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E4S –Erasmus+ for Security project E4S -project UNIT1 FACTS Chapter 1 Migration waves
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UNIT1 FACTS
Chapter 1
Migration waves
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Contents
1. Definition and terms of migration
2. Pulls and push factors
3. Migration waves in history I-IV
4. Crises of today
5. Tools for observation and analyis
6. Self-assessment and tasks
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Migration
• According to the definition of the UNESCO migration is the crossing of the boundary of a political or administrative unit for a certain minimum period of time. It includes the “movement of refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people as well as economic migrants. Internal migration refers to a move from one area (a province, district or municipality) to another within one country. International migration is a territorial relocation of people between nation-states.” (UNESCO 2017)
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Icebreaker exercise
Using maps (world/Europe/country/city) and a pointer students show where have they (or their family) lived sofar (for longer periods than 3 months). This exercise canopen the eyes of students that migration is and has always been a common phenomenon.
Group discussion 1.
Students view the photos of a series of celebrities/famouspeople to guess which one is an immigrant. The discussionon young celebrities and older ones help connect past andpresent and explore the many reasons why peoplemigrate. (List of names can be found in the ANNEX)
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Migrants, refugees, asylum seekers
• Migrants- free will
• Refugees and asylum seekers- forcing conditions
• Differences and interpretations.
• Consequences of differences
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Forcing causes for leaving one’shome country• Conflict
(e.g. war, or violence)
• Persecution
(e.g. reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership in a particular social group)
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Group discussion 2.
Do an internet research: What are the most seriousconflicts nowdays?
You can find up to date news and maps on Reliefwebwebsite:
https://reliefweb.int/
Group discussion 3.
Take a look again at the photos of celebrities! Do youknow who was a refugee and who migrated for otherreasons? What can these reasons be? Write a list of reasons which caused them leave home and a reasonswhy they chose their new home?
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Homework:
Pick one photo and prepare a short presentation aboutthe person. When/why did they leave home? How did theymanage in the new country? Did they stay there for a longtime?
Group discussion 4.
Talk about famous immigrants who (or whose parents) came to live to your country and also about those whoimmigrated to another country. Is your country a sendingcountry or a destination?
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Countries of origin and receiving countries
• Sending, transfer and hosting countries
• A shift in tendencies. More complicated system thaneven decades ago
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Group discussion 5.
Divide the class into two groups:
• Group A: make a list of the top 10 migrant hosting and top 10 migrant sendingcountries, then compare your answers to the list on the following link (datafrom 2015)
https://www.zerohedge.com/news/2017-01-28/which-countries-host-and-send-most-migrants
• Group B: Make a list of the top 10 refugee hosting and top 10 refugee sendingcountries, then compare your answers to the list on the following links:
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/10/ten-countries-host-world-refugees-report-161004042014076.html
https://www.worldvision.org/refugees-news-stories/forced-flee-top-5-countries-refugees
You can find further information about the topic on this website:
Is there a big difference between your list and the reality? Based on what factsabout these countries did you create the list? Have a group discussion about it!
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Theoretical background of migration
• Push and pull factors
Everett S. Lee (1966). "A Theory of Migration".
Push Factors Pull Factors
• Not enough jobs
• Few opportunities
• Inadequate conditions
• Desertification
• Famine or drought
• Political fear or persecution
• Slavery or forced labour
• Poor medical care
• Loss of wealth
• Natural disasters
• Death threats
• Desire for more political or religious freedom
• Pollution
• Poor housing
• • War
• Job opportunities
• Better living conditions
• The feeling of having more political or religious
freedom
• Enjoyment
• Education
• Better medical care
• Attractive climates
• Security
• Family links
• Industry
• Better chances of marrying
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Group discussion 6.What are the push and pull factors of your country?
Group discussion 6.
Take a look at the list of push factors! Which one of these could someone apply forasylum? Take a look again at reliefweb site! What factors cause the current major crises? Are the highlited countries (on the website) among the major sending countries?
Group discussion 7.
Divide the class in five groups. Each group chooses one topic. Talk about it, write down ideas than discuss together or make a presentation at home. Always include the European situation.
Topics:
The age of exploration and colonization
Times of the industrial revolution
Times of the world wars
After World War Two
Crisis of today
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Migration Waves in History I
The age of exploration and colonialization
European explorers search new lands and resources.
Discovery of new worlds (e.g. Americas and Asia)
Mass emigration
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Migration Waves in History II
Times of the industrial revolution
• Leaving Europe for the new world
• 2nd half of 19th century -around 17 million of people • Around the turn of the century - another 50 million people
• Main destinations: North America, South America, Australia and New Zealand.
• At the same time there was also a tendency to flow into these parts of Europe from other countries, which had even fewer opportunities and worse conditions for life.
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Migration Waves in History III
The Times of the World Wars
Great changes in migration and refugee policies
Set of institutions, protected borders, passports and identity documents.
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Migration Waves in History IV
After World War II
refugees leaving their homelands for reasons of persecutions or fear of persecution.
Migrants leaving their country in search of better life conditions.
Main receiving countries: Britain, Belgium, France, and the Netherlands. The emigration to overseas territories also continued.
• the migration programmes established by the United States, Canada, Australia, and Argentina.
• migration as a desirable way to enlarge their population bases and to generally increase their workforce capabilities.
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Main migration routes to EuropeEastern Mediterranean Route
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Main migration routes to Europe
Mediterranean Sea Route
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Tools for observation and analysis I• Global Migration Flows
• Data on tendencies of migration on the website of the International Organization for Migration (IOM)
https://www.iom.int/world-migration.
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Tools for observation and analysis II• Net migration rate
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Famous migrants/refugees
Past:
• Alber Einstein-Germany
• Sergey Brin (founder of GOOGLE)-Russia
• Levi Strauss (first designer of blue jeans)-Germany
• Joseph Pulitzer (journalist,publisher)-Hungary
• Arnold Swarzenegger (actor, politician)-Austria
• Mother Teresa-Macedonia
• Karl Marx :Germany-UK
• Sigmund Freud: Austria-UK
• Duke of Edinburgh: Corfu-UK
Present:
• Melánia Trump (Slovenia-US)
• Tony Parker (Belgium-France)
• Zlatan Ibrahimovic (born in Sweden from Bosniak father and Croatian mother)
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Present:• Anna Kournikova (Russia-US)
• Natalie Portman (Israel-US)
• Gloria Estefan (Cuba-US)
• Carlos Santana (Mexico-US)
• Bob Marley (Jamaica-US)
• Anthony Hopkins (Wales-US)
• Audrey Hepburn (Belgium-US)
• Antonio Banderas (Spain-US)
• Iman (Somalia-UK)
• Mila Kunis (Ukrain-US)
• Yoko Ono (Japan-US)
• John Leguziamo (Colombia-US)
• Mo Farah (Somalia-UK)
• Amal Alamuddin (Libanon-UK)
• Shadiq Khan (Pakistan-UK)
• Rihanna (Barbados-US)
• Charlize Theron (South-Africa-US)
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Self assessment questions
• List at least three milestones in history that significantly influenced migration.
• Sum up the push and pull theory. Mention some typical push and pull factors.
