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Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

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Sociology of Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change: International movement of people in a globalizing world Possible accompaniment to the superb 'Sociology' Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an extensive assortment of additional accompanying resources
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Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change International movement of people in a globalizing world Accompanimen t to the superb Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an assortment of additional accompanying
Transcript
Page 1: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

Migration, Globalization and

Demographic ChangeInternational

movement of people in a globalizing world

Accompaniment to the superb Giddens and Sutton (2013) (left) Chapter 16, with an assortment of additional accompanying resources

Page 2: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

Migration in a Global Age: introduction

Movement of people has been taking

place since “the earliest stages of written history”;

but it is “accelerating as part of the process of

global integration”

Page 3: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

E______, c_______ and p_______ ties between are reflected in increasing migration

Around 1/33 people globally is a migrant; 214 million, which is expected to rise to

405 million by 2050

International Organization for Migration (2012)

Here we examine migration to and from Britain in history and in contemporary society; before taking a more global perspective and finally considering affects on

demographicsActivity:

Would you consider emigrating at some point in your life? Why?

Page 4: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.Immigration = people migrating _____ a country

Emigration = people migrating ______ a country

Country of origin = where a

migrant was born; usually somewhere in the “developing” world

Country of destination = where a migrant moves to; usually somewhere in the “developed” world

Activity:

Think of an example of a common form of migration from the developing world to the developed; and vice-versa

Please enlarge (above)

Page 5: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.“Migration adds to ethnic and cultural diversity in many societies and helps shape

demographic, economic and social dynamics.” (G&S2013)

Activities:

(i)How integrated into the wider society and culture are migrants where you are?

(ii)Review the ‘melting pot/salad bowl’ analogy: which is more accurate your country?

http://www.thanhniennews.com/commentaries/expats-tourists-and-western-superiority-24817.htmlThis article may help…

Page 6: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Activity:

Telling terminology…

“Expat” “Immigrant”

what different

connotations do these terms have?

Why?

Page 7: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

International

migration intensified after WW2, and is now –especially in developed nations- a

contentious political issue.

Activity:

Why might migration be controversial politically? Answer with

reference to the country you live

in, and to another country

worldwide.

Page 8: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

In developed nations, recent decades have seen waves of

anti-immigration sentiment

.

Activities:(i)Are these ‘right-wing’ or ‘left-wing’ views?(ii)Why might people identify with this type of politics?

Page 9: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.Often, racial tensions can be raised by

highly visible, provocative incidents that are well-covered by the media

…such as the brutal, public murder of a soldier Guardian a barracks in Woolwich, London by Nigerian Islamic extremists

Video: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/lee-rigby-murder-video-timeline-2942005

Page 10: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

The Woolwich murders

were very different to the

9/11 “attacks” but they have had comparable

effects on racial tensionActivity: How

can Cohen’s classic (1973) ‘moral panic’ theory be applied to racial tension?

Page 11: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.Four models of migration since 1945:

(i)The classic model: migration to

traditional “nations of immigrants”,

e.g. people moving from the UK or France to the USA, Canada or Australia

(this has been taking place since long before 1945, but increased thereafter)

Activity:

Is there a cruel irony in recent anti-immigration policies from Australia, the UK and the USA?

Page 12: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.(ii) The colonial model: migration from

very poor countries to the traditional “nations of immigrants” (see previous slide) and former colonial masters, often by

people from colonies or

former colonies

e.g. people from Africa, Asia or South America to the UK, USA, Canada or Australia

Page 13: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.The UK received lots of migrants from Commonwealth countries e.g. India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Jamaica following their post-war independence

Until relatively recently, this

was encouraged by the British government; with a promise of British

citizenship to any

skilled worker from a former colony

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E_uArb9fwwA‘I was there (at the coronation)’, Young Tiger (1953)

Activities:

(i)Why would the British government encourage this?

(ii)Why do you think there has been increased hostility towards migrants since around 1990?

Page 14: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.(iii) The guest workers model :

Workers are permitted what is often

only temporary residence without citizenship in

a country with a labour shortage. Belgium, Switzerland and Germany have a long history of importing such workers; and

(former)Communist countries e.g. Vietnam, Cuba and the Czech Republic often show preference for eachother’s workers

Page 15: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

(iv) Illegal immigration:

Increasingly common today; migrants reside and usually work

in a foreign country without explicit permission, often smuggled in by boat, and often working in secret

Once in their new country, illegal immigrants have no

citizenship rights, and in many ways are “outside the realm of official society”. (G&S2013)

Activities:

(i)Other than simply to earn more money, why would an individual decide to illegally migrate?(ii)What does Giddens mean by the quotation on this slide? Give examples

Page 16: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Following WW2, the UK experienced waves of

migration, from Commonwealth countries especially

19th century immigrants had been mainly Irish Catholics…but post-1945, most migrants

came from Asia and Africa: the Muslim countries of Bangladesh and Pakistan, and

Hindus from India.

Page 17: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Like the Irish a century before , they formed

distinct communities in certain UK cities e.g.

Liverpool, Glasgow and Manchester…and today,

we see “3rd or 4th- generation” migrant communities

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DJztXj2GPfk

Page 18: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

.

This changed the cultural and

religious makeup of British society significantly…

And, as is reflected in right-wing, “nationalist” politics, it raised new

questions about what it meant to be

“British”, and about

ethnic integration

Page 19: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Sadly, migrants from the developing world are often

“exploited” by their

new employers; the vast difference in wealth between them and their new employers renders them modern-day

wage slaves.They are not technically imprisoned, but cannot

afford to leave

Slavery, and exploitation of migrant workers

Page 20: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

.

Sometimes migrant workers are lied

to; promised false contracts as in the

case of immigrant workers from Nepal working on the stadia for the FIFA World Cup 2022 in Qatar

Often, they are trapped in

“bonded labour”, whereby they must

work to pay off the enormous “agent fee” owed to those who tricked them into leaving their home country

Page 21: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2014/mar/01/tetley-tea-maids-real-price-cup-tea-video

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/nov/17/qatar-world-cup-worker-amnesty-report

Page 22: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

. In other cases, people are literally

kidnapped by traffickers who sell them into a life of

slavery

The human body is one of the most intricate, complex and versatile

things on Earth; and in an age of

commodification,

everything has a price

Page 23: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Promises of jobs in overseas companies, and

individuals posing as potential

friends in public or

online, are common tools used to trap people into what is one

of the most insidious products of

globalization

Page 24: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Br0Va90I2nY

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itqBEEirHEI

(Left) Many young Vietnamese boys are trafficked to the UK, where they are forced to work in cannabis farms

(Left) Thousands of babies are trafficked from Vietnam to China each year, where they help bridge the gender-imbalance gap created partly by the one-child policy

Page 25: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change
Page 26: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.The most

vulnerable groups

are those most likely to be trafficked

into slavery…women, children, and those

from poor countries; a classic

example of sociological

intersectionality of

factorswww.theguardian.com/world/gallery/2013/jul/20/child-

slavery-india-assam-trafficking#/?picture=413225358&index=6

Page 27: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change
Page 28: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

Migration and demographic theory

1) The gravity model of migration

Based on Isaac Newton’s 2nd law of gravitational pull

Migration between two places (e.g. Vietnam and USA) is:

(i) Directly proportional to the GDP of the two nations combined

(ii) Inversely proportional to the distance between the two nations

Flaw: scientific/mathematical theory that fails to account for

the complexity of human behaviour

Page 29: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

2) Demographic overspill theory:

Hatton and Williamson (2006) argue that mass

migration is a lagged response to high birth rates in country of origin; which cause a shortage of employment opportunities and a lack

of rewards for education

High demographic pressure in Country A explains migration to B where pressure is

lesser

Page 30: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.Migration flows are proportionate to differences

in: GDP,

income,

employment opportunities,

rewards for education and

political

Page 31: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.Flaw: According to Farques (2011),

demographic overspill theory

applies in the case of developing developed world

migration…

…but not to migration within either the developing or

developed world

Page 32: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

3) Farques (2011): Two-way relationship between demographics and migration

Previous theories on migration

assumed a one-way relationship between

demographics in the country of

origin, and rates of migration…

Page 33: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

…most theorists agree, the (SDT) stage a developing nation has

reached in the demographic transition (DT)

(e.g. still in stage 2: low death rates and high birth rates)

affects (m) migration rates

SDT m

ie Being at stage 2 not only suggests

“increasing overpopulation” but also a

low level of development

Stage 2 SDT = high emigration

Stage 3 SDT = lower emigration

Page 34: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Farques (2011) argues that the relationship

is intrinsic and reciprocal…

SDT m SDT m

Yes, SDT affects migration;

but in turn, this migration comes to affect that SDT position in the origin country

Page 35: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.When there is significant emigration from a

developing to developed nation (s), this

actually speeds up the DT process in the developing origin country

Activity: Can you guess why..?

Page 36: Migration, Globalization and Demographic Change

.

Migration, according to Farques (2011) decreases world population in the long-term,

because migrants:

1) Are most often moving from poor-rich countries (ie higher-lower birth rates)

2) Usually adopt the “2 children-nuclear family” norm now near-

universal in the developed world

3) Often maintain close family ties and regular communication with relatives still in the country of origin; through cheap ICT e.g. Skype

4)Pass on their new norms to relatives; informing them of the possibilities that a smaller family open up (e.g. more foreign travel)


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