MIGRATION

What is Human Migration?Is the movement of people from one place in the world to another for the purpose of taking up permanent or semi-permanent residence, usually across a political boundary.Types of Migration Internal Migration: Moving to a new home within a state, country, or continent. External Migration: Moving to a new home in a different state, country, or continent. Emigration: Leaving one country to move to another (e.g., the Pilgrims emigrated from England). Immigration: Moving into a new country (e.g., the Pilgrims immigrated to America). Population Transfer: When a government forces a large group of people out of a region , usually based on ethnicity or religion. This is also known as an involuntary or forced migration. Impelled Migration (also called "reluctant" or "imposed" migration): Individuals are not forced out of their country, but leave because of unfavorable situations such as warfare , political problems, or religious persecution.

People Who Migrate: Emigrant: A person who is leaving a country to reside in another. Immigrant: A person who is entering a country from another to take up new residence. Migration Stream: A group migration from a particular country, region, or city to a certain destination. Refugee: A person who is residing outside the country of his or her origin due to fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group or political opinion. Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A person who is forced to leave his or her home region because of unfavorable conditions (political, social, environmental, etc.) but does not cross any boundaries.Why Do People Migrate? Push Factors: Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.). Pull Factors: Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable conditions(such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.).

Laws of MigrationGeographer E.G. Ravenstein developed a series of migration 'laws' in the 1880s that form the basis for modern migration theory. In simple language, these principles state: Migrants mostly travel only a short distance. Migrants travelling long distances usually settle in urban areas. Migration mostly occurs in steps. Migration is mostly rural to urban. Each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction ("counter flow"). Most of migrants are adults.Impacts of MigrationDiffusion: The process through which certain characteristics (e.g., cultural traits, ideas, disease) spread over space and through time.Relocation Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc. that moves with the people from one place to another and do not remain in the point of origin.Expansion Diffusion: Ideas, cultural traits, etc., that move with people from one place to another but are not lost at the point of origin, such as language.

Cultural markers: Structures or artifacts (e.g., buildings, spiritual places, architectural styles, signs, etc.) that reflect the cultures and histories of those who constructed or occupy them.Source of data and Measuring Migration:Sources of internal migration Census Surveys Population registersSources of external migration International passenger survey (IPS) National insurance numbers (like in U.S.A.,U.K.,etc.) Work permits Landing cards School census Birth registration of newborns of migrantsMETHODS OF ESTIMATING INTERNAL MIGRATION:Classified into two categories:Direct techniques: Based on data obtained from direct questions asked during a census on the movements of persons. Special questions provide information for direct estimation of migration movements.

Direct measures for estimating migration are: 1. Place of birth 2. Duration of residence3. Place of last residence4. Place of residence at a fixed prior dateIndirect techniques: The indirect techniques of estimating migration do not require special question; the extent of migration can be estimated from the total counts in a census and the available age-sex distribution of the populationVital statistics methodNet M=(P1-P0)-(B-D)M= net migration, P0= population at the earlier census, P1= population at the later census, B= no. of the births in that area during the intercensal period, D= no. of deaths in that area during the intercensal period.Survival ratio methodBased on the survivalship probability obtained from existing life tables. s= L(a+t)/L(aMigration ratem= M/P *km= rate of migration for the specified migration interval ,M= no. of migration during the interval, P= population exposed to the likelihood of migration during the interval, k=100 or 1000ESTIMATING EXTERNAL MIGRATIONGross migration rate: The total no. of in-migrants and out-migrants.GMR= I+ENet migration rate:Is the difference of immigrants and emigrants of an area in a period of time, divided (usually) per 1,000 inhabitants (considered on midterm population). A positive value represents more people entering the country than leaving it, while a negative value means more people leaving than entering it.NMR= I-E/1000 unit of populationINDIAN SCENARIO

NO. OF MIGRANTS BY PLACE OF BIRTH, CENSUS 2001

REASONS OF MIGRANTS FOR MIGRATION,CENSUS 2001IN-Migration-causes: Increased family size Better income prospects Better educational facilities Better Lifestyle Basic amenities health, transport , water, electricity. Victims of natural/manmade calamities-RefugeesMigration-consequences: Overcrowding Mushrooming of slums Unemployment Poverty Physical & mental stress Family structure-Nuclear familiesPush factors Under employment Economic under development Low wage/salary political instability Discrimination in appointment and promotion Poor working facilities Lack of scientific tradition and culture Desire for a better urban life Better career expectationPull factors Better economic prospects Higher salary and income Better level of living and way of life Better research facilities Prestige of foreign training Relative political stability Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition Attraction of urban centres Technological gapHealth Risks of Migrant and Their Families Occupational hazards Pesticide exposure Substandard housing, Poor sanitationHEALTH ISSUES OF MIGRANTS MENTAL HEALTH COMMUNICABALE DISEASES REPRODUCTIVE HEALTHMigrant Family HealthIssues Children educationally, socially, and physically disadvantaged Fragmented health care Migrant adolescents more likely to abuse substances Exposure to violence Infectious disease Economic barriers and limited health resourcesMental Health Without mental health there is no health More than the absence of mental disordersa state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community Determined by socio-economic and environmental factors Linked to behaviourMigration and Mental Health Migrants experience losses that affect their mental well-being by contributing to depression, disorientation, and marginalization. These losses can include: loss of home separation from family and community loss of a sense of belonging loss of a job, career, position in society loss of identity loss of support networks loss of traditions and values. The risk of mental health problems increases after settlement in host countries as a result of many factors, including: concerns about legal status difficulties related to acculturation racism housing and health problems communication problems isolation Language barriers make communication difficult and lead to a feeling of loneliness and helplessness.

Particularly vulnerable Migrants Being "undocumented" means that migrants with irregular status such as trafficked persons, smuggled persons, economic migrants and certain subgroups of migrant workers, labour migrants, and asylum-seekers are more exposed to various and significant health risks. Common health conditions found in irregular migrant populations include: infectious diseases (tuberculosis, hepatitis) sexually transmitted infections non-infectious conditions (cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, oral/dental) unwanted pregnancy mental and psychosocial illnesses injuries due to violence substance abuse occupational illnessesIOMs Strategic Objectives on Migration Health Monitoring migrant health. Enable conducive policy and legal frameworks on migrant health. Strengthen migrant friendly health systems. Facilitate partnerships, networks and multi-country frameworks on migrant health.

Public Health Approach to Migrant Health Ensure migrants health rights Avoid disparities in health status and access Reduce excess mortality and morbidity Minimize negative impact of the migration process