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The poor are not the main group that migrates

but migration among the poor is increasing

The poor migrate in response to economic shocks

but as social networks expand the poor migrate as a planned

decision

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A key state for supply of migrant labours to various parts ofindia to work in

catering,hospitality,plumbing,construction,textile,and other

allied sectors.

Low and variable agriculture production coupled with lack oflocal employment opportunities

Landlessness,poverty and marginalisation of the poor people

turns out to be the main cause of migrants

Internal conflicts and political unrest

Remittance coming to the migration district like

Ganjam,puri,nayagarh ,Khurda,jagatsinghpur ,Kendrapada

Migration in Odisha

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Factors of Migration

Push Factors Pull factors

Non availability of work at the native

places

Work opportunities

Fewer opportunities for income Comparatively better wages than the

native places

Lower wages for physical labour and late

payment of wages

Enjoyment

Landlessness and low agriculturalproductivity

Drought and natural calamities

Indebtedness

Ineffective local governance

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Consequences of Migration:

Migration has far reaching consequences, affecting not only the life of

the labourers but also the family members who are left behind.

Social Lifeloss of community identity; detachment from family and

social relationships; adverse conditions of the elderly, children and

women; vulnerability to the vicious cycle of poverty and deprivation;

rise in female-headed households.

Cultural Lifeloss of culture in terms of change in beliefs and

behaviours; little or no participation in religious functions.

Political Lifelittle or no participation in local governance; little

contribution to preparation and implementation of village development

plan; inability to access benefits of government programmes.

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WHAT IS POVERTY?Poverty is hunger.

Poverty is lack of shelter.

Poverty is being sick and not able to see a doctor.Poverty is not having a job ,is fear for the future,

living one day at a time.

Poverty is loosing a child to illness brought about by

unclean water.

Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and

freedom.

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Dimensions of Migration

Labor migration: migration provides a cheaper workforce to the developed countries while skilledmanpower is lacking in the sending countries;Migration and security: the world faces insecurity asthe result of international terrorism. This fact hascomplicated the principle of free movement of people

even among countries who share the sameorganizations or the same values;

Combating illegal migration: the need for emigrationhas increased so that the migrants do not wait until

they obtain visa. They always look for persons whoget them over the borders of developed countries inan illegal way.

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Two main messages

Good news:

Migration can contribute to reduce globalpoverty

Inconvenient news?

Development in general nor aid in particularwill slow or stop migration... for a long, long

time

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Mi d f i i

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Migrants and causes of migration

Highly skilled manpowerThe reasons for migration are numerous, amongthem:For the intellectuals:

Lack of good governance in the countries: people donot benefit from democracy, equity and adequate

welfare;Repression against opponents: lack of freedom,governments repression against their citizens;Political, social or ethnic conflicts: part of thepopulation are excluded from high national

decisions;Unemployment: seeking employment or high livingstandards = motivation;Poverty or low income levels;Education.

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Migrants and causes of migration

(Continued)

The reasons for migration are numerous, amongthem:For the non intellectuals:

Impoverishment of the rural areas due to climatechange: irregular rain patterns, less and less land to

cultivate, desertification, loss of livestock due todroughts and diseases, etc;Social exclusion.

Both flee due to:

Poverty and hunger;Conflicts;Political reasons.

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