Midterm Continuation

8/8/2019 Midterm Continuation

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A.DEMOCRATIC AND

REPUBLICAN STATE

Republic of the Philippines- a constitutional democracy

- also an indirect orrepresentative democracy


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Indirect Democracy

- the sovereign people elect theirgovernment officials to represent andserve them.

- the lower classes are always

represented by upper class leaders whoare more inclined to work for theirinterests.


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The ideal objective of politics and governance is theattainment of a STRONG STATE.

STRONG STATE

- kind of a republic when it has achieved

political will in safeguarding its independence inforeign policy, in maintaining peace and order, inattaining equal protection of the laws for itscitizens, and providing the best standards ofliving for majority of the people.

Nobody is above the law- the constant credo in a strongstate.


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STRONG STATE

- should not be equated with a totalitarian,

dictatorial or authoritarian government.

A strongman or dictator should not beequated to an effective leader of a strong stateneither could the latter be equated to thegeneralissimo or supreme leader of a policestate. The fundamental freedoms guaranteed bythe Bill of Rights are still enforced andrespected in strong states.


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SOFT STATE

- opposite of strong state.

- political and social instability and economic crisisare common problems of governance.

- also called banana republics due to their

vulnerability to external and internal threats,

which often were constantly the causes of their

overthrow and replacement by a new one.


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Manifestation of Republicanism

and Democracy in the 1987 Constitution

1. The principle that our government is government of laws and not

not of men.2. The observance of the rule of the majority.

3. The existence of the Bill of Rights.

4. The right of suffrage.

5. Observance of the principle of separation of powers and themechanism of checks and balances among the branches ofgovernment.


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6. The accountability of public officers.

7. The separation of Church and State.

8. Respect for human rights, social justice and humandignity.

9. Civilian authority is supreme over military at all times.10. Full disclosure by the state of all its transactionsinvolving public

interests.

11. Right of the people to revolt against an unjustgovernment.


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B. PRESIDENTIALAND CENTRALIZED SYSTEM

Like the United States government, the Philippine government is

also a presidential system since 1946. There is now a long-standingdebate among members of Congress on the pros and cons of thepresidential system.

However, there was a change to presidential-parliamentary systemduring Martial law administration of President Marcos.

a.


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Presidential Systemy The principle of the separation of powers among the

executive, legislative, and the judicial branches is practiced.y System of check and balance

- also observed by the three departments of government.Each branch is given by the Constitution specific powers withwhich to check the others.


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Philippines- opted for a unitary or centralized system of

government by tradition and practice.

Centralized or Unitary system- all powers of government are reserved to the

central government but may be delegated to the localgovernments.


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Advantages of a centralized

government the provision of uniform laws and policies.

equal representation and allocation of

government funds. clearer lines of authority

prevents the development of independent

centers ofpower.


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Federal system

-can free the national government todeal effectively and exclusively with moreimportant national issues and concerns.

Federalism- could also accommodate cultural

diversity, often ethnic and religious in nature,

within of a single political system.


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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

JoseLeveriza(1990)

- defines Public Administration as a productivepartner of politics in bringing the affairs of government

to

the

peo

ple

. Itis a

lso a

ni

ns

tr

ume

nto

f gover

nme

nti

nserving the citizens as well as a ve hicle for spurringtheir participation in the administration of government.

Social scientists

- defines thisasa government in action.


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Max Weber

- believed that the rules of bureaucraticbehavior should be clearly set, should be impersonal (applied to all without favoritism), should be based onwritten documents and should apply only at work.

- also according to him, in an ideal bureaucracyall tasks would be assigned carefully on the basis ofspecialization and hierarchy.


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Bureaucracyy administrative system:

y an administrative system, especially in a government,

that divides work into specific categories carried out byspecial departments of nonelected officials


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Public Administration- subfield of political science which is concerned with the

study of the bureaucratic process and government institutionsand includes institutional framework of government, its socialmilieu, and the behavior of the individuals running thebureaucracy.

- covers all three branches of government the executive,legislative, and judicial their interdependence andinterrelationships.

- it also plays an important function in the formulation of

government policy as part of the political process.


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Government- embraces all institutions through which the will of the

state is carried out.

Administration- refers to the aggregate of those individuals in whose

responsibility the reins of the government are placed for the

time being.

Administrative services

- refer to the aggregate of public administrativeagencies which perform the ordinary, scientific, and technical

aspects of the machinery of government which are necessary tocarry on its regular functions.


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PHILIPPINE BUREAUCRACY

- Philippine government is a bureaucracy.

Government Bureaucracy compose of:

public organizations the quasi-government bodies

instrumentalities

subdivisions and agencies of the three branches of government

the constitutional commissions.


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Note:To ensure smooth and effective public administration, thegovernment bureaucracy must produce organizational results

with the highest degree of efficiency.

But to achieve this, the people are expected to supply the resourcesfor support of bureaucratic undertakings.


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Note:y In the Philippines, the word bureaucracy had the negative

meaning of inefficiencyand red tapein public service; whichshould not be case.

y This was due to the seeming resistance of bureaucrats to change.They prefer the easy path of routine and the preservation of thestatus quo.


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Characteristics of the Philippine Bureaucracy

according to Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz (1957)

o Vulnerability to nepotism

o Perpetuation of the spoils systemso Apathetic public reaction to bureaucratic misconduct

o Availability of external peaceful means of correcting

bureaucratic weaknesseso Lack of independence from politics


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Note:Part of politics and governance is to reform the bureaucracy.The preference of Filipino bureaucrats for routine and continuity

closes the door for innovations or new ideas that would have

encouraged fresh initiatives to emerge in their workplaces.The Philippine bureaucracy should be nonpartisan.


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Public Service

- covers every branch, territorialand political subdivisions,

instrumentalities and agencies of the

government, including government owned or controlled corporations with

original charter.


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Section I, Article XI of the 1987

Constitution states that: Public office is a public trust.

Public officers and employees must at

all times must be accountable to thepeople, serve them with utmostresponsibility, integrity and loyalty, and

efficiency, act with patriotism andjustice, and lead modest lives.


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Public Office- the right, authority, and duty created and

conferred by law, which, for a given period of time(either fixed by law or at the pleasure of the appointingpower such as the tenure of cabinet secretaries) a personis invested with specified functions of government to beexercised by him for the benefit of the people.

Public officer- the person conferred.


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Public office is a public trust

- means that any government office is

a trust for the sole objective of effectingthe common good and not for profit, honor,or private interest of one man, family, orclass of men.


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Scope and Composition of the Civil

Service CommissionIt covers every branch, subdivisions,

instrumentalities and agencies of thegovernment, including government-owned orcontrolled corporations with original charter.

Composition

Chairman two (2) Commissioners


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IMPEACHMENT

- an extra-judicial process

of removing from office forbetrayal of public trust


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SECTION 2, ARTICLE 11 of the

Constitution- states that the President, Vice-President,

members of the Supreme Court, Members of theConstitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman

may be removed from office on impeachmentfor, and conviction of, culpable violation of the

constitution, treason, bribery, graft andcorruption, other high crimes, or betrayal of

public trusts.


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PD No. 1606

- through this the Justices of the Sandiganbayanmay also be removed from office through impeachment.

House of Representatives

- shall have the exclusive power to initiate allcases of impeachment.

Philippine Senate

- shall have the sole power to try and decide all

cases of impeachment.


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SECTION 27, ARTICLE 11 ON HONESTY AND

INTEGRITY, GRAFT AND CORRUPTION

The state shall maintain honesty

and integrity in the public serviceand take positive measures againstgraft and corruption.

An indispensable part of governance is PUBLICSERVICE.


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Graft and C

orrupti

on

Anathema to good governance.

The twin evils of graft and corruptionand abuse of power often plague thePhilippine bureaucracy.

Corruption in the government drainsmillions of pesos from the publiccoffers.


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Grafty Acquisition of money, position, etc

by dishonest or questionable means,by taking advantage of public officerto obtain fees, perquisites, profits on

contracts or legislation, or pay forwork not done, or service notperformed.


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CorruptionyAn improper consideration to

commit a violation of duty,impairment of integrity, virtue or

moral principle. It is done in

collusion with others.


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OMBUDSMANOMBUDSMANyAs protectors of the people shall act

promptly on compliance filed in any form ormanner against public officials or employeesof the government, or any subdivisionagency or instrumentality, thereof,including government owned or controlled

corporations (Section 12. Art 11).


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TANODBAYANTANODBAYANyTransformed as the office of Special

Prosecutor, which continues to

function and exercise its powers asprovided by law, except those conferredon the Office of the Ombudsman

created under the Constitution.


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SANDIGANBAYANSANDIGANBAYANyThe Anti graft Court known as

Sandiganbayan was retained in the 1987Constitution and continues to function andexercise its jurisdiction over civil andcriminal cases involving graft and corruptpractices committed by public officers and

employees including those in governmentowned and in controlled corporations inrelation to their office as may be provided bylaw.


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CODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICECODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE

Executive Order No. 217 issued by the PresidentManuel L. Quezon on August 1939 provides:

yHave faith in Divine Providence that guidesthe destinies of men and nations.yLove your country for it is the home of your

people, the seat of your affections, and the

source of your happiness and well being.yRespect the constitution, which is the

expression of your sovereign will. Thegovernment is your government.


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CODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICECODE OF ETHICS FOR PUBLIC SERVICE

ySafeguard the purity of suffrage andabide by the decisions of the majority.

y

Value your honor as you value your life.yLead a clean and frugal life.yLive up to the noble traditions of our

people.yContribute to the welfare of your

community and promote social justice.


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NATURE OF PUBLIC OPINIONNATURE OF PUBLIC OPINION

y Ademocratic and republican polity is basically agovernment by public opinion; after all, publicinterests are the paramount ends of state.

yOne of the most powerful forces at work in anysociety.


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NATURE OF PUBLIC OPINIONNATURE OF PUBLIC OPINION

y Lawson states that, public opinion can onlybe the sum of private opinions, and further,that in any polity, on any issue, private

opinions will surely be found, onexamination, to be varied and conflicting,held with different degrees of intensity bypersons with very different degrees of access

to the political decision making processes.


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PUBLICPUBLIC

yThe modern public as Kierkegaard hadnoted is not a real community made up ofreal persons.

yShould refer to those citizens who reallytake active interest in politics and whotake steps to make that interest known

and felt.


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PUBLICPUBLIC

y In public opinion polls, public means arepresentative sample of the entirepopulation, including those who have no

opinion.


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OPINIONOPINIONyConviction that a certain thing is

probably true often combined with an

evaluation.yPublic opinion as the collective nature

of a body of individual opinions


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WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?

yMedia it includes not only press, radio andtelevision, but also the telephone, mobilephones, the Internet and

telecommunication satellite broadcasts(CNN, BBC, etc.)

yGovernment also through the use andcontrol of government media, government

administration could popularize itsstandpoint on certain issues concerningpublic interests.


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WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?WHO SHAPE PUBLIC OPINION?

yAcademe School administrators, teachers,students and employees can help in shaping thequality of public opinion or perceptions of publicissues and concerns.

y

Church and other religious institutions In thePhilippines, the doctrine of the separation of

Church and State did not hinder the Church andother religious groups from their involvement inpublic concerns.

y Others the family, the work place, andassociational groups influence on the individualsopinion can also initially contribute to the shapingof public opinion


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CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS:CITIZENS PARTICIPATION IN POLITICS:

BEHAVIORBEHAVIORy Besides responding to questions asked by opinion pollsters,

media reporters and or in some special cases, to talk showhosts, citizens engage in politics when they campaign

political candidates, cast their votes, write letters to theeditor on current public issues and concerns, donate fundsto groups working for causes or doing relief andrehabilitation projects, demonstrate, or simply join massmovement.

y Milbrath and Goel classify seven modes of individualpolitical participation: Apathetic Inactives; PassiveSupporters; Contact Specialists; Communicators; Party andCampaign Workers; CommunityActivists; and Protesers


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Quiz # 2 - Midterm12/11/2009


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1yThe Anti graft Court that was

retained in the 1987 Constitution and

continues to function and exercise itsjurisdiction over civil and criminal

cases involving graft and corrupt

practices committed by public officersand employees


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2yAct as the protector of the

people who shall act promptlyon compliance filed in any formor manner against public

officials or employees of thegovernment


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3The central personnel agency of

the government.


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4It includes not only press, radio and

television, but also the telephone,mobile phones, the Internet and

telecommunication satellite

broadcasts


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5yThe collective nature of a

body of individual opinions


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6yIn the Philippines, the word

bureaucracy had the negativemeaning of__________and________in public service.


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7Anathema to good

governance.


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8yThere is a separation of powers

among the executive,legislative, and the judicialbranches in this type of

government system.


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9yThe right, authority, and duty

created and conferred by law,which, for a given period oftime


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10yTransformed as the office of Special

Prosecutor, which continues to

function and exercise its powers asprovided by law, except those conferred

on the Office of the Ombudsman

created under the Constitution.


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11yAproductive partner of

politics in bringing theaffairs of government to the

people.


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12What Presidential Decree that the

Justices of the Sandiganbayanmay also be removed from officethrough impeachment?


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13States that the President, Vice-President,

members of the Supreme Court,

Members of the ConstitutionalCommissions and the Ombudsman maybe removed from office on impeachment

for, and conviction of, culpable violationof the constitution, treason, bribery, graft

and corruption, other high crimes, or

betrayal of public trusts.


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14Favoritism shown by somebody

in power to relatives andfriends, especially inappointing them to good

positions


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15Kind of a republic when it has achieved

political will in safeguarding its

independence in foreign policy, inmaintaining peace and order, in attaining

equal protection of the laws for its

citizens, and providing the best standardsof living for majority of the people.


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16Another term for soft

state


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17yAcquisition of money, position, etc

by dishonest or questionable means,by taking advantage of public officerto obtain fees, perquisites, profits oncontracts or legislation, or pay for

work not done, or service notperformed.


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18yA political practice in which a

winning political party givesgovernment jobs and publicappointments to its supporters


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19yNo participatory activity,

not even voting


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20yJoin in public street

demonstrations, riot ifnecessary, protest vigorously ifgovernment does something

morally wrong

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