a sizeable percentage o the country’s oil-produced wealthoil-produced wealth to “Kuwaiti Citizens”; however, to “Kuwaiti Citizens”; however, only only 28%28% of the 2.1 million people in the country were of the 2.1 million people in the country were considered Kuwaitisconsidered Kuwaitis

The rest of the population was 18% Palestinians, 21% The rest of the population was 18% Palestinians, 21% Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian and 20% otherArab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian and 20% other

Ottoman Turk EmpireOttoman Turk Empire


IraqIraq Before WWI Iraq was part of the Before WWI Iraq was part of the

Ottoman empireOttoman empire After WWI Great Britain assumed After WWI Great Britain assumed

control of Iraq control of Iraq In 1932, Iraq became independent and In 1932, Iraq became independent and

established a constitutional monarchy established a constitutional monarchy following the British example that lasted following the British example that lasted 26 years26 years


IraqIraq In 1958, monarchy overthrown by military coup In 1958, monarchy overthrown by military coup Over the next ten years, there were a series of Over the next ten years, there were a series of

coups and countercoups led by the military and coups and countercoups led by the military and Baath Party membersBaath Party members

In 1968, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and his In 1968, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and his subordinate, Saddam Hussein take controlsubordinate, Saddam Hussein take control

Al-Bakr was a figurehead, Hussein was in Al-Bakr was a figurehead, Hussein was in chargecharge

In 1979, al-Bakr resigns, Hussein officially in In 1979, al-Bakr resigns, Hussein officially in charge of government, the military, and the charge of government, the military, and the Baath PartyBaath Party

Hussein consolidates power by executing his Hussein consolidates power by executing his challengers within the partychallengers within the party


IraqIraq In 1980, Hussein initiates war with Iran In 1980, Hussein initiates war with Iran

– 8 years – 8 years Tied to a large number of religious, ethnic, Tied to a large number of religious, ethnic,

historical, boundary, oil, and other issues historical, boundary, oil, and other issues Combined they suffered over 1 millionCombined they suffered over 1 million

casualties casualties Use of Chemical Weapons and LasersUse of Chemical Weapons and Lasers U.S. provided intelligence support to IraqU.S. provided intelligence support to Iraq

War ends in stalemate and both countriesWar ends in stalemate and both countrieswere devastated – Iraq had incurred an were devastated – Iraq had incurred an immense economic debt from borrowing immense economic debt from borrowing billions from Kuwait and other Arab billions from Kuwait and other Arab countriescountries



IraqIraq After the Iraq-Iran war ends in 1988, After the Iraq-Iran war ends in 1988,

Hussein viewed himself as the rightful Hussein viewed himself as the rightful leader of the Arab peoples in the Persian leader of the Arab peoples in the Persian Gulf region – declared himself the man Gulf region – declared himself the man who could return international prestige who could return international prestige and power to the Arab peopleand power to the Arab people

He compared himself to Babylonian King He compared himself to Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar who conquered Nebuchadnezzar who conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C. and to Saladin Jerusalem in 587 B.C. and to Saladin who drove the Christian crusaders out of who drove the Christian crusaders out of Jerusalem in the late twelfth centuryJerusalem in the late twelfth century


IraqIraq In July 1990, Hussein orders Iraqi In July 1990, Hussein orders Iraqi

forces to mass at the Iraqi-Kuwaiti forces to mass at the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border – intended to intimidate Kuwait border – intended to intimidate Kuwait into giving in on disagreements into giving in on disagreements between the two countriesbetween the two countries

Iraq’s war debt to KuwaitIraq’s war debt to Kuwait Kuwaiti oil productionKuwaiti oil production Boundary issuesBoundary issues

Kuwait doesn’t give in and onKuwait doesn’t give in and onAugust 2August 2ndnd Iraqi forces roll into Iraqi forces roll intoKuwaitKuwait

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in Transition U.S. Military BuildupU.S. Military Buildup

U.N. Security Council immediately condemned U.N. Security Council immediately condemned Iraq’s actions and called for unconditional Iraq’s actions and called for unconditional withdrawalwithdrawal

Within a week, the U.N. voted for economic Within a week, the U.N. voted for economic sanctionssanctions U.S. froze all Iraqi and Kuwaiti bank assetsU.S. froze all Iraqi and Kuwaiti bank assets U.S. stopped all trade with IraqU.S. stopped all trade with Iraq U.S. sent troops and aircraft to Saudi Arabia to U.S. sent troops and aircraft to Saudi Arabia to

prevent an assault on Saudi Arabia – 29 other prevent an assault on Saudi Arabia – 29 other countries including 7 Arab states sent forcescountries including 7 Arab states sent forces

““Operation Desert Shield” – The fastest large-scale, Operation Desert Shield” – The fastest large-scale, intercontinental deployment of troops in military history intercontinental deployment of troops in military history

When it became apparent that economic When it became apparent that economic sanctions were not working, the U.N. authorized sanctions were not working, the U.N. authorized the use of “all necessary means,” including the use of “all necessary means,” including military force, to drive Iraq from Kuwait if they military force, to drive Iraq from Kuwait if they did not depart by January 15, 1991did not depart by January 15, 1991


The Iraqi Occupation & The Iraqi Occupation & Last-Ditch Diplomacy Last-Ditch Diplomacy

Within days of the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s legislature Within days of the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s legislature voted to annex Kuwait as Iraq’s 19voted to annex Kuwait as Iraq’s 19thth province province

Foreign embassies were ordered out of Kuwait to Foreign embassies were ordered out of Kuwait to Baghdad – those that stayed had electricity and water cut Baghdad – those that stayed had electricity and water cut offoff

Iraq began building bunkers, barricades, and other Iraq began building bunkers, barricades, and other permanent military facilitiespermanent military facilities

Iraqi troops placed explosive charges on Kuwaiti oil wellsIraqi troops placed explosive charges on Kuwaiti oil wells Iraq cancelled its debts to Kuwait and began taking Iraq cancelled its debts to Kuwait and began taking

Kuwaiti property to IraqKuwaiti property to Iraq Massive human rights violations – torture, rape, murderMassive human rights violations – torture, rape, murder As the deadline drew near, foreigners were prevented As the deadline drew near, foreigners were prevented

from leaving Iraq and some were placed near military & from leaving Iraq and some were placed near military & industrial targets to prevent air attack – the world was industrial targets to prevent air attack – the world was outragedoutraged


Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm ““Operation Desert Shield” was followed Operation Desert Shield” was followed

by “Operation Desert Storm” – A two-by “Operation Desert Storm” – A two-phased assault on Iraq and Iraqi forces in phased assault on Iraq and Iraqi forces in Kuwait Kuwait Phase one of Operation Desert Storm was a Phase one of Operation Desert Storm was a

month-long air assault on Iraqi offensive and month-long air assault on Iraqi offensive and defensive facilities – 2,000 sorties per daydefensive facilities – 2,000 sorties per day Targets included antiaircraft sites, SCUD missile Targets included antiaircraft sites, SCUD missile

launchers, airfields and aircraft, communications launchers, airfields and aircraft, communications centers, weapon production facilities, oil refineries, centers, weapon production facilities, oil refineries, transportation and supply systems, and ground transportation and supply systems, and ground forcesforces

Use of high-tech cruise missiles, laser-guided Use of high-tech cruise missiles, laser-guided bombs, stealth aircraft and other weapons were bombs, stealth aircraft and other weapons were extremely effectiveextremely effective


Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm Not all significant military targets Not all significant military targets

were destroyed – Iraqi SCUD missiles were destroyed – Iraqi SCUD missiles began launching against Israel the began launching against Israel the day after Desert Storm began and day after Desert Storm began and continued throughout the warcontinued throughout the war Used against Israel and Saudi Arabia – Used against Israel and Saudi Arabia –

Used to provoke a response from Israel Used to provoke a response from Israel in an attempt to disrupt the coalitionin an attempt to disrupt the coalition

Significant psychological effect and Significant psychological effect and potential for use of chemical weaponspotential for use of chemical weapons


Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm While the air assault was underway, the While the air assault was underway, the

commander General Norman Schwarzkopf commander General Norman Schwarzkopf moved over 150,000 coalition troops far inland moved over 150,000 coalition troops far inland – basically bypassing the Iraqi defenses and – basically bypassing the Iraqi defenses and moving in deep behind them moving in deep behind them These forces were used to attack directly into Iraq These forces were used to attack directly into Iraq

and be used to cut off all Iraqi forces in Kuwaitand be used to cut off all Iraqi forces in Kuwait On 24 Feb the Second Phase of Desert Storm On 24 Feb the Second Phase of Desert Storm

began – a 100 hour ground war that resulted began – a 100 hour ground war that resulted in the destruction of hundreds of Iraqi tanks in the destruction of hundreds of Iraqi tanks and other vehicles and the capture of and other vehicles and the capture of thousands of Iraqi prisonersthousands of Iraqi prisoners Many Iraqis surrendered without a fightMany Iraqis surrendered without a fight Probably as many as 20,000 Iraqis KIAProbably as many as 20,000 Iraqis KIA


Operation Desert StormOperation Desert Storm The retreating Iraqis set nearly The retreating Iraqis set nearly

1,000 oil wells on fire creating 1,000 oil wells on fire creating enormous environmental damage enormous environmental damage – this took almost a year to clean – this took almost a year to clean upup


Did Desert Storm End Too Did Desert Storm End Too Soon?Soon? Iraqi forces were in full retreat, why Iraqi forces were in full retreat, why

didn’t the U.S. led coalition not finish didn’t the U.S. led coalition not finish destroying them and then go on and destroying them and then go on and remove Saddam Hussein from power remove Saddam Hussein from power in Baghdad? in Baghdad? U.N. resolutions authorized only the U.N. resolutions authorized only the

expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, not expulsion of Iraqi forces from Kuwait, not the overthrowing of the Iraqi governmentthe overthrowing of the Iraqi government

Several members of the coalition opposed Several members of the coalition opposed any effort to change the Iraqi any effort to change the Iraqi government, overthrowing Hussein could government, overthrowing Hussein could destroy the coalitiondestroy the coalition


Did Desert Storm End Too Did Desert Storm End Too Soon?Soon?

U.S. had been successful in the Arab and U.S. had been successful in the Arab and Islamic worlds portraying itself as a Islamic worlds portraying itself as a defender of a rightfully ruling Arab defender of a rightfully ruling Arab government, if U.S. had overthrown government, if U.S. had overthrown Hussein our opponents would portray Hussein our opponents would portray the U.S. as a dangerous and expansionist the U.S. as a dangerous and expansionist outsideroutsider

If U.S. had overthrown Hussein, U.S. If U.S. had overthrown Hussein, U.S. troops would have had to stay to troops would have had to stay to maintain order, the government put in maintain order, the government put in power would have been perceived as one power would have been perceived as one imposed on Iraq by the U.S. and this imposed on Iraq by the U.S. and this would lead to instabilitywould lead to instability


Did Desert Storm End Too Did Desert Storm End Too Soon?Soon?

If the Iraqi military were destroyed, Iran If the Iraqi military were destroyed, Iran and Syria might become the dominant and Syria might become the dominant political- military force in the regionpolitical- military force in the region

As the ground war neared 100 hours, it As the ground war neared 100 hours, it was becoming a massacre, receiving a was becoming a massacre, receiving a great deal of coverage by the great deal of coverage by the international mediainternational media

U.S. intelligence community believed the U.S. intelligence community believed the humiliating defeat of the Iraqi army humiliating defeat of the Iraqi army would cause the senior military officers would cause the senior military officers to rise up and overthrow Hussein – it to rise up and overthrow Hussein – it didn’t happendidn’t happen

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in TransitionDid Desert Storm End Too Soon?Did Desert Storm End Too Soon?


Inside Iraq after the 1991 Inside Iraq after the 1991 WarWar

Following the Persian Gulf War there Following the Persian Gulf War there were numerous attempts at coups were numerous attempts at coups and/or assassination attempts and/or assassination attempts against Husseinagainst Hussein Kurdish uprising in the northKurdish uprising in the north Iraqi Shia uprising in the southIraqi Shia uprising in the south Two son-in-laws defected with Hussein’s Two son-in-laws defected with Hussein’s

daughtersdaughters All brutally put down and those All brutally put down and those

opposing Hussein were killedopposing Hussein were killed U.S. did not support attempts and U.S. did not support attempts and

only retaliated against Hussein’s only retaliated against Hussein’s forcesforces


Iraq and the outside world Iraq and the outside world after the 1991 Warafter the 1991 War

Hussein becomes increasingly Hussein becomes increasingly defiant toward the international defiant toward the international communitycommunity International community tried to International community tried to

contain Hussein through contain Hussein through diplomatic and economic sanctionsdiplomatic and economic sanctions

Periodic military strikesPeriodic military strikes During this time the U.S. and British During this time the U.S. and British flew roughly 374,000 sortiesflew roughly 374,000 sorties


Iraq and the outside world Iraq and the outside world after the 1991 Warafter the 1991 War Under the cease-fire agreement from Under the cease-fire agreement from

the war, Hussein had to agree to the the war, Hussein had to agree to the following concerning Iraq’s WMDfollowing concerning Iraq’s WMD Reveal locations of WMD research and Reveal locations of WMD research and

production facilitiesproduction facilities Allow U.N. teams to inspect those sitesAllow U.N. teams to inspect those sites Provide information to U.N. inspection Provide information to U.N. inspection

teams about WMD programsteams about WMD programs When instructed, destroy WMD facilities When instructed, destroy WMD facilities

and stockpilesand stockpiles


Iraq and the outside world Iraq and the outside world after the 1991 Warafter the 1991 War

By 1996, Iraq’s economy is in By 1996, Iraq’s economy is in shambles and Hussein surprises shambles and Hussein surprises observers by accepting U.N. Security observers by accepting U.N. Security Council Resolution 986Council Resolution 986 Allowed limited sales of oil; U.N. to Allowed limited sales of oil; U.N. to

control the revenuecontrol the revenue Money was used to purchase food and Money was used to purchase food and

medicine for the Iraqi peoplemedicine for the Iraqi people Money also used to finance the U.N. Money also used to finance the U.N.

weapons inspection program and weapons inspection program and compensate victims of the Persian Gulf compensate victims of the Persian Gulf WarWar


Iraq and the outside world Iraq and the outside world after the 1991 Warafter the 1991 War During the late 1990’s, recurring During the late 1990’s, recurring

confrontations between Iraq and the confrontations between Iraq and the United Nations Special Commission United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) kept tensions high (UNSCOM) kept tensions high UNSCOM was charged with investigating UNSCOM was charged with investigating

Iraq’s WMD programIraq’s WMD program U.S. arms inspectors were expelled in U.S. arms inspectors were expelled in

1997 1997 By December 1998, Iraq cuts off ties By December 1998, Iraq cuts off ties

with the commissionwith the commission UNSCOM evacuated Iraq…America and UNSCOM evacuated Iraq…America and

British forces launched a massive air British forces launched a massive air campaign against Iraqi military targets – air campaign against Iraqi military targets – air strikes without the backing of the U.N. strikes without the backing of the U.N. Security Council and France, Russian and Security Council and France, Russian and China opposed the strikesChina opposed the strikes


Iraq Policy Under George W. Iraq Policy Under George W. Bush and the War on Bush and the War on

TerrorismTerrorism After taking office, Pres. Bush After taking office, Pres. Bush

continued U.S. efforts to isolate continued U.S. efforts to isolate Iraq and undermine Saddam Iraq and undermine Saddam HusseinHussein In early 2001, U.S. and British In early 2001, U.S. and British

warplanes bombed Iraqi air defenses warplanes bombed Iraqi air defenses outside the “no-fly” zone – preventive outside the “no-fly” zone – preventive not provokednot provoked



TerrorismTerrorism Following 9/11 and the invasion of Following 9/11 and the invasion of Afghanistan, the Bush administration Afghanistan, the Bush administration focused on Iraq as the next target in the focused on Iraq as the next target in the war on terrorism war on terrorism The administration argued that if Iraq was left The administration argued that if Iraq was left

unchecked they could one day provide terrorist unchecked they could one day provide terrorist organizations with WMDorganizations with WMD

In November 2002, the U.N. passed In November 2002, the U.N. passed Resolution 1441 calling on Hussein to Resolution 1441 calling on Hussein to allow unconditional weapons inspectionsallow unconditional weapons inspections Within weeks, U.N. monitors were in Iraq and Within weeks, U.N. monitors were in Iraq and

opposition to military action grew in the opposition to military action grew in the Security Council and world communitySecurity Council and world community

The Bush administration was skeptical of the The Bush administration was skeptical of the inspections and emphasized regime change inspections and emphasized regime change rather than disarmamentrather than disarmament



TerrorismTerrorism In February 2003, U.S. Secretary In February 2003, U.S. Secretary Of Sate Colin Powell tried to Of Sate Colin Powell tried to persuade U.N. members that Iraq persuade U.N. members that Iraq had WMD, was subverting the had WMD, was subverting the inspection process and had links inspection process and had links to al Quedato al Queda U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix U.N. weapons inspector Hans Blix

disagreed and described increasing disagreed and described increasing cooperation from the Iraqi cooperation from the Iraqi government and satisfaction with the government and satisfaction with the pace of disarmamentpace of disarmament



TerrorismTerrorism With no clear evidence of Iraqi With no clear evidence of Iraqi noncompliance with 1441 or the noncompliance with 1441 or the existence of WMD, the majority of existence of WMD, the majority of U.N. Security Council members U.N. Security Council members opposed military actionopposed military action After several weeks, the United States After several weeks, the United States

and Great Britain abandoned efforts to and Great Britain abandoned efforts to get a U.N. mandate for war against Iraqget a U.N. mandate for war against Iraq


The Second War in IraqThe Second War in Iraq Restating its earlier case Restating its earlier case

regarding the imminent dangers regarding the imminent dangers of Iraq, the U.S. led a “coalition of of Iraq, the U.S. led a “coalition of the willing” in a war to overthrow the willing” in a war to overthrow Saddam HusseinSaddam Hussein

March 20, 2003, the coalition March 20, 2003, the coalition military, led by U.S. and British military, led by U.S. and British forces quickly controlled southern forces quickly controlled southern Iraq and Baghdad Iraq and Baghdad By April the U.S. had installed an By April the U.S. had installed an

administration, later named the administration, later named the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA) to oversee the transition of an to oversee the transition of an interim Iraqi governmentinterim Iraqi government


The Second War in IraqThe Second War in Iraq After the overthrow of the After the overthrow of the

Hussein regime rioting was Hussein regime rioting was widespread because U.S. forces widespread because U.S. forces were unprepared to serve as were unprepared to serve as policemenpolicemen Looters ransacked government Looters ransacked government

buildings, businesses, utility buildings, businesses, utility companies, and even museumscompanies, and even museums

Many Iraqis turned against the U.S. Many Iraqis turned against the U.S. because of its inability to provide because of its inability to provide security or restore ordersecurity or restore order


Rebuilding IraqRebuilding Iraq The CPA had to maintain a The CPA had to maintain a

delicate balancing actdelicate balancing act Wanted transfer of power to Iraqis as Wanted transfer of power to Iraqis as

quickly as possiblequickly as possible Wanted to maintain security and set Wanted to maintain security and set

the groundwork for democracy and the groundwork for democracy and economic development economic development

Still working on itStill working on it


Rebuilding Iraq - PoliticsRebuilding Iraq - Politics In defense of the CPA, it took care to In defense of the CPA, it took care to

make sure the IGC reflected Iraq’s make sure the IGC reflected Iraq’s different groupsdifferent groups 13 Shias13 Shias 5 Sunnis5 Sunnis 5 Kurds5 Kurds 1 Assyrian Christian1 Assyrian Christian 1 Turkmen1 Turkmen

In trying to foster a secular In trying to foster a secular democracy, of those 25 appointed to democracy, of those 25 appointed to the IGC, 9 had lived outside of Iraq the IGC, 9 had lived outside of Iraq and several had advised Pres Bush and several had advised Pres Bush prior to the invasionprior to the invasion

In July 2003, the CPA, under U.S. In July 2003, the CPA, under U.S. Paul Bremmer, appointed a 25 Paul Bremmer, appointed a 25 member Iraqi Governing Council member Iraqi Governing Council (IGC) (IGC) Best way of bring Iraqis into Best way of bring Iraqis into

government leadership positions government leadership positions ASAPASAP

Critics said it was a way for the U.S. Critics said it was a way for the U.S. to put an Iraqi face on a U.S.-led to put an Iraqi face on a U.S.-led administrationadministration

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in TransitionRebuilding Iraq - PoliticsRebuilding Iraq - Politics

IGC established as an advisory IGC established as an advisory council on what a democratic Iraq council on what a democratic Iraq should look likeshould look like

Key questions it dealt withKey questions it dealt with Amount of regional autonomyAmount of regional autonomy Role of religion in state affairsRole of religion in state affairs Control of oil resourcesControl of oil resources How the constitutional process How the constitutional process

should move forwardshould move forward In early 2004, the CPA & IGC In early 2004, the CPA & IGC

draft an interim constitution draft an interim constitution called the Transitional called the Transitional Administrative Law (TAL)Administrative Law (TAL)


June 28, 2004, sovereignty was June 28, 2004, sovereignty was transferred from the CPA to an transferred from the CPA to an interim Iraqi government led by interim Iraqi government led by Prime Minister Iyad Allawi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi Appointed by U.N. & U.S. instead of Appointed by U.N. & U.S. instead of

elected elected August 2004, a National Council August 2004, a National Council

Conference of about 1,000 delegates Conference of about 1,000 delegates met to select a 100-member met to select a 100-member parliamentparliament Parliament chosen to hold the interim Parliament chosen to hold the interim

government accountable government accountable Not entirely democratic, but it gave Not entirely democratic, but it gave

groups a way to voice their grievances groups a way to voice their grievances


Interim Government => Interim Government => Prepare for national Prepare for national elections => elections => Transitional Government Transitional Government => Permanent => Permanent Constitution => Constitution => National Election => National Election => Permanent GovernmentPermanent Government


30 January 2005, 30 January 2005, Transitional National Transitional National Assembly electedAssembly electedTurnout high in Shia & Turnout high in Shia & Kurdish areas, low in SunniKurdish areas, low in Sunni

Shiites & Kurds main Shiites & Kurds main winners, Sunnis winners, Sunnis underrepresentedunderrepresented

Shiite leader Ibrahim al-Shiite leader Ibrahim al-Jaafari became Prime Jaafari became Prime MinisterMinister


Key political issuesKey political issuesDegree of federalismDegree of federalismControl over oil revenues Control over oil revenues Official role of religionOfficial role of religion


Elections for a full-term Elections for a full-term parliament took place on parliament took place on 15 December 200515 December 2005Little violenceLittle violenceParticipation highParticipation highShiite parties won most Shiite parties won most seatsseats

Other groups won enough to Other groups won enough to counter Shiite powercounter Shiite power

Jawad al-Maliki named Jawad al-Maliki named Prime Minister in April 2006Prime Minister in April 2006


When the CPA and IGC took When the CPA and IGC took power in mid-2003, they power in mid-2003, they inherited an economy inherited an economy severely damaged by war, a severely damaged by war, a decade of international decade of international sanctions and years of sanctions and years of mismanagement by Saddam mismanagement by Saddam HusseinHussein

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in TransitionRebuilding Iraq - Rebuilding Iraq -

EconomicsEconomics

November 2003, Congress November 2003, Congress authorized $18 billion to authorized $18 billion to rebuild Iraq – other rebuild Iraq – other countries pledged $14 countries pledged $14 billionbillionAs of December 2005, $12.5 As of December 2005, $12.5 billion of U.S. money had billion of U.S. money had been spentbeen spent

As of December 2005, only As of December 2005, only $3.2 billion of international $3.2 billion of international aid had been distributed – aid had been distributed – this is hurting the this is hurting the reconstruction processreconstruction process


EconomicsEconomics

Rebuilding also slowed by the Rebuilding also slowed by the high level of insecurity in many high level of insecurity in many parts of the countryparts of the country August 2003, UN Baghdad August 2003, UN Baghdad

Headquarters bombed => many Headquarters bombed => many nongovernmental agencies leave nongovernmental agencies leave Iraq Iraq

Oil industry estimates they lose $11 Oil industry estimates they lose $11 billion due to sabotagebillion due to sabotage

Insurgent attacks, kidnappings, Insurgent attacks, kidnappings, rampant crime and weak legal rampant crime and weak legal system raise the cost of doing system raise the cost of doing business and discourage business and discourage investmentinvestment


EconomicsEconomics

Some rebuilding has occurredSome rebuilding has occurred Roads, schools, health clinics, railways, Roads, schools, health clinics, railways,

ports, oil fields and sewage, irrigation, ports, oil fields and sewage, irrigation, and communications systems have been and communications systems have been built or rebuiltbuilt or rebuilt

Water and electricity supplies, while Water and electricity supplies, while erratic, are approaching prewar levelserratic, are approaching prewar levels

Reconstruction cost thru 2007 Reconstruction cost thru 2007 estimated at $55 billionestimated at $55 billion

Compounding the problems in the Compounding the problems in the country the per capita income is country the per capita income is $620 and 96% of the population is $620 and 96% of the population is receiving food rations and other receiving food rations and other social welfare servicessocial welfare services


EconomicsEconomics

The success of reconstruction The success of reconstruction depend on establishing securitydepend on establishing security Saddam Hussein captured and put on Saddam Hussein captured and put on

trialtrial More than 250,000 Iraqis trained as More than 250,000 Iraqis trained as

security forcesecurity force Many challenges still remainMany challenges still remain

Widespread insurgent attacks, Widespread insurgent attacks, fighting among rival Iraqi factions, fighting among rival Iraqi factions, acts of sabotage, rampant crime and acts of sabotage, rampant crime and clashes between coalition forces and clashes between coalition forces and Iraqi citizens who have become Iraqi citizens who have become disillusioned with the occupationdisillusioned with the occupation

Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in TransitionRebuilding Iraq - SecurityRebuilding Iraq - Security

Sources of the insurgency are Sources of the insurgency are varied:varied: Sunni nationalists – former Sunni nationalists – former

members of the Baath Partymembers of the Baath Party Also includes members from the Also includes members from the disbanded Iraqi armydisbanded Iraqi army

Shiite radicals – minority in the Shiite radicals – minority in the populationpopulation Disenchanted by accidental killings Disenchanted by accidental killings of civilians, humiliating searches of civilians, humiliating searches and detentions and the prisoner and detentions and the prisoner abuse scandal of Abu Graibeabuse scandal of Abu Graibe


Complicating the insurgency Complicating the insurgency problem is the presence radical problem is the presence radical Islamists from across the worldIslamists from across the world Common goal is to disrupt coalition Common goal is to disrupt coalition

efforts to establish a democracy in efforts to establish a democracy in IraqIraq

Extent of the collaboration is Extent of the collaboration is unclearunclear

Estimated that 2,000 of the 20,000 Estimated that 2,000 of the 20,000 insurgents in Iraq are foreign insurgents in Iraq are foreign fightersfighters


Middle East in TransitionMiddle East in Transition The Persian Gulf WarThe Persian Gulf War

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Middle East in Transition The Persian Gulf War and Its Continuing Aftermath.

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