MIGRATION ISSUE IN MONGOLIA · Хүн амын нас-хүйсийн суварга, Монгол...

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIANATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MONGOLIA

Enkhtsetseg Byambaa, PhDSchool of Economic StudiesNational University of MongoliaMongolian Population and Development Association

Summer School on Migration StudiesJindrich Hradec-Faculty of Management

of the University of Economics

MIGRATION ISSUE MIGRATION ISSUE MIGRATION ISSUE MIGRATION ISSUE IN MONGOLIAIN MONGOLIAIN MONGOLIAIN MONGOLIA

MIGRATION ISSUE IN MONGOLIA

• Statistical snapshot …

• Internal Migration issue

• International Labor Migration issue

• Final Remarks: Country-Specific Issues

OUTLINES

Statistical snapshot Statistical snapshot Statistical snapshot Statistical snapshot …………

Demography 2008

� Land square (km) 1,566,500

� Total population (`000 persons) 2,683.5

� Population density (per square km) 1.7

� Annual population growth rate (percent) 1.4

� Urban population (% as of total population) 61.8

� Urban population annual growth (%) 3.6

� Population 65 years age and over (%) 4.2

� Dependency ratio (%) 48.6

� Life expectancy at birth (years) 65.9

� Infant mortality rate ( per 1`000 live births) 19.1


Figure 1. Inter-censal annual population growth rates and number of populations, Mongolia, 1918-2005

647.5738.2 759.1

845.5

1017.1

1197.6

1595.0

2373.5

2562.3

2044.0

0.31

2.87

2.48

0.770.90

1.36

1.39

2.64 2.72

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0

3000.0

1918 1918-1935 1935-1944 1944-1956 1956-1963 1963-1969 1969-1979 1979-1989 1989-2000 2000-2005

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5Number of populationPopulation growth rate


Зураг 3. Хүн амын төрөлт, нас баралтын түвшин, Монгол улс, 1970-2025

40.239.4 39.2

38.2

34.4

24.4

20.421.55

20.318.83

17.19

14.93

12.3

10.4 10.77 10.258.57

7.466.5 6.4 5.92 5.8 5.72 5.88

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

40.0

45.0

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

1000

хүнд ногдох

Figure 2. Declines in Mortality and Fertility, 1970-2025

Per

100

0 po

pula

tion

2000 2015 2020 2025

TFR 2.07 1.87 1.85 1.85

e0 65.0 66.8 68.4 69.9


A large expansion of the working age population ...

Зураг 1. Хүн амын нас-хүйсийн суварга, Монгол улс, 2000

200000 150000 100000 50000 0 50000 100000 150000 200000

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70+

Зураг 2. Хүн амын нас-хүйсийн суварга, Монгол улс, 2025

200000.00 150000.00 100000.00 50000.00 0.00 50000.00 100000.00 150000.00 200000.00

0-4

5-9

10-14

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50-54

55-59

60-64

65-69

70+

Figure 3a. Population Pyramid, 2000 Figure 3b. Population Pyramid, 2025


Figure 3. GDP Growth Rates, 1989-2006

4.2

2.3

6.3

2.44.0 3.5 3.2

1.1 1.0

4.05.0

10.7

6.2

8.0

-9.2 -9.5

-3.0-2.5

1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006


GDP growth varies from sector to sector, analysis of structural changes within sectors shows that in the past few years mining has lead the growth. Increase in actual physical amount of gold and copper extracted as well as their price gains and new types of minerals mined are main factors of a 31.0 percent expansion of the weight of this sector in the overall GDP. Livestock sector is the key sector of the national economy as well.


PovertyPovertyPovertyPoverty

1990 2002/2003 2008National average 36.3 36.1 35.2

RegionWest 51.1 47.1Khangai 38.7 46.6Central 34.4 30.7East 34.5 46.7

Ulaanbaatar 27.3 21.9

Although economy has been showing positive signs, the poverty and unemployment have not been declining….


Mongolia’s Global rankings in HDI and all components

Indicator Value Ranking

Human Development Index 0.700 114 out of 177

Life expectancy at birth 65.9 116 out of 177

Adult literacy (% ages 15 and over)

97.8 25 out of 139

Combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross school enrolment ratio

77.4 66 out of 172

GDP per capita (PPPUS$) 2107 134 out of 174Source: Global Human Development Report 2007

Internal Migration issueInternal Migration issueInternal Migration issueInternal Migration issue

Mongolia is dominated by one city, Ulaanbaatar

60.960.259.153.4

57.457.256.6

21.6

44.0

51.257.0

14.0

22.325.2 26.8

32.0 33.3 34.2 35.7 36.7 37.7 38.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1956 1969 1979 1989 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Percent

The percentage of the urban population in the total population of the country

The percentage of the population of Ulaanbaatar in the total population of the country


Mongolia is dominated by one city, Ulaanbaatar


Natural increase and net migration for regions and the Capital city, 1990-2005 1990 1995 1999 2005 Region and

the Capital city

Natural increase

Net migration

Natural increase

Net migration

Natural increase

Net migration

Natural increase

Net migration

West 12,691 430 9,961 -3,539 8,495 -14,686 6,623 -14,425 Central 11,643 -1,135 7,338 -953 6,296 -1,938 4,913 -16,534 East 5,250 -331 3,385 -1,269 2,702 -4,829 2,322 -4,553 Khangai Ulaanbaatar

14,952 11,114

-786 2,619

9,904 6,911

-1,411 6,911

8,311 7,552

-8,974 32,678

6,461 8,778

-13,981 67,462

The absolute number of persons gained from migratio n increased very rapidly last few years. The data for Ulaanbaatar co nfirm that natural increase has been the main determinant of the city’ s growth till 1995; conversely, in-migration is making a diminishing co ntribution. This trend has totally reversed since late 1990s. Net mi gration amounted almost 90 percent of the city’s total population gr owth.


Causes for Internal Migration

• Seeking employment• Close access to markets• Improve living condition• Study• Stay closer to relatives• Natural environment


Consequences of Internal Migration

Negative at origin Positive at origin (individual)• size of population, population age structure - migrants find jobs • decline of market capacity - improve their livelihoods.• lose human resources - “money”, “goods”, “moral support”• people’s mind - better social services• culture

Negative at destination Positive at destination• over population - Human resources• burden on the city - Market capacity• growing unemployment • air pollution due to smoke• growing demand for housing and land, • high prices, and

International Migration issueInternational Migration issueInternational Migration issueInternational Migration issue

Japan

Czech ChinaPoland

Great Britain

Russia

Germany

USA

South Korea

Kazakstan

Main factors affecting emigration • Unemployment• Low salary/wages


Age-sex structure of labor migrantsMongolian migrant

workers in South KoreaMongolian migrant workers

in Czech RepublicMongolian migrant workers in the USA

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50+

-30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50+

-45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30

15-19

20-24

25-29

30-34

35-39

40-44

45-49

50+

Source: MPDA, MSWL, and UNFPA, 2005. “Status and consequences of Mongolian citizens working abroad”, Survey report.



South Korea Czech Republic USA

The key motives for working abroad

EconomicalPersonal/FamilyProfessional

The main reasons for working abroad

Seeking jobWork on contractEducation/

Training

Work on contractSeeking jobEducation/

Training

Seeking jobEducation/ Training Accompany/ Join

family

The main motives and reasons for going abroad



Current visa category of migrant workers

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Tourist

Student

Work permission

Expired

Requested to extend visa

Others

South Korea

Czech

USA


DifficultyDestination country

CzechN % N % N %

Couldn’t find job 126 32.1 45 22.5 44 43.1Don’t know language 156 39.7 109 54.5 49 48.0Couldn’t find house/flat 32 8.1 22 11.0 2 2.0Health problems 61 15.5 7 3.5 5 4.9Financial 72 18.3 40 20.0 51 50.0Documentation problems 134 34.1 40 20.0 49 48.0Emotional hardships 11 2.8 2 1.0 24 23.5Homesickness 61 15.5 44 22.0 13 12.7Lack of information 10 2.5 5 2.5 0 0.0Don’t know rules for foreigners 4 1.0 4 2.0 15 14.7Difference in life style 30 7.6 11 5.5 8 7.8Don’t have health insurance 7 1.8 5 2.5 0 0.0Discrimination 18 4.6 10 5.0 6 5.9No difficulties 42 10.7 12 6.0 0 0.0

Number 393 - 200 - 102 -

“All Mongolians in the factory that I work for can not speak Czech, so we use signs to communicate with

our supervisor. Sometimes they violate our work contract and sometimes our salaries are counted

wrong and yet we can not do anything about these problems (CzFGD-1).”


Mechanisms, intermediaries and networks that help people to move:

“Who are labour intermediaries in Mongolia?”

• Companies and organizations with an official permit to export labour• Persons who used to study and live in destination countries (or still live in destination countries)

• Religious and non-governmental organizations

The majority of the migrants residing in the Czech Republic come with the help of

intermediaries. Their intermediaries help with making contracts with employers and with

obtaining visas.

Official and unofficial agencies engaged in labour export abroad usually do not provide

enough information about legal regulations and human rights to migrants. Although most

individual intermediaries provide salary information, frequently that information turns out to

be incorrect.

International Migration issue International Migration issue International Migration issue International Migration issue ––––

General Foreign Worker Selection/Invitation Procedure of South Korea

Definition of Employment Permit System for Foreigne rs

Signing memorandum of understanding (MOU) on sendin g workforce (the Korean Government ⇔⇔⇔⇔ governments of sending countries)

Foreign workers who want to be employed (Government of sending country ⇔⇔⇔⇔ Korean Government)

Application for employment permission (Employer ⇔⇔⇔⇔ The Ministry of Labor (MOL))

Selecting the foreign workers and issuing employmen t permission (Employer ⇔⇔⇔⇔ MOL)

Signing labor contract (Employer ⇔⇔⇔⇔ Foreign Workers)

Issuing the visa issuance certificate (Employer ⇔⇔⇔⇔ The Ministry of Justice (MOJ))

Receiving foreign workers (Employer ⇔⇔⇔⇔ Foreign Workers)



Type of remittances

0102030405060708090

Male Female Male Female Male Female

ROK Czech USA

Money Personal goods Goods for sale Other



Amount of remittances(during the last 12 months period)

South Korea Czech USA

Sending money and goods to Mongolia (US$)

10250.4 976.6 10762.5

Receiving money and goods from Mongolia (US$)

389.3 127.6 675.8


Main advantages of living abroad: • getting acquainted with the life of foreign countries, • living and working independently from their parents, • getting work experience, • gaining new education and professional skills, • saving money,• raising their children under better conditions, • providing financial support for their families, and • making contributions to Mongolia’s development from a distance.

Main disadvantages: • loss of time for education, • late marriage and family formation, • loss of professional skills, • separation from their home country, homesickness, and mental stress.



An increasing trend in labor migration ...

Don't intend to

go/Not sure to

go

59.3%

Intend to go

40.7%

42.4

22.3

3.3

38.6

3.8

0 10 20 30 40 50

Working

Studying

Other

Don't intend to go

Not sure to go

Final remarks: Country-specific issues

� Mongolia’s large territory, its landlocked position, the small size of domestic market, and often harsh weather conditions all pose particular challenges

� Depth and severity of poverty has increased

� The economy and the standard of living of the population heavily rely on its livestock base

� Economy still remains heavily dependent upon overseas development assistance

Country-specific issues …

� Mongolia’s growth performance remains vulnerable to fluctuations in the world prices of oil, copper and gold

� There is serious concern on environmental degradation

� Corruption identified as top issue hindering the development of the country


� Mongolia has a relatively young age structure compared to other countries in the world.

� In next 20 years, age structure will be changed significantly.

� Reasons for changes in age structure:� Mortality decrease from1950s� Fertility decline from 1970s � Increase in life expectancy at birth

� Demographic window is opened now. But domestic labor market cannot absorb this labor surplus properly.

� By 2020, the percent of population aged 60 and over will be doubled.


� Imbalances in the distribution of population across the country have increased

� Large-scale labor export has already started in Mongolia

� Outbound migration of talented and educated young people

� Labor migrants were working both with/without an employment contract, work permit, visa and with some difficulties


� Illegal or unauthorized Mongolian migrants are economically at risk, there are limited possibilities for protecting their human rights, they have no choice to work, and thus they have to accept any work conditions.

� Due to their unauthorized status, including no work permit, no legal documents, and expired visas, many migrants do not have access to social security and other social services.

� Support mechanisms for migrants living abroad have not been established


There are an increasing trend of migration…

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION!

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MIGRATION ISSUE IN MONGOLIA · Хүн амын нас-хүйсийн суварга, Монгол...

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